Mǐcāngshān chá

IMicangshan Cha (Mǐcāngshān chá, 米仓山茶) iyitíye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba laseWangcang County (旺苍县) esifundeni sikaMasipala waseGuangyuan enyakatho yesifundazwe saseSichuan, ezintabeni zaseMicangshan ngasemngceleni weShaanxi. Kusukela mhla zi-4 kuNhlaba 2009, livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo, futhi isimemezelo sokuvikela silichaza ngokuningiliziwe: iqabunga eliyisicaba eliqondile eliluhlaza okotshani, iphunga eligcwele nelihlala isikhathi eside elinenothi ecacile ye-castnut kanye nethinta le-orchid, ukunambitheka okusha nokuminyene. Phakathi kwezimfuneko kukhona amazinga hhayi nje ezintweni ezikhishwayo, kodwa nange-zinc ne-selenium. Ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo, isifunda sakha umkhiqizo wezitíye ohlangene.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itíye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isimemezelo sokuvikela sibeka ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza: ukulungiswa, ukubunjwa, ukugazingwa kanye nokomiswa ngaphandle kwe-oxidation nangaphandle kokuvutshelwa; ukulandisa kwesethenjwa kwezimfuneko kubiza umkhiqizo ngokuthi “富硒富锌绿茶” — itíye eliluhlaza, elicebile nge-selenium ne-zinc. Uhlu lwamagugu lwesifundazwe lwangowezi-2023 nalo lubeka ubuchwepheshe etiyeni eliluhlaza (isigaba 2).
Isigaba: Itíye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lasentabeni laseSichuan enyakatho; umkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo (2009).
Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), umasipala waseGuangyuan (广元, Guǎngyuán), isifunda saseWangcang (旺苍, Wàngcāng).
Indawo yokuvikela: Yonke indawo yokuphatha yamanje yesifunda saseWangcang — kanjalo kusimemezelo se-2009.
Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: IWangcang icishe ibe ngu-32.2° N no-106.3° E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 2009. Mhla zi-4 kuNhlaba, i-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo № 32 yathatha iMicangshan Cha ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo — kusimemezelo esisodwa netíye elimhlophe iFuding Baicha.
- 2018. Ngokushicilelwa kukahulumeni wesifunda sasePingshan, mhla zi-12 kuNdasa, ividiyo yomkhiqizo wesifundazwe “天府龙芽” yaboniswa eTimes Square eNew York kanye nemikhiqizo yezindawo ezinkulu zetíye zaseSichuan “三山一早” — phakathi kwazo iMicangshan Cha.
- 2019. Ngokwemininingwane yomnyango wezomnotho nolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe waseGuangyuan, ngoNhlaba igama langena ohlwini lwemikhiqizo eyikhulu yezindawo ezinezikhombi sendawo ekuhlolweni kweChina Association for Brand Promotion — indawo yama-63, inani le-4.511 billion yuan; ngoNtulikazi lathola indondo yegolide embukisweni wemikhiqizo nezimpawu zokuhweba.
- 2020. IGuangyuan yavuma amazinga amabili endawo: i-DB5108/T20—2020 ngokutshala kanye ne-DB5108/T21—2020 ngokucubungula iMicangshan Cha. Eyesibili yashicilelwa mhla zingama-20 kuZibandlela 2020 futhi yaqala ukusebenza kusukela mhla lu-1 kuNhlolanja 2021; ngokweplathifomu kazwelonke yamazinga yachithwa mhla ziyi-16 kuNhlangulana 2025, kanti enye yezinhlu zamazinga isayibala njengesasebenza.
- 2023. Ngesinqumo sikahulumeni wesifundazwe (川府函〔2023〕66号), “ubuchwepheshe beMicangshan Cha” (米仓山茶制作技艺) bangeniswa ohlwini olunwetshiwe lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaphatheki njengegatsha “lobuchwepheshe betíye eliluhlaza laseSichuan”.
Igama: IMicangshan (米仓山) — “intaba yengqolobane yelayisi”, umgogodla osemngceleni weSichuan neShaanxi; 茶 — itíye.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umbiko waseGuangyuan wezi-2019 waphuma ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi “嘉陵源头水，米仓山中茶” — “amanzi omthombo weJialingjiang, itíye lezintaba zaseMicangshan”. Ezinhlelweni zesifunda ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona “idolobhana letíye lentela le-Han” (汉代贡茶小镇) kanye “nedolobhana letíye eliphuzi”; ukuthi igama lokuqala lisekelwe kuyiphi imininingwane yomlando, akushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombiko kahulumeni waseWangcang, ngo-2024 itíye lethulwa eJinan kanye “nokuvakasha okubomvu” kwesifunda.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokwesimemezelo sokuvikela — izinhlobo zendawo ezinamaqabunga aphakathi namancane (中小叶群体种) kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha ezikhethwe kuzo. Amagama ezinhlobo ezikhethiwe awatholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukusabalalisa nokutshala: Ngama-cuttings amafushane; ukutshala kusukela maphakathi no-Okthoba kuya ekuqaleni kukaNovemba noma ngoFebhuwari, kungabi ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingama-90,000 ngehektha.
Umquba: Ngokuyinhloko i-organic; ukufaka umquba kane ngonyaka.
Ukuvuna: Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ngamaqoqo, kushiywa amaqabunga esihlahleni.
Izinga lezinto zokusetshenziswa ngokwamabanga:
- Ibanga eliphezulu: imiqumbe — okungenani ama-90%, “umqumbe neqabunga” elivulekayo — ngaphansi kwe-10%.
- Ibanga lokuqala: “umqumbe neqabunga” elivulekayo — ngaphezu kwe-80%, elivuliwe — ngaphansi kwe-20%.
- Ibanga lesibili: “umqumbe namahlamvu amabili” avulekayo — ngaphezu kwe-70%, elivuliwe — ngaphansi kwe-30%.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Umgogodla waseMicangshan uphakathi kweSichuan neShaanxi, phakathi kweMotianling (摩天岭) entshonalanga ne-Dabashan (大巴山) empumalanga, futhi usebenza njengomhlukanisi wamanzi wemifula i-Hanjiang ne-Jialingjiang. Isiqongo esikhulu — iGuangwushan (光雾山) esifundeni esingumakhelwane saseNanzheng, 2507 m. Ezintabeni kukhona isiqiwu sikahulumeni (kusukela ngo-2006).
Ukuphakama kokutshala: 600–1300 m — isidingo sesimemezelo sokuvikela.
Ubunjalo bomhlabathi: i-pH 4.5–6.5; izithambeka ezingaphezu kwe-25° azivunyelwe.
Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane etholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
Isilinganiso: Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda yezi-2019, esifundeni kukhona ama-226,000 mu engadi yetíye, umkhiqizo olindelekile — 6800 t.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Isimemezelo sokuvikela sibeka le nxanxathela:

Iqabunga elisha (鲜叶, xiānyè).
Ukwandlalwa (摊青, tānqīng).
Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
Ukuphola (摊凉, tānliáng).
Ukuhlunga ngezihlungo (分筛, fēnshāi).
Ukubunjwa (做形, zuòxíng): Iqabunga lithola isimo esiyisicaba futhi esiqondile.
Ukomiswa kokuqala (初烘, chūhōng) nokuphola.
Ukugazingwa esigubhini (滚炒, gǔnchǎo) nokuphola.
Ukuphakamisa iphunga (提香, tíxiāng).
Ukukhethwa ngesandla (精拣, jīngjiǎn), ukuhlukaniswa ngamabanga (分级, fēnjí) nokuhlolwa (检验, jiǎnyàn).
Ukugcinwa endaweni ebandayo enezinga lokushisa elingaguquki (恒温冷藏, héngwēn lěngcáng) nokupakishwa.

Amazinga okushisa nezikhathi awatholakali esimemezelweni; izinga lokucubungula langowezi-2020 angilizange ngilibone.

6. Izici Zokuhlola Izinzwa

Incazelo engezansi iyisidingo sesimemezelo sokuvikela.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isicaba futhi siqondile (扁直), siluhlaza okotshani ngokucwebezelayo (翠绿).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
Iphunga lokumpontshelwa: Ligcwele, liphakeme futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, kunothi ecacile ye-castnut kanye nethinta le-orchid (香气浓郁高长持久、栗香突出、带兰花香).
Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuphaphile, kuthambile futhi kuminyene (鲜爽醇厚).
Umbala wokumpontshelwa: Uluhlaza ngokuthambile, uyakhanya (嫩绿明亮).
Amabhele (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Athambile, alingana, ayinyama, amaqabunga avuleka “njengembali” (嫩匀肥厚成朵).

Isimemezelo sibuye siqaphele ukumelana nokuphindwa kokuphuzwa (耐冲泡).

7. Ukuqanjwa Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zesimemezelo sokuvikela:

Inkomba	Izinga
Izinto ezikhishwayo	okungenani 42%
I-Zinc	okungenani 50 mg/kg
I-Selenium	okungenani 0.28 mg/kg

Lezi yimikhawulo ephansi, hhayi imiphumela yokulinganisa; angifinyeleli eziphethweni zezempilo ngazo.

8. Ukumithisa

Umkhuba wekilasi wetíye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letíye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Itsha: Ingilazi yegilasi — kuyo kuyabonakala ukuthi iqabunga eliyisicaba livuleka kanjani.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza itsha.
2. Faka itíye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Ukumpontshelwa kokuqala — emva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokumpontshelwa.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphindwa okubili noma kuthathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Ephaketheni elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka. Inxanxathela yokukhiqiza ngokwesimemezelo sokuvikela ngokwayo iphetha ngokugcinwa okupholile ezingeni lokushisa elingaguquki ngaphambi kokupakishwa.

10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo yokudayisa yetíye elivikelwe ngqo etholakala emithonjeni etholakele. Embikweni wesifunda wezi-2019 kunikezwe amanani emikhiqizo yesifunda: i-organic “Que She” yenye yezinkampani — 1880 yuan nge-jin (500 g), “itíye eliphuzi” lesifunda — 8800 yuan nge-jin. Lokhu yizimangalo, hhayi ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe.

Uzivika kanjani emikhiqizweni yomgunyathi:
- Funani uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda saseWangcang.
- Iqabunga — lisicaba, liqondile futhi liluhlaza okotshani; ephungeni — kukhona i-castnut nethinta le-orchid; ukumpontshelwa — kuluhlaza ngokuthambile.
- Khumbula ukuthi eduze nomkhiqizo isifunda sikhuthaza futhi “itíye eliphuzi” (isigaba 13); izidingo zika-2009 zichaza itíye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

IMicangshan Cha ingenye “yezintaba ezintathu” zefomula “三山一早”, eduze neMengdingshan ne-Emeishan.
Izinga lokucubungula, ngokweplathifomu kazwelonke yamazinga, lahlala ngaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu: laqala ukusebenza ngoFebhuwari 2021, lachithwa ngoJuni 2025.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatíye

IGuangyuan Huangcha (广元黄茶): Itíye eliluhlaza lwezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga aphuzi esifunda esifanayo; embikweni wesifunda wezi-2019 impumelelo “yetíye eliphuzi” laseWangcang ibalwa njengempumelelo yomkhiqizo weMicangshan Cha.
IQifo Gongcha (七佛贡茶): Itíye elivikelwe lesifunda saseQingchuan kumasipala ofanayo waseGuangyuan.
IZhenba Maojian (镇巴毛尖): Itíye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseZhenba eShaanxi ngakolunye uhlangothi lwezintaba, lapho kuhlangana khona iDabashan neMicangshan.
IBa Shan Que She (巴山雀舌): Itíye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lezintaba zaseDabashan enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSichuan.
IEmei Zhuyeqing (峨眉竹叶青): Itíye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lentaba iEmeishan; umkhiqizo walentaba “峨眉山茶” — enye yezintaba ezintathu zefomula “三山一早”.

Ekuphetheni:

IMicangshan Cha — itíye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba laseSichuan enyakatho, lapho idokhumenti yokuvikela isho cishe konke: izingadi ekuphakameni kwama-600–1300 m, izinhlobo zendawo zezihlahla, inxanxathela yokucubungula enokugazingwa kwesigubhu nokugcinwa okupholile, iqabunga eliqondile eliluhlaza okotshani, iphunga le-castnut ne-orchid kanye nemikhawulo ephansi ye-zinc ne-selenium. Okungakunikezi amadokhumenti — umlando ngaphambi kuka-2009.