I-Guanyinhu Lücha (Guānyīnhú lǜchá, 观音湖绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lasesifundeni sase-Xiaochang (孝昌县) ngaphansi kukamasipala we-Xiaogan enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei. Igama linikezwe ngenxa yechibi i-Guanyinhu, okuzungezwe indawo yokungcebeleka; kanye nayo, indawo evikelwe ihlanganisa amalokishi amane kanye namadolobhana amancane esifunda. Kusukela ngomhla ka-29 Disemba 2015, leli tiye livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo, kwathi ngo-2021 kwaba nezinga likamasipala wedolobha. Izincazelo zifinyelela ekubukekeni kwalo ‘ekuhlanzekeni okune’: iqabunga elomile eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elihlanzekile, uketshezi oluhlanzekile olukhanyayo, iphunga elimsulwa kanye naphansi kwenkomishi okuluhlaza.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba siqanjwe egameni elivikelwe.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lase-Xiaogan; umkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo (2015).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), umasipala we-Xiaogan (孝感, Xiàogǎn), isifunda sase-Xiaochang (孝昌, Xiàochāng).
- Indawo evikelwe: Amayunithi amahlanu esifunda sase-Xiaochang ngaphakathi kwemingcele yawo yamanje yokuphatha: indawo yokungcebeleka yezokuvakasha kwemvelo namasiko ye-Guanyinhu (观音湖生态文化旅游度假区), ilokishi lase-Xiaowu (小悟乡) kanye namadolobhana amancane ase-Xiaohe (小河镇), e-Weidian (卫店镇) nase-Wangdian (王店镇). Uhlu luthathwe kusizindalwazi semikhiqizo enesikhombi sendawo; angizange ngiluqhathanise nombhalo walesi simemezelo.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isikhungo sesifunda sase-Xiaochang cishe singu-31.3° N no-114.0° E; azikho izixhumanisi eziqondile zendawo evikelwe emithonjeni etholakele.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane. I-Xiaogan Market Supervision Administration (2023) ibhala ukuthi umlando wetiye ubuyela ezinganekwaneni, ulandelwa kusukela ezikhathini ze-Sui ne-Tang futhi wachuma ngesikhathi se-Ming ne-Qing, bese ngaso leso sikhathi ibiza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili, ngaphandle kokuchaza ukungqubuzana. Incazelo yereferensi ilandisa izinganekwane ezimbili. Ngokwengxenye yokuqala, ngeminyaka ye-Sui ne-Tang ‘inkosi yase-Nanyang’ u-Wu Yunzhao (伍云昭), ebalekela amabutho ase-Tang, waziphonsa eweni lentaba i-Shaohuashan (少华山), wasindiswa, waba yindela futhi watshala izihlahla zetiye eziyikhulu edwaleni osebeni lwechibi i-Guanyinhu. Ngokwesibili, ngesikhathi se-Ming, u-jinshi u-Li Daoyuan (李道元), owagunda waba yindela entabeni i-Shaohuashan, waletha imbewu yetiye kwezinye izindawo wayihlwanyela eduze kwechibi, kanjalo, ngokwencazelo, kubhalwe etsheni. Angizange ngiwubone umbhalo wetshe; abukho ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi balezi zindaba.
- 2015. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo sika-2015 No. 162 yathatha ‘i-观音湖绿茶’ yayivikela njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo; isizindalwazi sereferensi sibeka isinqumo ngomhla ka-29 Disemba 2015. Ukushicilelwa kwe-Xiaogan Market Supervision Administration (2023) kubiza unyaka wokuqashelwa njengo-2016; angizange ngikuxazulule ukungqubuzana. Umkhiqizo ukuhlu lwezikhombi zendawo zase-Hubei, olwashicilelwa yi-Provincial Intellectual Property Administration ngoJanuwari 2022.
- 2021. Kwavela izinga likamasipala we-Xiaogan i-DB4209/T 21—2021 ‘地理标志产品 观音湖绿茶’; inombolo yalo negama laziwa ngezinhlu zamazinga. Angizange ngihlole ukuthi lisasebenza yini njengamanje; angizange ngiwubone umbhalo walo futhi angizethuli izidingo zalo.
- Igama: ‘I-Guanyinhu’ (观音湖) yigama lechibi; ‘lücha’ (绿茶) yitiye eliluhlaza.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Incazelo yereferensi icaphuna isisho sendawo esithi ‘正月眠枣二月花，三月雨前观音茶’ — ‘enyangeni yokuqala umhlwathi ulele, kweyesibili uyaqhakaza, kweyesithathu, ngaphambi kwezimvula, kuba itiye lase-Guanyin’. Incazelo ikubiza ngokuthi ingoma yakudala yabantu; ayinikezi umbhali nesikhathi sokuqoshwa kwayo.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-Cultivar: Ngokwencazelo yereferensi, kakhulu kutsalwa izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe i-Echa No. 1 (鄂茶1号, Èchá 1) kanye ne-Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白, Fúdǐng dàbái); kwenye indawo yencazelo efanayo kubalwa ne-Zhongcha 108 (中茶108, Zhōngchá 108).
- Izinga lokukha: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isikhathi sokukha: Azikho izikhathi eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele. Isisho ‘inyanga yesithathu ngaphambi kwezimvula’ sikhomba itiye lasentwasahlobo, kodwa lokhu kuyinganekwane, hhayi isidingo.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Amagquma nezintaba zesifunda sase-Xiaochang ngasechibini i-Guanyinhu, enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: 450–800 m — ngokwencazelo yereferensi, okuthi, ngokwesimo sayo, icaphune izidingo zezimo zendawo.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwencazelo efanayo, inhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤), i-pH 5.5–6.5, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo, enongqimba oluvundile olungaphansi kuka-0.5 m.
- Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane eqondile yendawo evikelwe emithonjeni etholakele.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Angizange ngiwubone umbhalo wobuchwepheshe be-Guanyinhu Lücha. Ngetiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba, ukulandelana okuvamile kunjena:
- Ukwendlalwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng): Iqabunga lendalwa ngongqimba oluncane ukuze likhiphe ingxenye yomswakama.
- Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation futhi kulondoloze umbala oluhlaza.
- Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng): Iqabunga liyaqondiswa futhi licindezelwe lize libe yisicaba.
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): Ukomisa ekugcineni kuze kube umswakama ozinzile kanye nokukhipha iphunga.
Lena indlela ejwayelekile yesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Guanyinhu Lücha.
Ukushicilelwa kwe-Xiaogan Market Supervision Administration (2023) kubiza amasu endawo ngamagama kuphela: ukuqoqa nokucubungula ngenkathi yezimvula ze-meiyu, ‘ukuqinisa okuphindwe kabili’ (二次杀青), ‘ukubuyiselwa komswakama okubambezelekile’ (延时回潮) kanye ‘nokususwa koboya ngemishini emibili’ (双机脱毫). Akunikezi imingcele yalezi zindlela.
6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho
Incazelo engezansi inikezwe ngezinga eliphezulu (特级) — ngokwencazelo yereferensi nangokwesizindalwazi semikhiqizo enesikhombi sendawo.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Liyisicaba, libushelelezi futhi liqondile, lizacile, liluhlaza okotshani obukhanyayo (扁平光直，挺秀翠绿); lilingana futhi lihlanzekile, linoboya obubonakalayo (匀齐光洁，显毫).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga loketshezi: Limsulwa futhi liqinile, linothi lwezimbali olubonakalayo (清香持久，显花香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi futhi kuthambile, kunamanzi futhi kuyavuselela (鲜醇，润爽).
- Umbala woketshezi: Uluhlaza okotshani obuthambile futhi ukhanya (嫩绿明亮).
- Iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe: Lithambile, lithenda futhi lilingana (柔嫩匀齐).
‘Ukuhlanzeka okune’ (四清) kwencazelo kuchazwa kanje: itiye elomile lihlanzekile futhi liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (干茶清翠), uketshezi lucwebile (茶汤清亮), ukunambitheka kunephunga elimsulwa (茶味清香), iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe liluhlaza (叶底青绿).
Incazelo ye-Xiaogan Market Supervision Administration (2023) ichaza iphunga ngendlela ehlukile — ‘i-chestnut ebonakalayo, enothi lwezimbali oluncane’ (明显栗香，略显花香). Lokhu kuyaphikisana nencazelo yekhwalithi; angazi ukuthi iyiphi eseduze netiye lamanje.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Incazelo yereferensi inikeza lezi zinkomba; akushiwongo ukuthi ziphathelene naliphi izinga:
| Inkomba | Inani |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 % |
| Impushana nezimvithimbithi | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-5.5 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | ungabi ngaphezu kuka-7 % |
| Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilika emanzini | azikho ngaphansi kuka-42 % |
| I-cellulose eluhlaza | ingabi ngaphezu kuka-10 % |
Lena incazelo yezidingo, hhayi imininingwane yokuhlolwa; angizange ngiwubone umthombo wokuqala onethebula. Umkhawulo wezinto ezikhiphekayo lapha uphakeme kunasezingeni lomakhelwane i-Xiaochang Fenghuangshan Cha (awukho ngaphansi kuka-38 %).
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe — engilazini kubonakala ukuthi iqabunga eliyisicaba lisukuma kanjani emanzini.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eduze kodonga.
- Uketshezi lokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yoketshezi.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Inothi lezimbali nombala oluhlaza kuhamba kuqala, ngakho itiye kungcono uliphuze phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Mbumbulu
Ayikho imininingwane yezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo mbumbulu:
- Funana uphawu lomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo negama elithi ‘观音湖绿茶’.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowendawo evikelwe: indawo yokungcebeleka ye-Guanyinhu, ilokishi lase-Xiaowu, amadolobhana amancane ase-Xiaohe, e-Weidian noma e-Wangdian esifunda sase-Xiaochang.
- Iqabunga liyisicaba, liqondile futhi liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, linoboya; uketshezi luluhlaza okotshani obuthambile futhi lucwebile.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Esifundeni esisodwa sase-Xiaochang kunamagama amathathu etiye avikelwe, futhi womathathu achazwa njengetiye eliluhlaza; amanye amabili ahlobene nedolobhana lase-Zhouxiang, elingekho endaweni ye-Guanyinhu Lücha.
- Igama letiye liyigama lendawo: ‘i-Guanyin’ lapha ibhekisela echibini, futhi itiye alihlangene nanoma yini nama-oolong ase-Fujian i-Tie Guanyin (铁观音) noma i-Huang Guanyin (黄观音), ngaphandle kwegama.
- Isisho sendawo sibeka ‘itiye lase-Guanyin’ ezingeni elifanayo nokuqhakaza komhlwathi — njengophawu lwenyanga yesithathu.
12. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye Angomakhelwane
- I-Xiaochang Fenghuangshan Cha (孝昌凤凰山茶): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba ledolobhana lase-Zhouxiang esifundeni esifanayo, uphawu lwesitifiketi sika-2015; linokuzinga okuphelele kobuchwepheshe.
- I-Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha (周巷凤凰茶): Umkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo wedolobhana elifanayo lase-Zhouxiang, ovikelwe kusukela ngo-2014.
- I-Dawu Lücha (大悟绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane sase-Dawu kumasipala ofanayo wase-Xiaogan, umkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo sika-2012, ngezindlela ezintathu zamaqabunga.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Guanyinhu Lücha itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda sase-Xiaochang, kusuka ezingadini eziphakeme ngo-450–800 m ngasechibini, elinikeze igama lalo. Incazelo idweba iqabunga eliqondile elimsulwa eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elinoboya, iphunga eliqinile elinothi lwezimbali kanye noketshezi oluluhlaza okotshani obuthambile. Imibhalo iqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2015 kanye nezinga lika-2021; umlando wasendulo, olethwa yizincwadi zereferensi, uhlala uyinganekwane.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo