I-Dawu Lücha (Dàwù lǜchá, 大悟绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lase-Dawu County (大悟县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Xiaogan enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei, emaphethelweni aseningizimu e-Dabie Mountains. Ngemuva kwegama kukhona imibhalo emithathu: ukuvikelwa komkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo kusukela ngo-2012, izinga lesifundazwe lika-2014, kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo. Izidingo zesikhombi zichaza ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa izinhlobo ezintathu zeqabunga — isicaba, máojiān kanye ne-shòuméi, — kanti izincwadi zekhwalithi zilandela itiye lesimanje lesifunda lisuka epulazini lase-Shuangqiao ekuqaleni kwawo-1980. Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda linelinye futhi igama elivikelwe — i-Dawu Cha (大悟茶): kusukela ngo-2022 lokhu kuyisikhombi sendawo sezolimo, futhi kusukela ngo-2025 kungumkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo nombhalo wawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba siqanjwe egameni futhi siqinisekiswa ubuchwepheshe: ukomisa kancane, ukumisa, ukwakha, ukomisa.
- Izinhlobo: Isicaba (扁形茶), máojiān (毛尖茶) kanye ne-shòuméi (寿眉茶). I-”Shoumei” lapha igama lohlobo lwetiye eliluhlaza, hhayi itiye elimhlophe le-shoumei laseFujian.
- Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo (2012); uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), umasipala wase-Xiaogan (孝感, Xiàogǎn), i-Dawu County (大悟, Dàwù).
- Indawo evikelwe: Amalokishi namadolobhana ayishumi nesikhombisa esifundeni ngemingcele yawo esebenzayo: i-Chengguan, i-Yangping, i-Fangfan, i-Xincheng, i-Liuji, i-Xiadian, i-Hekou, i-Lüwang, i-Huangzhan, i-Xuanhuadian, i-Fengdian, i-Gaodian, i-Daxin, i-Sanlicheng, i-Dongxin, i-Pengdian kanye ne-Sigu.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo zesifunda: 114°02′–114°35′ E, 31°18′–31°52′ N.
- Igama lesibili — i-Dawu Cha (大悟茶, Dàwù chá): Isikhombi esihlukile esinomhloliso waso. Umfakisicelo ngu-Dawu County Tea Industry Association (大悟县茶叶产业协会); indawo yisifunda sonke: amalokishi amathathu, amadolobhana ayishumi nane kanye nezindawo ezikhethekile ezintathu — indawo yokuhlola yesitimela esisheshayo (高铁试验区), indawo yokuthuthukisa umnotho wesifunda kanye ne-Wufengshan Resort (悟峰山度假区), ingqikithi yezigodi zokuphatha ezingama-268. Umbhalo awusho isigaba, kodwa incazelo yawo — izinhlobo ezicaba nezilandelanayo, umbala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza ogqamile — ihambelana netiye eliluhlaza. Isikhungo semboni yetiye yesifunda ngo-2025 sahlukanisa amagama kanje: “大悟绿茶” — umkhiqizo kazwelonke onesikhombi sendawo, “大悟茶” — isikhombi sendawo sezolimo.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane yasendulo. Incwadi yekhwalithi ibhala ukuthi kusukela enkathini ye-Tang itiye lase-Dawu lalithunyelwa enkantolo njengentela. Abukho ubufakazi bombhalo obutholakala emithonjeni etholiwe.
- 1958. Ngokusho kwesikhungo semboni yetiye yesifunda ku-”Hubei Daily” (2025), ngo-Okthoba 1958 uGeneral Xu Haidong (徐海东), ongowokuzalwa e-Dawu, wavakashela ikhaya lakhe nomkakhe, kanti unkosikazi, ongowokuzalwa e-Lu’an esifundazweni sase-Anhui, waletha izithombo zetiye ezingama-400 000. Isihloko sephephandaba sikhuluma “ngezihlahla zetiye ezingama-400 000 ze-Liuan Guapian”; ngokombhalo uqobo lokhu izithombo ezivela endaweni lapho kwakhiwa khona i-Liuan Guapian. Enye incwadi nge-Dawu ichaza ngendlela ehlukile: ngawo-1950 uGeneral ngokwakhe waletha esifundeni izithombo ezingama-400 000 ezivela e-Lu’an, ikhaya likankosikazi wakhe. Imithombo iyaphikisana ngokuthi ngubani owaletha izithombo.
- Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980. I-State-owned Shuangqiao Tea Farm (国营双桥茶场) yakha itiye eliluhlaza elihotshiswe ngomugqa elomiswa ngomlilo (条形烘青). Incwadi yekhwalithi ixhumanisa lokhu nokuvela kwe-Dawu Lücha esimweni sayo samanje; enye i-athikili yekhwalithi ibiza leli tiye nge-Shuangqiao Maojian (双桥毛尖).
- 1983. Ngokusho kwezincwadi zekhwalithi, itiye laqashelwa njengetiye elidumile lesifundazwe sase-Hubei; enye i-athikili yekhwalithi ibiza kanjalo i-Dawu Lücha, enye i-Shuangqiao Maojian.
- 2007. Ngokwerejista yesifundazwe, ngalo nyaka kwabhaliswa uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo “大悟绿茶” No. 4237408; umfakisicelo ngu-Dawu County Tea Industry Association. Isikhathi samanje sophawu ngokwerejista yesifundazwe ka-2020 sisukela ku-7 Januwari 2017 kuya ku-6 Januwari 2027. Uhlu lwezinkampani zesifunda ezivunyelwe ukusebenzisa lolu phawu lushicilelwa yihhovisi lezobunikazi lesifundazwe.
- 2010. I-China Tea Science Society yanikeza isifunda isiqu “sekhaya letiye elidumile laseShayina” (中国名茶之乡).
- 2012. Ngomhla ka-18 Disemba, i-AQSIQ yangaphambili ngomemezelo No. 209 yavikela i-Dawu Lücha njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo.
- 2014. Izinga lesifundazwe i-DB42/T 998-2014 “地理标志产品 大悟绿茶”: lashicilelwa ngo-18 Juni, laqala ukusebenza ngo-15 Agasti; ngokwerejista yamazinga endawo lisasebenza.
- 2022. UMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemaphandleni ngomemezelo No. 532 wangomhla ka-25 Februwari, eqoqweni lokuqala lonyaka, wabhalisa i-Dawu Cha (大悟茶) njengesikhombi sendawo sezolimo; umfakisicelo ngu-Dawu County Tea Industry Association.
- 2025. I-CNIPA ngomemezelo No. 640 — esayinwe ngo-16 Julayi, ishicilelwe ngo-13 Agasti — yaqashela i-Dawu Cha njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo. Ngomemezelo ofanayo kwaqashelwa i-Xiaogan Hong ebomvu (孝感红), indawo yayo ehlanganisa ne-Dawu County.
- Igama: I-Dawu (大悟) yigama lesifunda; i-lücha (绿茶) — “itiye eliluhlaza”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Uhulumeni wesifundazwe, ngokwencwadi yekhwalithi, ohlelweni luka-2004 wahlukanisa i-Dawu njengezifunda ezinhlanu ezinkulu ezikhiqiza itiye e-Hubei — kanye ne-Wufeng, i-Hefeng, i-Zhuxi kanye ne-Yingshan. Isikhungo semboni yesifunda ngo-2025 sabiza i-Dawu njengelesihlanu esifundazweni ngobukhulu bensimu. Kusukela ngo-2017 isifunda sengeze itiye elibomvu, kamuva i-matcha kanye nelimhlophe, kwathi ngo-2024 — eliphuzi; igama elithi Dawu Lücha libhekisela kuphela etiyeni eliluhlaza.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: Izidingo zesikhombi sika-2012 ekuchazeni kwencwadi yekhwalithi zibiza izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe ezifanele i-Dawu Lücha — i-Echa No. 1 (鄂茶1号), i-Fuding Dabaicha (福鼎大白茶) kanye nezinye.
- Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Imiqumbe namaqabunga amahlumela amasha (新梢的芽叶) ezihlahleni zesifunda.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Ingadi ivulwa lapho amaphesenti ama-5–6 amahlumela esefinyelele eqhumeni elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa. Kuvunwa ngesandla, ngamaqoqo, ngokwezinga, ngaphandle kokunqamula noma ukubamba ngesandla, ukuze ihlumela lihlale liphelele, lisha futhi lihlanzekile.
- Ngokombhalo we-Dawu Cha: Uhlobo olubizwayo lunye — i-Echa No. 1. Ukutshala imigqa emibili, izihlahla ezimbili: umugqa omkhulu 1.5 m, phakathi kwemigqa yombhangqwana 0.40 m, isinyathelo 0.33 m, izihlahla ezingama-5000–6000 nge-mu, ngoFebruwari — Mashi. Ukuvuna ngesandla, ngamaqoqo ngokuthamba kweqabunga, kusale amaqabunga; ukuphuca amahlumela nokuwabamba ngesandla akuvunyelwe.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Inyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Hubei, emaphethelweni aseningizimu e-Dabie Mountains (大别山), emngceleni wesifundazwe sase-Henan. Incwadi yekhwalithi ibiza indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza umugqa i-Chengguan — i-Shuangqiao.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwencazelo yesikhombi — ikakhulukazi isihlabathi esine-asidi nesine-asidi encane; incwadi yekhwalithi ibiza inhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤) njengenhlabathi evelele.
- Izidingo zendawo: Ngokwezidingo zesikhombi — ukuphakama kusukela ku-300 m, i-pH yenhlabathi engu-4.5–6.5, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kwe-1.5%, ukujula kongqimba lwenhlabathi okungekho ngaphansi kuka-80 cm, inhlabathi evundlile nevumela amanzi ngaphandle kokuma kwamanzi.
- Izidingo ze-Dawu Cha: Inhlabathi ine-asidi encane, i-pH engu-4.5–6.0, ijulile futhi ivundlile, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kwe-1.5%; ukutsheka kungaphansi kuka-25°, lapho kulinywa — ukulima okujulile ngaphezu kuka-60 cm nokwephula izendlalelo eziminyene ezingaphansi.
- Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon, enomswakama, nezinkathi zonyaka ezicacile kanye nokwehluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa phakathi kobusuku nemini. Ngokwencwadi yekhwalithi, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi lonyaka lingu-14.9–15.7 °C, imvula ingu-1049–1170 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingama-227–242; izintaba ezingaphezu kwama-300 m zivame ukuba namafu nenkungu, ilanga lincane lapho. Isikhungo semboni yesifunda sichaza ngokuhlukile: indawo yetiye isenyakatho, inkungu ivamile, imvula ilingene, ilanga lanele, izinambuzane zimbalwa.
- Indawo: Ngokwesitatimende sezibalo zesifunda sika-2024 — ama-mu angama-242 011 wezingadi zetiye ekupheleni konyaka, kuhlanganisa nama-mu angama-198 435 avunwayo; itiye elikhiqizwe ngo-2024 lingamathani angama-9565. Isikhungo semboni yetiye yesifunda ku-”Hubei Daily” (2025) sibiza inani eliyindilinga — cishe ama-mu angama-300 000.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Incazelo yesikhombi ibiza imisebenzi emihlanu: ukomisa kancane (摊青, tānqīng), ukumisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukwakha (做形, zuòxíng), ukomisa (干燥, gānzào) kanye nokukhetha (精选, jīngxuǎn). Izidingo zichaza uchungechunge lohlobo ngalunye:
- Uhlobo oluyisicaba: ukomisa kancane, ukumisa, ukwakha (造形), ukuqeda epanini (辉锅), ukukhetha, ukupakisha.
- Máojiān: ukomisa kancane, ukumisa, ukusonga (揉捻), ukomisa kokuqala (初烘), ukuqondanisa (理条), ukomisa ngokufudumeza ukuthuthukisa iphunga (提香), ukupakisha.
- Shòuméi: ukomisa kancane, ukumisa, ukuhlikihla (搓揉), ukuqeda epanini, ukufudumeza (烘焙), ukukhetha (拣剔), ukupakisha.
Ukomisa kancane: ungqimba luyi-2–5 cm, amahora ama-5–6, ukuncipha kwesisindo kungu-10–15%.
Isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuchazeni kwencwadi yekhwalithi ukumisa:
- Izinga lokushisa lepani: 150–180 °C.
- Ukufakwa: 200–250 g weqabunga.
- Indlela: Ukushisa okuphezulu, iqabunga liphonswa kakhulu kunokumboza, ngokuzungezisa okulingene.
- Isikhathi: Cishe imizuzu emi-5.
Ngemuva kwalokho iqabunga liyapholiswa bese lisongwa cishe imizuzu emi-5, kuhlukaniswa izigaxa futhi kususwe ukushisa, ukuze lingaphuzi ngenxa yokufudumala okuminyene. Itiye eliqediwe likhethwa ngesandla ukususa amaqabunga amaholo, iziqu kanye nemvuthuluka; umswakama wetiye elingcono kakhulu awukho ngaphezu kwe-6%.
6. Izici Zesimo Somzimba
Incazelo yesikhombi yesigaba esiphezulu:
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Uhlobo oluyisicaba — luyisicaba, libushelelezi futhi licwebezela, liqondile futhi lishubile (扁平光润，挺直尖削); máojiān — umugqa omncane ominyene, ugobe kancane (条索紧细微曲); shòuméi — luyisicaba kancane futhi luqondile, nezihloko ezigqamile zemiqumbe (略扁直显锋苗).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo ezitholakala emithonjeni.
- Iphunga lokuphisa: Lithambile futhi lihlala njalo (嫩香持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuthambile, kuqabulayo (鲜嫩爽口).
- Umbala wokuphisa: Oluhlaza okotshani, ogqamile (嫩绿明亮).
- Itiye elingezansi (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Lithambile, licwebezela, lilingana (软亮、匀整).
| Isigaba | Iphunga | Ukunambitheka | Ukuphisa | Iqabunga eliphisiwe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ephezulu (特级) | Lithambile, lihlala njalo | Kusha, kuthambile, kuqabulayo | Okuluhlaza okotshani, ogqamile | Lithambile, licwebezela, lilingana |
| Eyokuqala (一级) | Lihlanzekile, lihlala njalo | Kusha, kuthambile, kuqabulayo | Okuluhlaza okotshani, ogqamile impela | Licwebezela, lilingana |
| Eyesibili (二级) | Lihlanzekile | Kusha, kuthambile, kuqabulayo impela | Okuluhlaza, ogqamile | Licwebezela impela, lilingana impela |
Umbhalo we-Dawu Cha uchaza ukubukeka kafushane. Uhlobo oluyisicaba — ngamagama afanayo nalawo we-Dawu Lücha (扁平光润，挺直尖削); uhlobo olulandelanayo — ukusonga okuncane okuminyene noboya obugqamile (细紧显毫), iphunga eliphakeme elihlala njalo, ukuphisa okuluhlaza okotshani ogqamile, ukunambitheka okusha nokuthambile nobumnandi obubuyayo emphinjeni (回甘润喉), iqabunga eliphisiwe elilinganayo, ukuphisa okuningi.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zesikhombi zibeka izinkomba zomzimba namakhemikhali: umswakama awukho ngaphezu kwe-6.0%, umlotha ophelele awukho ngaphezu kwe-6.5%, imvuthuluka ayikho ngaphezu kwe-2.0%, i-crude fiber ayikho ngaphezu kwe-14.0%, izinto ezincibilika emanzini azikho ngaphansi kwe-38.0%.
Incwadi yekhwalithi iphinda icaphune umphumela wokuhlaziywa kwesikhungo sokuhlola soMnyango Wezolimo: ama-polyphenols angama-24.13%, ama-amino acid angu-4.15%, i-caffeine engu-4.44%, ushukela oncibilikayo ongu-3.07%, ama-catechin ewonke angu-13.749%. Usuku lokuhlaziywa nesampula akuchaziwe, lokhu kuyisampula eyodwa, hhayi umthetho. Umbhalo wezinga i-DB42/T 998-2014 awutholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.
Umbhalo we-Dawu Cha ubeka imingcele ehlukile: ama-polyphenols etiye angekho ngaphansi kwe-19.2%, ama-amino acid amahhala angekho ngaphansi kwe-2.9%, izinto ezincibilika emanzini azikho ngaphansi kwe-46.4% — ngokwe-extract kuqinile kakhulu kunezidingo ze-Dawu Lücha.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C; esigabeni esiphezulu esithambile — eduze kuka-80 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi — lapho uhlobo lweqabunga lubonakala khona — noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokuphisa.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphisa okuphindwe kabili-ntathu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Epakishini elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Uzivikela kanjani emgunyatheni:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo noma uphawu lwesitifiketi No. 4237408.
- Qiniseka ukuthi umkhiqizi ungomunye wamalokishi namadolobhana ayishumi nesikhombisa e-Dawu County.
- Qhathanisa uhlobo nencazelo: isicaba, máojiān noma i-shòuméi; ukuphisa kuluhlaza okotshani.
- Ungadidanisi ne-shoumei emhlophe yaseFujian.
- Bheka ukuthi yiliphi igama elisephaketheni: i-Dawu Lücha ne-Dawu Cha banezincwadi ezahlukene, abafakisicelo abahlukene kanye nezidingo ezahlukene. Umkhiqizi uthola uphawu lomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo ngesicelo ngokusebenzisa ihhovisi lendawo lobunikazi, ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwesifundazwe kanye nokugunyazwa yi-CNIPA.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- I-”Shoumei” yase-Dawu itiye eliluhlaza, igama elifanayo ne-shoumei emhlophe yaseFujian.
- Isifunda sisemngceleni ne-Henan, lapho kwakhiwa khona i-Xinyang Maojian, futhi sisemazantsi ezintaba ze-Dabie Mountains njenge-Lu’an yase-Anhui.
- Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda linamagama amabili avikelwe — i-Dawu Lücha ne-Dawu Cha, ngalinye linomhloliso walo; ngaphezu kwakho kokubili kukhona indawo ye-Xiaogan Hong ebomvu.
- Ngokwencwadi yekhwalithi, ngawo-1970 emanxiweni ethempeli lase-Guanyin edolobhaneni lase-Xuanhuadian kwatholakala isithombe samatshe esineminyaka ecishe ibe ngama-400 ubudala esinezinkondlo zokuphisa itiye.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye ama-Dabie Mountain Teas
- I-Xinyang Maojian (信阳毛尖): Uzakwabo wase-Henan; itiye eliluhlaza elisongwe ngomucu omncane, eliseduze nohlobo lwe-máojiān lwase-Dawu.
- I-Lu’an Guapian (六安瓜片): Itiye lase-Anhui elenziwe ngeqabunga ngaphandle komqhumbe, lisuka ohlelweni lwezintaba olufanayo lwe-Dabie; lisuka endaweni yalo, ngokwendaba ka-1958, kwalethwa izithombo eziya e-Dawu.
- I-Yingshan Yunwucha (英山云雾茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Hubei i-Yingshan — esinye sezifunda ezinhlanu ezinkulu zetiye zesifundazwe kanye ne-Dawu.
- I-Macheng Guishan Lücha (麻城龟山绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lentaba i-Guifengshan, nalo lisuka ezintabeni ze-Dabie.
- I-Xiaogan Hong (孝感红): Itiye elibomvu likamasipala wase-Xiaogan, indawo yalo ehlanganisa ne-Dawu County; laqashelwa ngomemezelo ofanayo we-2025 ne-Dawu Cha.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Dawu Lücha itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esikhulu setiye emaphethelweni aseningizimu e-Dabie Mountains. Imibhalo yalo iminyene: ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2012, izinga lika-2014, uphawu lwesitifiketi, amalokishi ayishumi nesikhombisa endawo, izinhlobo ezibiziwe kanye nezidingo zendawo kusukela ekuphakameni kwama-300 m. Izinhlobo ezintathu ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa — isicaba, máojiān kanye ne-shòuméi — zihlangana ephungeni elithambile elihlala njalo nasokuphiseni okuluhlaza okotshani ogqamile.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo