Xiàochāng Fènghuángshān chá

I-Siaochang Fenghuangshan Cha (Xiàochāng Fènghuángshān chá, 孝昌凤凰山茶) itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lasedolobhaneni laseZhousiang (周巷镇) esifundeni saseSiaochang kumasipala wedolobha laseSiaogan enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseHubei, ngaseningizimu yeentaba zaseDabieshan. Kusukela ngo-2015 igama livikelwe wuphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo, kusukela ngo-2022 itiye linendinganiso kamasipala wedolobha i-DB4209/T 26—2022. Indinganiso ilibiza ngqo ngetiye eliluhlaza. “Fenghuang” lapha yigama lentaba yendawo, hhayi ukubhekisela ku-oolong yaseGuangdong iFenghuang Dancong.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba simiswe umqulu: indinganiso DB4209/T 26—2022 ichaza leli tiye njengetiye eliluhlaza, elenziwe ngemihlume namaqabunga amahlumela amancane, aqoqwe edolobhaneni laseZhousiang.
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba laseSiaogan; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2015).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseHubei (湖北, Húběi), umasipala wedolobha iSiaogan (孝感, Xiàogǎn), isifunda iSiaochang (孝昌, Xiàochāng), idolobhana iZhousiang (周巷, Zhōuxiàng).
Indawo yophawu: Ngokwendinganiso, yidolobhana lonke iZhousiang; umngcele uvezwe ebalazweni kusithasiselo. Izindawo ezihamba phambili isethulo sendinganiso sibiza izintaba iFenghuangshan, iGongmushan (公牧山) neShuangfengshan (双峰山) kanye nendawo yaseGuchengan (古城庵).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isikhungo sesifunda iSiaochang sisemgwaqweni we-31,3° N no-114,0° E; indawo isengxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Inkathi yaseMing. Isethulo sendinganiso sithi itiye eZhousiang litshalwa kusukela ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaMing (明) nokuthi kusele izinkondlo nemifanekiso ngalokhu. Imininingwane yengezwe yincazelo yomkhiqizo ovikelwe ongumakhelwane iZhousiang Fenghuang Cha evela eHhovisi Lempahla Yobuhlakani yaseHubei: ngokombhalo oqoshwe etsheni, isikhulu saseMing, esashiya inkonzo sase siba yindela, saletha imbewu yetiye kwezinye izindawo futhi sasungula amasimu eduze kwentaba iFenghuangshan; emlandweni wesifunda waseSiaogan wohlelo lweshumi nesishiyagalombili lonyaka kaGuangxu (光绪) kunenkondlo ngokunambitha itiye endaweni yezindela eGuchengan enomugqa othi “穿云寻古寺，带露摘新茶” — “nginqamula amafu ngifuna itempeli elidala, nginehlisa itiye elisha emazolo”.
- Inganekwane. Ngokwenganekwane evela encazelweni efanayo, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo uZhu Di (朱棣) wadlula ngasese eduze kwentaba iFenghuangshan, futhi abantu bendawo bamnika itiye.
- 2015. NgoSepthemba igama elithi “孝昌凤凰山茶” labhaliswa njengophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo. Ngokwerejista yesifundazwe ka-2020, lolu wuphawu № 14514917, isigaba 30, umkhiqizo itiye; umnikazi inhlangano yetiye yedolobhana iZhousiang; isikhathi selungelo elikhethekile sisuka zingama-28 Septhemba 2015 siye zingama-27 Septhemba 2025.
- 2022. Ihhovisi lokuqondisa izimakethe laseSiaogan lakhipha indinganiso DB4209/T 26—2022: yashicilelwa ziyisi-8 Agasti, yaqala ukusebenza ziyisi-8 Septhemba. Bayithuthukisa inhlangano yetiye yedolobhana, iminyango yendawo kanye nenkampani yetiye; isethulo siyavuma ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokhu itiye lalingenayo indinganiso yekhwalithi.
Igama: “Siaochang” (孝昌) yigama lesifunda; “Fenghuangshan” (凤凰山) — “intaba yeFenix”, isiqongo sendawo; “cha” (茶) — itiye. Ngokwencazelo yeHhovisi Lempahla Yobuhlakani yaseHubei, abantu bendawo kudala babiza lonke itiye lasedolobhaneni ngokuthi “凤凰茶” — “itiye leFenghuang”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isethulo sendinganiso sibiza iZhousiang “ngomuzi wetiye” odumile (茶叶之乡). Ngokwencazelo yeHhovisi Lempahla Yobuhlakani yaseHubei, eSiaogan itiye lasedolobhaneni laziwa yimindeni yonke futhi liyathandwa njengesipho.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / ama-cultivar: Indinganiso ibiza izinhlobo eziyinhloko i-Echa № 1 (鄂茶1号), i-Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白) ne-Zhongcha 108 (中茶108); ngokwesethulo, ezimbili zokuqala zitshalwa kakhulu.
Indinganiso yokukha: Umhlume owodwa oneqabunga elilodwa noma umhlume owodwa neqabunga elisanda kuvuleka (一芽一叶或一芽一叶初展).
Isikhathi sokukha: Indinganiso ayinazo izinsuku eziqondile.
Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Iqabunga elisha lithwalwa ngeziqukathi ezinomoya, ngaphandle kokucindezelwa noma ukufudunyezwa.

4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Ngokwendinganiso, isizinda sokukhiqiza sisezingqongeni eziseningizimu yeentaba zaseDabieshan (大别山): amagquma, indawo yehla isuka enyakatho-mpumalanga iye eningizimu-ntshonalanga, ukuminyana kwehlathi kungaphezu kuka-80 %.
Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon enomswakama. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile lingu-16,1 °C, imvula ingu-1100–1200 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingu-248. Indinganiso iphinde ibale amahora angu-4427,2 okukhanya kwelanga ngonyaka. Incwadi yezentengiselwano kusayithi le-Renmin Wang (2019) iphinda le nombolo efanayo, kepha icacisa ukuthi ngenxa yamafu ilanga empeleni likhanya cishe amahora angu-2150 ngonyaka.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.
Inhlabathi: Ikakhulukazi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤), ungqimba oluvundile alungekho ngaphansi kwe-0,5 m, i-pH ingu-5,5–6,5, izinto eziphilayo zingaphezu kwe-1 %.
Izindlela zokulima: Indinganiso iyala ukuvikela isimu ngezibani zokubamba izinambuzane, izicupho ezinamathelayo, ama-pheromone kanye nemithi yezinto eziphilayo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Indinganiso ihlanganisa umsebenzi wezandla nowemishini futhi igqamisa imisebenzi emithathu eyinhloko — ukumisa, ukubumba kanye nokugazinga-ukomisa.

Ukumisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ngomshini wokumisa, kufika ku-1 kg weqabunga ngomzuzu, ku-170–230 °C; iqabunga lilahlekelwa ngu-25–30 % wesisindo. Bese liyendlalwa ukuze liphole futhi libuyele emswakameni cishe imizuzu engu-30.
Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng): Ukuhlela kabili kweqabunga (理条, lǐtiáo) ngomshini osebenza izinto eziningi: okokuqala — ku-150–180 °C, imizuzu engu-10–15; okwesibili — ku-100–120 °C, imizuzu engu-8–10, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lome ngo-70–80 %.
Ukususa uboya (脱毫, tuōháo): Ingxube epholile ijikeleziswa emshinini wokugazinga (辉锅机, huīguōjī) ku-60–100 °C; uboya buyasuswa eqabungeni, ifeni iyakhipha.
Ukugazinga nokukhipha iphunga (辉干提香, huīgān tíxiāng): Imizuzu engu-25–35, izinga lokushisa elithi “phansi — phezulu — phansi”, cishe ku-90–120 °C; ngaphambi kokukhipha ukushisa kuyenyuswa ukuze kutholakale iphunga.
Itiye eliqedile: Umswakama awukho ngaphezu kwe-6,5 %, iqabunga liyisicaba, libushelelezi futhi liqondile.

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Indinganiso yazi izinhlobo ezimbili — ephakeme kakhulu (特级) neyokuqala (一级) — futhi ivuselela isibonelo salezo zimbili minyaka yonke.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu — liyisicaba, libushelelezi futhi liqondile, liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, linoboya obubonakalayo, liyalingana (扁平光直，翠绿显毫，匀齐). Izinga lokuqala — liyisicaba, libushelelezi futhi liqondile, liluhlaza futhi licwebezela (扁平光直，绿润).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alikho incazelo ehlukile kund ng standard.
Iphunga lomuthi wokungena: Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu — lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (清香持久); izinga lokuqala — lihlanzekile (清香).
Ukunambitheka: Kumasha futhi kuthambile (鲜醇) kuzo zombili izinhlobo.
Umbala womuthi wokungena: Uluhlaza okotshani futhi ukhanya (嫩绿明亮) kuzo zombili izinhlobo.
Ingaphansi letiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu — lithambile, lithembekile futhi liyalingana (柔嫩匀齐); izinga lokuqala — lithembekile, liyalingana futhi liyakhanya (嫩匀明亮).

Imibala kanye nanoma yiziphi izithasiselo indinganiso iyenqabela.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo ze-physicochemical zendinganiso, ezifanayo kuzo zombili izinhlobo:

Inkomba	Isidingo
Umswakama	awukho ngaphezu kwe-6,5 %
Imvuthuluka nothuli	akukho ngaphezu kwe-5,5 %
Umlotha ophelele	awukho ngaphezu kwe-7 %
Izinto ezincibilika emanzini	azikho ngaphansi kwe-38,0 %
I-cellulose eluhlaza	ayikho ngaphezu kwe-10,0 %

Ayikho imininingwane ngama-polyphenol, ama-amino acid ne-caffeine aleli tiye ngqo emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni kodonga.
3. Ukungena kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yomuthi.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Indinganiso ngokwayo iyala ukugcina itiye eliqedile esitolo esihlanzekile, esomile, esipholile, esimnyama ngaphandle kwephunga elingaziwa noma egumbini lokuqandisa. Ekhaya — kupakishwe ngokuvalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngamanani emithonjeni etholiwe.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukuthenga imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu oluthi “孝昌凤凰山茶” (№ 14514917). Isikhathi esivela kurejista ka-2020 siphele zingama-27 Septhemba 2025; ukuthi uphawu luye lwanwetshwa yini, angikazihloli.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela edolobhaneni laseZhousiang esifundeni saseSiaochang.
- Bheka izinga: indinganiso yazi kuphela izinga eliphezulu kakhulu nelokuqala.
- Iqabunga — liyisicaba, libushelelezi futhi liqondile; umuthi wokungena — uluhlaza okotshani futhi uyakhanya.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ubuchwepheshe bususa uboya eqabungeni, kodwa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu indinganiso ifuna ukuthi uboya buhlale bubonakala.
Edolobhaneni elilodwa kuhlangane izindlela ezimbili zokuvikela: uphawu oluthi “孝昌凤凰山茶” kanye nomkhiqizo ovikelwe othi “周巷凤凰茶”. Incazelo yesibili nayo ibiza itiye ngokuthi “凤凰山茶”.
Ne “Fenghuang” yaseGuangdong leli tiye zihlanganyela kuphela izinhlamvu zesiShayina: lapho i-oolong, lapha itiye eliluhlaza.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye

I-Zhousiang Fenghuang Cha (周巷凤凰茶): Umkhiqizo ovikelwe wedolobhana elifanayo (2014) onendinganiso yesifundazwe DB42/T 2174-2023. Izincazelo zawo womabili amatiye ziyafana kokuyinhloko; ukuthi umkhiqizo owodwa yini ngaphansi kwezindlela ezimbili, imiqulu ayikusho.
I-Guanyinhu Liucha (观音湖绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo saseSiaochang, umkhiqizo ovikelwe kusukela ngo-2015.
I-Dau Liucha (大悟绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane iDau, naso esisezingqongeni eziseningizimu yeDabieshan.
I-Fenghuang Dancong (凤凰单丛): I-oolong yaseGuangdong — ukuvumelana kwegama, hhayi ukuhlobana.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Siaochang Fenghuangshan Cha itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba ledolobhana elilodwa ezingqongeni zeDabieshan. Linokugcwala kwemibhalo okungajwayelekile egameni elincane: uphawu lwango-2015 kanye nendinganiso yango-2022 enezinhlobo zezihlahla, izindlela zokucubungula kanye nezinhlobo ezimbili zetiye eliqedile. Ukubukeka kulula futhi kuyabonakala: iqabunga eliyisicaba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iphunga elihlanzekile nelihlala isikhathi eside, umuthi wokungena oluhlaza okotshani, ukunambitheka okusha nokuthambile.

Imithombo

Amazinga

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo