I-Guǎngyuán Huángchá (Guǎngyuán huángchá, 广元黄茶) itiye eliluhlaza elivela ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu aphuzi zesifunda sikaMasipala waseGuǎngyuán enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseSichuan. Naphezu kwegama, itiye alilona iqembu lephuzi: ubuchwepheshe buluhlaza, akukho ukuthungela (闷黄), futhi “ophuzi” umbala weqabunga lasentwasahlobo lezinhlobo 中黄1号 ne中黄2号. Eyokuqala yalethwa eGuǎngyuán ngo-2010, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu kusukela ekutshalweni kokuhlolwa esifundeni saseWangcang, ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, kwakhula izingadi eziyi-51,000 zama-mu — isizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke eChina “setiye eliphuzi”. Isifunda sichaza itiye ngefomula “okuthathu okuphuzi — okuthathu okuphakeme”: iqabunga elisagolide-ophuzi, umhluzi “ombala wekhandlu”, indawo yetiye ephuzi okwe-jade, ama-amino acid amaningi, iphunga eliphezulu kanye nezingulube eziningi eziphuzi. Igama livikelwe uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo kusukela ngo-2014.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) elivela ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu aphuzi. Kanjalo futhi kubiza isifunda ngokwaso: “umkhiqizo wetiye eliluhlaza”, owenziwe ngokunaba, ukulungisa, ukuqondisa, ukubumba kanye nokomisa.
- Ugibe lwegama: “黄茶” (huángchá) egameni umbala weqabunga, hhayi isigaba. Itiye eliphuzi ngokwe-GB/T 30766 lidinga ukuthungela, okungekho lapha.
- Isigaba: Itiye elivela ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu akhanyayo (黄化, huánghuà); uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo (2014).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), isifunda sikaMasipala waseGuǎngyuán (广元, Guǎngyuán). Isifunda esiyinhloko isifunda saseWangcang (旺苍县). Isifunda siboniswe njengokuhlobana kokuphatha komnikazi wophawu; umngcele wezomthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: I-Guǎngyuán icishe ibe ngu-32.4° N no-105.8° E.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 2010. I-Guǎngyuán yaletha uhlobo 中黄1号, olwakhishwa i-Tea Institute ye-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, futhi yasungula ukutshala okuyimpumelelo okuhlolwayo esifundeni saseWangcang.
- 2013–2014. Iziphathimandla zedolobha zayala ukuthi kufakwe isicelo esiteshini sesifunda sezitshalo zobuchwepheshe, futhi ngo-2014 kwabhaliswa uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo 广元黄茶 — № 14056995. Inombolo eseduze 14056996 ingeyophawu oluhlanganyelwe 广元纯黄茶. Ngokombiko wonyaka we-State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the PRC mayelana nezimpawu zokuhweba zika-2014, zombili izimpawu ziphethwe yisiteshi esifanayo sesifunda sezitshalo zobuchwepheshe (广元市经济作物管理站), futhi zombili zibhaliselwe umkhiqizo owodwa — itiye. Idokhumenti ezohlukanisa imikhiqizo ngaphansi kwezimpawu ezimbili ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Amazinga. Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, kwamukelwa amazinga amabili endawo — mayelana nokutshala kanye nangokusebenza — kanye nezinga leqembu “广元黄茶”; ngo-2023 uphawu lwalunikezwe imvume izinkampani eziyishumi nanye.
- 2023. Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, izingadi eziyi-51,000 zama-mu; isifunda sikubiza ngesizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke eChina “setiye eliphuzi”.
- Itiye lifakwe ezincwadini zikazwelonke zemikhiqizo yezolimo ekhethekile kanye “名特优新” — imikhiqizo yezolimo eyaziwayo, ekhethekile, esezingeni futhi emisha. Isifundazwe samqaphela njengophawu lomphakathi wesifunda oluhle kakhulu lwemikhiqizo yezolimo kanye netiye elilodwa elinethonya kakhulu eSichuan (四川省最具影响力茶叶单品).
- Igama: “Guǎngyuán” yigama lesifunda; “huangcha” (黄茶) — “itiye eliphuzi”, ngombala weqabunga.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Guǎngyuán Huángchá incane kunamanye amatiye avikelwe esifundeni — i-Qīfó Gòngchá (evikelwe kusukela ngo-2008) ne-Mǐcāngshān Chá (kusukela ngo-2009). Umlando wayo umlando wohlobo, hhayi wendawo: itiye lavela kanye nohlobo olwakhishwa eZhejiang.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo: 中黄1号 (Zhōnghuáng 1) kanye 中黄2号 (Zhōnghuáng 2) — izinhlobo zombuso ezinamahlamvu aphuzi ngokwemvelo. 中黄1号 yakhishwa i-Tea Institute ye-academy; 中黄2号 ivela kumuntu oguqukile wesifunda saseJinyun esifundazweni saseZhejiang.
- Umbala weqabunga: Amahlumela asentwasahlobo aphuzi; kuhlobo 中黄2号 iqabunga liba luhlaza ehlobo.
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Amahlumela amancane asentwasahlobo (鲜嫩春梢) ezinhlobo ezitshalwe esifundeni.
4. I-Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSichuan, izintaba emngceleni neShaanxi neGansu.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele. Isifunda sibhala kuphela ukuthi eGuǎngyuán kunezintaba eziningi eziphakeme kanye nenkungu (多高山、多云雾).
- Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane eqondile mayelana nezingadi emithonjeni etholakele.
- Umhlabathi: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isici: Umbala ophuzi weqabunga ubekwa uhlobo, hhayi indawo: izinhlobo zalethwa zisuka eZhejiang. Indawo inikeza ukuphakama nenkungu.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Ngokwencazelo yesifunda, i-Guǎngyuán Huángchá yenziwa kanje:
- Ukomisa (摊放, tānfàng): Iqabunga elisha linabeka ngendwenga encane.
- Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo): Iqabunga liqondiswa libe umucu.
- Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng): Iqabunga lithatha isimo “se-orchid encane” (形似小兰花).
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
Ukuthungela (闷黄) akukho. Isifunda sibika ngezinga lendawo lokusebenza, kodwa umbhalo walo angiwubonanga; imingcele ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici ze-Organoleptic
Isifunda sichaza ukubukeka ngefomula “okuthathu okuphuzi — okuthathu okuphakeme” (三黄三高).
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kufana ne-orchid encane (形似小兰花); kusagolide-ophuzi (外形金黄).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomhluzi: Eliphezulu (香气高).
- Ukunambitheka: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele, ngaphandle kokukhomba okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid.
- Umbala womhluzi: Ophuzi okhanyayo, “ombala wekhandlu” (汤色鹅黄).
- Indawo yetiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Ephuzi okwe-jade (叶底玉黄).
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda (2023):
| Inkomba | Okuqukethwe |
|---|---|
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | ngaphezu kuka-40 % |
| Ama-amino acid | cishe u-7% ngokwesilinganiso |
Ama-amino acid, ngokwemininingwane efanayo, aphindwe ka-2–3 kunetiye eliluhlaza elivamile. Isifunda siphinde siphawule okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezingulube eziphuzi, kodwa asizibhali izinombolo.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza elincane.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 75–80 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi — kuyo kubonakala iqabunga eliphuzi-luhlaza nomhluzi ophuzi okhanyayo.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza ingilazi.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Umhluzi wokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yomhluzi.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nomgunyathi
Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, ngo-2023 kwakhiqizwa amathani angama-70 etiye, futhi intengo yemakethe yayiyi-4000–16,000 yuan nge-jin (500 g). Lokhu ukuhlola kwesifunda, hhayi uhlu lwentengo lokudayisa.
- Ukwakugwema ukukopela:
- Funa uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo № 14056995; ngo-2023 lwalungasetshenziswa izinkampani eziyishumi nanye.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseGuǎngyuán.
- Iqabunga — lisagolide-ophuzi, umhluzi — ophuzi okhanyayo, indawo yetiye — ephuzi okwe-jade.
- Ungadidanisi netiye eliphuzi ngesigaba: ukuthungela akukho lapha.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Izinhlobo zaleli tiye zakhishwa eZhejiang, futhi ukutshala kokuqala kokuhlolwa eGuǎngyuán kwaba ngo-2010.
- Eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu indawo yakhula kusuka ekutshalweni kokuhlolwa yaya ezingadini eziyi-51,000 zama-mu.
- Idolobhana laseSanhe esifundeni saseWangcang, ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, liqashelwa uMnyango Wezolimo njengendawo kazwelonke “yomkhakha okhethekile wama-yuan ayikhulu ezigidi”.
- Uphawu lunomlingani — 广元纯黄茶 (“itiye eliphuzi elimsulwa laseGuǎngyuán”), elinenombolo eseduze.
- Ugibe lwegama olufanayo nolwe-Jinyun Huangcha: itiye libizwa ngophuzi, kodwa ngesigaba liluhlaza.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye
- I-Jīnyún Huángchá (缙云黄茶): Indawo yokuzalwa yohlobo 中黄2号; futhi itiye eliluhlaza ngaphansi kwegama “eliphuzi”.
- I-Ānjí Huángjīn Yá (安吉黄金芽): Itiye eliluhlaza lamahlamvu aphuzi laseZhejiang.
- I-Méngdǐng Huángyá (蒙顶黄芽): Itiye eliphuzi langempela laseSichuan, elinokuthungela.
- I-Mǐcāngshān Chá (米仓山茶): Itiye lezintaba zaseMicangshan esifundeni saseWangcang esifundeni esifanayo; ubuchwepheshe balo bufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu esifundazwe njengegatsha lobuchwepheshe betiye eliluhlaza laseSichuan.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Guǎngyuán Huángchá itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSichuan elivela ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu aphuzi zaseZhejiang 中黄1号 ne中黄2号. Okuthathu okuphuzi — iqabunga, umhluzi kanye nendawo yetiye — nokuthathu okuphakeme — ama-amino acid cishe u-7%, iphunga kanye nezingulube. Kusukela ekutshalweni kokuhlolwa kuka-2010, itiye lakhula laba imboni yama-mu ayi-51,000; uphawu luvikela igama kusukela ngo-2014.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo