Fènghuáng dāncóng

Feng Huang Dan Cong (Fènghuáng dāncóng, 凤凰单丛) — wu long wasezintabeni zase Feng Huang (凤凰山) esifundeni sase Chaozhou empumalanga yesifundazwe sase Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng). Igama lichazwa ngomkhuba wakudala «wokukha, ukwenza nokudayisa itiye esihlahleni esisodwa» (单株采摘、单株制茶、单株销售). Ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zamakha emvelo ezimbali, libizwa ngokuthi «imimoya phakathi kwamatiye» (茶中香水). Kusukela ngo-2010, «Feng Huang Dan Cong（枞）茶» kuwumkhiqizo onezimpawu zendawo, futhi kusukela ngo-2021 uyavikelwa nase-European Union. Uhlolojikelele lwawo wonke amaqembu ama-dan cong kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sesifunda kuchazwe ngokuhlukile (isigaba 13).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Wu long (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá), itiye elinevutshelo oluncane — leli klasi libizwa kanjalo encazelweni yommeleli we-PRC e-EU.
Isigaba: Wu long wase Guangdong weqembu lama-dan cong; umkhiqizo onezimpawu zendawo.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), isifunda sase Chaozhou (潮州, Cháozhōu), izintaba zase Feng Huang.
Indawo evikelwe: Ngokomthetho wedolobha wokuvikela, osebenza kusukela zingama-10 kuMeyi 2025, — izigodi ezingama-30 nezindawo zamatiye. Esifundeni sase Chao’an (潮安区) yilokhu okungumkhandlu wase Feng Huang, ezinye izigodi eziyisithupha, ihlathi lase Wanfeng kanye nezingxenye ezimbili zomkhandlu wase Fengxi; esifundeni sase Raoping (饶平县) — izigodi eziyi-15, kuhlanganise ne Fubin; esifundeni sase Xiangqiao (湘桥区) — indawo yase Qiaodong kanye nezigodi ezine.
Indawo enhle kakhulu: Ezincazelweni ezidumile — intaba i-Wudong (乌岽, Wūdōng) eduze nomkhandlu wase Feng Huang.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka ngokwesiko

Umlando:
- Inganekwane. Ngokwenganekwane, umbusi wokugcina we-Song u Zhao Bing, ebalekela eningizimu, entabeni i-Wudong wahlushwa ukoma; abantu basentabeni bamnika umhluzi wetiye elithi «hong yin» (红茵), futhi waqamba itiye ngokuthi «itiye le-Song» (宋茶). Ummeleli we-PRC ubhala ukuthi ukuqala kokutshalwa kwetiye e Chaozhou kwabangelwa okhokho babantu base She (畲族) nokuthi itiye lapha, «ngokwesiko» (相传), lalitshalwa kakade ngesikhathi se-Song — eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-900 edlule.
- Cishe ngo-1582. Ubufakazi bokuqala obubhaliwe — «Amanothi ahlukahlukene nge Chao» (潮中杂记) ka Guo Zizhang (郭子章): e Chaozhou itiye alinakwa kangako, kodwa itiye lezintaba zase Fengshan lihle; libizwa ngokuthi «itiye lentaba yase Daizhao» (待诏山茶), futhi libizwa ngokuthi «itiye eliphuzi» (黄茶).
- Ukuphela kwe-Ming — ukuqala kwe-Qing. Ngokushicilelwe kwe-«Jiemian», «itiye eliphuzi» laqala ukwenziwa ngendlela ye zuò qīng (做青) — ngokunyakazisa nokulalisa iqabunga; lokhu kubhekwa njengesiqalo se-wu long yase Chaozhou.
- I-Qing. Ngokwengosi yesifunda sase Guangdong, eminyakeni ye-Tongzhi ne-Guangxu abalimi bamatiye baqala ukukha, ukwenza nokudayisa itiye ngezihlahla ezihlukene futhi baqamba izihlahla ezinhle kakhulu amagama; kusukela lapha igama elithi «dan cong».
- 2010. Ngomhla ziyisi-6 kuMbasa i-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ngomemezelo № 30 yathatha itiye ngaphansi kokuvikelwa.
- 2014. Ngokwe-«Jiemian», ngoMeyi igama lemboni yephunga elithi «indle yedada» (鸭屎香) lashintshwa laba «iphunga le-honeysuckle» (银花香).
- 2020–2021. Itiye langena ohlwini lokuqala lwe-«100+100» lwesivumelwano se-China ne-EU ngezimpawu zendawo; isivumelwano saqala ukusebenza zingama-1 kuNdasa 2021.
- 2021. Zingama-8 kuMbasa kwakhishwa izinga ledolobha (isigaba 5); ngoJuni, ngokwengosi ye-Ministry of Commerce ye-PRC, ilungelo lophawu lwalunezinkampani zamatiye ezingama-61. Zingama-11 kuLwezi izinhlangano ezine zamatiye zesifunda zakhulula amazinga eqembu «Izilinganiso zekhwalithi» (T/CZTTBZ 001—2021) kanye ne-«Imithetho yokuqamba amagama» (T/CZTTBZ 002—2021), asebenza kusukela zingama-2 kuZibandlela.
- 2025. Kusukela zingama-10 kuMeyi kusebenza umthetho omusha wokuvikela, kuze kube zingama-31 kuZibandlela 2029.
Igama: 凤凰 (fènghuáng) — «i-phoenix», igama lezintaba; 单丛 (dāncóng) — «isihlahla esisodwa».
Ukubaluleka ngokwesiko: Itiye alinakuhlukaniswa ne-gong fu cha yase Chaozhou (潮州工夫茶); ummeleli we-PRC ubhala nge-«zindlela ezingamashumi amabili nanye zokuphisa itiye».

3. Incazelo yesayensi yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ama-dan cong ayizitshalo ezikhethiwe zesixuku se fènghuáng shuǐxiān (凤凰水仙). Ngokwe-karyotype, njengoba kubhala i-«Jiemian», lesi sixuku sisondele kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zasendulo ezinkulu zamaqabunga kunakwezinhlobonhlobo ezincane zamaqabunga. Ummeleli we-PRC ubala imigqa engaphezu kwama-80 (品系).
Amagama ezihlahla: Ngokwengosi yesifunda sase Guangdong, imigqa iqanjwa ngesimo seqabunga (山茄叶, 柚叶, 竹叶), ngephunga, ngendawo, ngomnikazi, ngomlando nangenganekwane. Kukhona namagama ezinkondlo: «abayisishiyagalombili abangafi, abawela ulwandle» (八仙过海) — ngokwethebula lezihlahla ezindala, kanjalo ngo-1958 baqamba umugqa wezimpande eziyisishiyagalombili ezamila ngo-1898: izihlahla zihlukile ngokubukeka, kodwa itiye lazo lonke lihle.
Isihlahla esidala kunazo zonke: «Wudong Song Cha» (乌岽宋茶), ezincwadini zokubhekisela — «Song zhong № 1» (宋种1号). Ngokwethebula lezihlahla ezindala esijobelelo sezinga lezilinganiso, elithathwe encwadini yokubhekisela ethi «潮州茶叶» (2009), likhula emzaneni wase Lizipin (李仔坪) e Wudong endaweni ephakeme cishe ngo-1150 m, lineminyaka engaphezu kwama-600, ngesimo seqabunga lalibizwa ngokuthi «Tuan shu ye» (团树叶), phakathi neziMpi Zesiko laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi «Dong fang hong» (东方红), futhi irekhodi lokukha kwentwasahlobo ka-1963 lanikeza 8.9 kg wetiye elomile. Lapho futhi kuthiwa isihlahla, ngokwesiko, sakhethwa ekupheleni kwe-Song ngabantu bomzana osuka ku-Li. Izincazelo ezidumile zisibiza ngokuthi i-hybrid enkulu yemvelo futhi zinika iminyaka engama-600–700.
Uhlobo lwamaqabunga amhlophe: Ngokwethebula elifanayo, abalimi base Raoping bakhetha esixukwini se feng huang shui xian i-ling tou dan cong; ngawo-1970 latshalwa kakhulu endaweni yase Feng Huang ngaphansi kwegama elithi «dan cong wamaqabunga amhlophe» (白叶单丛), futhi incwadi yokubhekisela isibiza ngokuthi uhlobo oluyinhloko lwezingadi zendawo.
Izikhathi zonyaka: Ngokwesijobelelo sezinga lezilinganiso, izinhlobo ezimbili eziphakeme kakhulu zikhiqizwa yitiye lasentwasahlobo lezihlahla ezindala zendawo eyinhloko, olokuqala — itiye lasentwasahlobo lendawo eyinhloko; ohlotsheni lwesibili kuvunyelwa itiye lasekwindla nelasebusika, «itiye leqhwa», kanti ohlotsheni lwesithathu — ngokwesibonelo, itiye lasehlobo kanye netiye lezindawo ezingezona eziyinhloko.
Indinganiso yokukha: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Izintaba zase Feng Huang esifundeni sase Chaozhou.
Izidingo zemvelo: Izinga ledolobha i-DB4451/T 1-2021 libeka izidingo zemvelo, kodwa izinombolo zalo azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane yezinombolo emithonjeni etholakele.
Indawo: Ngokwemininingwane yengosi ye-«Zhongguo zhiliang xinwen» (中国质量新闻网), ekupheleni kuka-2023 — izinkulungwane ezingama-260 ze-mu zezingadi namathani angama-30.1 amawaka wetiye elomile elingahluziwe ngonyaka.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Ngokwencazelo esekelayo yomkhiqizo engosini yezimpawu zendawo, ukucutshungulwa kokuqala kuhlanganisa izigaba eziyisithupha. Izinga le-DB4451/T 1-2021 lilawula ngokuhlukile ukucutshungulwa (加工工艺), kodwa imingcele yezigaba ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.

Ukubuna elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng).
Ukupholisa (晾青, liàngqīng).
Ukunyakazisa nokulalisa (做青, zuòqīng): Isigaba sokuvutshelwa okuyingxenye.
Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng).
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomisa nokufudumeza (烘焙, hōngbèi).

Izindlela zezigaba zaleli tiye azikachazwa emithonjeni etholakele; izincazelo zazo ziyisikimu esijwayelekile sekilasi.

Amazinga:

DB44/T 820-2010 — izinga lesifundazwe lomkhiqizo elinophawu: lakhishwa zingama-11 kuLwezi 2010, lasebenza kusukela zi-1 kuNhlolanja 2011; ngo-2021, ngokwengosi ye-Ministry of Commerce ye-PRC, banquma ukulihoxisa, futhi kusizindalwazi sikahulumeni samazinga lihoxisiwe kusukela zi-1 kuNhlolanja 2023.
DB4451/T 1-2021 — izinga ledolobha kusukela zingama-8 kuMbasa 2021, lisebenza kusukela zingama-8 kuMfumfu 2021: indawo, imvelo, ukutshala, ukucutshungulwa, ikhwalithi, ukuhlolwa, ukumakwa nokugcinwa.

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Ngokwencazelo yommeleli we-PRC e-EU:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Liqondile, likhulu futhi linenyama, linamafutha futhi liyacwebezela (挺直肥硕油润).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lomhluzi: Iphunga lemvelo lezimbali elihle, elihlanzekile neliphezulu (优雅清高的自然花香).
Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, kumnandi, kuthambile, kuyaqabula, nokubuyela okumnandi (浓郁、甘醇、爽口、回甘). Ikhwalithi eyinhloko — «isigqi sentaba» (山韵, shānyùn), okuthi, ngokwamazwi omthombo, «kungazwakala kuphela».
Umbala womhluzi: Ophuzi ngokusawolintshi, ocacile futhi okhanyayo (橙黄清澈明亮).
Izansi letiye (iqabunga eliphekwe): «Isiqu esiluhlaza, inkaba eluhlaza, umphetho obomvu» (青蒂绿腹红镶边).

Izinhlobo ngokwezinga lezilinganiso. Izinga leqembu lika-2021 lihlukanisa itiye ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu: «jing pin» (精品, jīngpǐn), eliphezulu, elokuqala, elesibili nelesithathu. Ku-«jing pin» iqabunga liminyene, liqinile, linamafutha futhi linsundu, iphunga liyimvelo yezimbali, ligcwele, lijulile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, ukunambitheka kunephimbo elivelele «lesihlahla» nokubuyela okumnandi okuqinile, umhluzi uphuzi ngokukhanyayo, umphetho weqabunga eliphekwe ulingene. Umhluzi wohlobo oluphakeme — usagolide, olokuqala — uphuzi ngokusawolintshi, olwesithathu — uphuzi ngokunsundu, kanti ukunambitheka kohlobo lwesithathu — kubabayo kancane, ngephimbo lezimbali elilula. Incazelo esekelayo yomkhiqizo yengeza umbala ophuzi ngokunsundu, ocwebezelayo ngamafutha weqabunga elomile onamachashazi abomvu ngokwe-cinnabar (朱砂红点).

Izinhlobo zamakha. Ngokokulandwa kabusha okudumile, ngo-1996 ihhovisi lezolimo lesifunda sase Chao’an kanye nohulumeni womkhandlu wase Feng Huang baphenya izinsiza zamatiye zezigodi ezingama-34 izinyanga eziyi-18; ngokuhlaziywa kwezihlahla ezingu-5120 bahlonza izinhlobo eziyi-18 zamakha: eziyisi-8 zezimbali noju, ezi-4 «zemithi», ezi-3 zezithelo nezi-3 ezinye. Izinhlobo ezingavamile kamuva zasuka, futhi kwaqina «amakha ayishumi»: i-gardenia (黄栀香), i-orchid ye-zhilan (芝兰香), i-orchid yoju (蜜兰香), i-osmanthus (桂花香), i-magnolia (玉兰香), imbali yejinja (姜花香), i-night-blooming jasmine (夜来香), i-jasmine (茉莉香), i-alimondi (杏仁香) ne-cinnamon (肉桂香). Kwezinye izinguqulo esikhundleni se-jasmine kukhona imbali ye-pomelo (柚花香). Ishumi eline-jasmine, «nezinye izinhlobo», laqinisekiswa yizinga leqembu lokuqamba amagama lika-2021.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izinga leqembu lezilinganiso zekhwalithi (2021) libeka kuzo zonke izinhlobo: umswakama — ungabi ngaphezu kuka-7.0 %, uthuli — lungabi ngaphezu kuka-1.3 %, izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini — zingabi ngaphansi kuka-30.0 %, i-crude fiber — ingabi ngaphezu kuka-16.0 %, ama-polyphenols etiye — angabi ngaphansi kuka-16.0 %, umlotha ophelele — ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 %. Azikho izinombolo zezinga ledolobha i-DB4451/T 1-2021 emithonjeni etholakele; ayikho nemininingwane nge-caffeine nama-amino acid.

8. Ukwenza itiye

Umkhuba wekilasi le-wu long.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
Inani letiye: 5–8 g ku-100–120 ml.
Izitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot encane yobumba.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese ulihlanza ngokushesha ngamanzi ashisayo.
3. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20, umhluzi wokukhipha ngokuphelele.
4. Ngokuthelela ngakunye kwengeza kancane isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi le-wu long. Ekupakisheni okuvaliwe, endaweni epholile, emnyama futhi eyomile, ngaphandle kwamakha angaphandle.

10. Amanani namanga

Awekho amanani okudayisa emithonjeni etholakele.

Ukwazigwema amanga:
- Imvelaphi evikelwe iqinisekiswa uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo olunophawu kuphela; igama elilodwa kupakishini alanele. Ngo-2021 abaphathi bokuqapha imakethe besifunda sase Raoping benqaba ukuvula icala ngesikhalazo ngetiye elinegama elithi «凤凰单丛»: lalikhishwe ngokwezinga elijwayelekile lokuncoma le-dan cong i-GB/T 30357.6-2017, uphawu lwendawo lwalungekho kupakishini, futhi ukumakwa nekhwalithi kwakuhambisana nomthetho.
- Umkhiqizi kumele asebenze endaweni evikelwe. Ngokomthetho wokuvikela ka-2025 kupakishini kumele kube khona kanyekanye uphawu lwendawo negama elithi «凤凰单丛（枞）茶», kanti elebula kumele libe nenombolo yezinga noma yomemezelo wokuvikela.
- Ngokwemininingwane yabaphathi bedolobha, uphawu luvunyelwe ezinkampanini ezingama-225, kuzo ezingama-49 — ngo-2024; ngaleso sikhathi kwahlolwa izindawo zokudayisa eziyi-179 futhi kwavulwa icala elilodwa lokusebenzisa uphawu ngokungemthetho.
- Ngokwezinga lezilinganiso, itiye elineziphunga ezingeziwe noma umbala owengeziwe — liyiphutha: iphunga le-dan cong kumele libe ngelomvelo.
- «Isigqi sentaba» ummeleli we-PRC usibiza ngokuthi ukhiye wekhwalithi yetiye lase Feng Huang, kodwa lokhu kuyikhwalithi yokunambitha, hhayi ehlolwayo.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Iqembu lembewu ye-feng huang dan cong, ngokombiko wommeleli we-PRC, lalihambele emkhathini ngomkhumbi-mkhathi i-«Shenzhou-13».
Iphunga elithi «indle yedada» laqanjwa kabusha ngo-2014, kodwa igama elidala lisaphila kwezohwebo.
Igama lomkhiqizo libhalwa ngezinhlamvu ezimbili — 丛 no 枞, futhi zombili izinhlobo zisegameni lezinga.
Izinga lokuqamba amagama livumela ukubiza itiye ngegama lomlando lesihlahla, ngephunga, ngendawo, ngokubukeka kweqabunga noma kwesihlahla noma ngophawu lwesiko kanye nephunga — noma ngesidlaliso esivame ukwamukelwa; phakathi kwezibonelo — kukhona no-«鸭屎香».

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye ama-dan cong

Dan Cong (单枞): Isihloko esihlolayo sekhophasi ngalo lonke iqembu lama-dan cong.
Chaozhou Dan Cong Cha (潮州单丛茶): Uphawu lwesitifiketi sesifunda — ukubhaliswa okuhlukile, ngaphandle kwezintaba zase Feng Huang egameni.
Feng Huang Shui Xian (凤凰水仙): Isixuku lapho kukhethwe khona ama-dan cong.
Ling Tou Dan Cong (岭头单丛): I-dan cong yesifunda sase Raoping.
Xingning Dan Cong (兴宁单丛): I-dan cong yesifunda sase Meizhou, ngaphandle kwendawo evikelwe.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Feng Huang Dan Cong iwu-long, onemigqa eminingi namagama ayo ezihlahla. Okuthembekile kakhulu ngakho kushiwo imibhalo yezomthetho: ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2010, izinga lika-2021, indawo yezigodi ezingama-30, uhlu lokuqala lwesivumelwano ne-European Union. Ngomlando — ubudala bezihlahla ezindala, inganekwane ye-Song — imithombo iyahluka. Umthengi kumele akhumbule okubalulekile: igama kupakishini alikabi uphawu, uphawu luyilo uphawu lwendawo.