Lóngjǐng chá · thetea.app

ILungjing Cha (Lóngjǐng chá, 龙井茶) itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lasesifundazweni saseZhejiang, eligazingwe embizeni, futhi igama elivikelwe njengophawu lwendawo ngokuvumelana nezinga likazwelonke GB/T 18650-2008. Indawo ihlukaniswe izifunda ezintathu — iXihu, iQiantang neYuezhou — futhi ihlanganisa izifunda eziyi-18, amadolobha nezifunda ezingaphansi kweminyango emine yamadolobha. I-athikili imayelana negama lilonke; itiye lesifunda saseXihu, okuwukuphela kwalo elinelungelo lokubizwa nge “xihu longjing”, lichazwa ngokwehlukile.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izinga lichaza ilungjing njengetiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba (扁形绿茶, biǎnxíng lǜchá) elenziwe ngamaqabunga ezinhlobo ezivunyiwe, ezikhiwe futhi zicutshungulwa ngobuchwepheshe bendabuko endaweni evikelwe, ngezimfanelo “色绿、香郁、味醇、形美” — umbala oluhlaza, iphunga elimnandi, ukunambitheka okuthambile, isimo esihle.
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba eligazingwe embizeni; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseZhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng): ngokohlu lwezinga — izindawo zamadolobha aseHangzhou naseShaoxing kanye nezigodi ezithile namalokishi ezifunda zasePan’an naseDongyang (isifunda saseJinhua) kanye naseTiantai (isifunda saseTaizhou).
Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwe-GB/T 18650-2008:
- IXihu (西湖产区, Xīhú chǎnqū) — isifunda saseXihu sedolobha laseHangzhou, kuhlanganisa nendawo ebukekayo yaseXihu.
- IQiantang (钱塘产区, Qiántáng chǎnqū) — iXiaoshan, iBinjiang, iYuhang, iFuyang, iLin’an, iTonglu, iJiande neChun’an.
- IYuezhou (越州产区, Yuèzhōu chǎnqū) — iShaoxing, iYuecheng, iXinchang, iShengzhou neZhuji ngokuphelele kanye nezigodi ezithile namalokishi aseShangyu, ePan’an, eDongyang naseTiantai. Ezingeni kubhalwe “iShaoxing” (isifunda); ezincwadini zango-2019 endaweni yalo kubhalwe isifunda saseKeqiao.
Umehluko: I-Wikipedia yesiShayina ibala izifunda eziyi-12 ngokuphelele kanye nezingxenye zezinye ezine — hhayi njengoba kusho izinga; mhlawumbe ngenxa yezinguquko ekuhlukanisweni kwezokuphatha.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: IHangzhou — cishe u-30,25° enyakatho no-120,15° empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Igama. Igama lihlotshaniswa nendawo yaseLongjing esifundeni saseXihu; i-Wikipedia yesiShayina icaphuna umbhalo wakudala lapho kuthiwa umthombo iLonghong (龙泓) “namuhla ubizwa ngeLongjing”. Inganekwane ithi umbusi uQianlong wabiza “ezombuso” izihlahla eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili eduze kwethempeli laseHugong.
- 2002. Kwashicilelwa izinga likazwelonke eliyisibopho i-GB 18650-2002 “Umkhiqizo onegama lendawo elivikelwe. ILungjing”.
- 2008. NgoJulayi 15 kwashicilelwa, futhi kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1 kwaqala ukusebenza i-GB/T 18650-2008 “Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. ILungjing”. Laba ngelincomekayo, izindinganiso zokuphepha zabelwa i-GB 2762 ne-GB 2763, kwengezwa imfuneko: ukucutshungulwa ngomshini kufanele kuhambisane nobuchwepheshe belungjing.
- 2008. Ngokombhalo we-encyclopedia, ubuchwepheshe bexihu longjing bangena ohlwini lukazwelonke lwamagugu angaphatheki (№ Ⅷ-148).
- 2012. Umthethonqubo wesifundazwe wokucubungula i-DB33/T 239-2012 wathatha indawo yomthethonqubo womshini ka-1999 futhi wengeza ukucubungula ngesandla.
- 2022. NgoNovemba 29 i-UNESCO yafaka ohlwini lwayo “Amasu endabuko okucubungula itiye e-China kanye namasiko ahlobene”; ubuchwepheshe bexihu longjing — buyingxenye yokuphakanyiswa.
- 2024. Isimemezelo seHhovisi Likazwelonke Lezempahla Yobuhlakani e-China (CNIPA) № 597 sangoSepthemba 27, 2024 savumela uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo kwezinye izinkampani ezine ze-longjing.
- 2025. Esikhundleni samazinga kazwelonke ngo-Agasti 4, 2025 kwaphawulwa ukubuyekezwa kwe-GB/T 18650-2008 ngesinqumo “isasebenza”.
Igama: 龙 — “udrako”, 井 — “umthombo”: “itiye leNkundla kaDrako”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: “ILungjing” — zonke izifunda ezintathu, “ixihu longjing” — isifunda saseXihu kuphela, namazinga alo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusebenza

Izinhlobo: Izinga livumela inani leLongjing (龙井群体), iLongjing 43, iLongjing changye, iYingshuang (迎霜), inhlobo yeJiukeng (鸠坑种) nezinye izinhlobo ezigunyaziwe ezifanele ilungjing. Ngokuchazwa kombhali wezinga, kubalwa neJiaming № 1 (嘉茗一号), evame ukubizwa ngeWuniu zao (乌牛早).
IQuinti neLongjing 43: Ngokombhalo womnyango wedolobha laseHangzhou, iqunti (群体种, qúntǐ zhǒng) — inani lendawo lembewu, iLongjing 43 — inhlobo yakuqala ekloniwe ye-China Tea Research Institute evela enanini elifanayo; ayikho engcono kwenye.
Ukuvuna: Kuqala lapho kumitha-skwele yomqhele kunamahlumela ayi-10–15 ekhwalithi edingekayo; entwasahlobo — nsuku zonke noma nsuku zonke, ngesandla, ngakunye (提手采).
Izinga lezinto zokusebenza: Izigaba ezinhlanu zamaqabunga amasha — kusukela ehlumeleni elineqabunga elilodwa elisanda kuvuleka, ihlumela lide kuneqabunga, ubude bungabi ngaphezu kuka-2,5 cm (eliphezulu kakhulu), kuya ehlumeleni elinamaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu ubude bufike ku-4,5 cm (elesine). Iqabunga elingaphansi kwesigaba sesine alilungile e-longjing.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Ngokwezinga — izintaba namagquma emifudlaneni yaseQiantangjiang naseCao’ejang; kufudumele, imvula eningi, umoya onomswakama.
Inhlabathi: Ngokuyinhloko inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi nezinhlobonhlobo zayo, i-pH 4,3–6,5.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Izinga alibeki ukuphakama; akukho datha emithonjeni etholakele.
Ezolimo: Ngokwezinga — ukuvundisa ngo-10–15 cm ngesizini nango-20–30 cm ekwindla, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium ngokuvamile 3:1:1.
Umthamo: Ngokombiko wephephandaba laseHangzhou, ngo-2018 kwakhiqizwa amathani angama-22,000 e-longjing. Kakhulu kuvela eYuezhou, bese kuba yiQiantang; isifunda saseXihu sithatha amaphesenti ambalwa kuphela okukhiqizwayo, ngokwesilinganiso esithile — cishe amaphesenti angu-3,5.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izinga libeka uhlelo oluyisisekelo: ukubuna (摊放, tānfàng) — ukugazinga kokuqala (青锅, qīngguō) — ukuphola nokuphumula (摊凉回潮, tānliáng huícháo) — ukugazinga kwesibili (辉锅, huīguō). Ukugazinga ngesandla kwakhiwe ngezindlela eziyishumi: 抓, 抖, 搭, 榻, 捺, 推, 扣, 甩, 磨, 压.

Umthethonqubo wesifundazwe i-DB33/T 239-2012 unikeza izinombolo:

Ukubuna: amahora angu-6–12, ungqimba lwamaqabunga esigaba sesibili nangaphezulu — alukho olungaphezu kuka-30 mm, kuze kuba umswakama wehle ufike ku-(70 ± 2) %.
Iqingguo ngesandla: imbiza engu-150–200 °C, esigabeni esiphezulu kakhulu — 150–170 °C kanye no-100–150 g wamaqabunga ngembiza, ezigabeni eziphansi kakhulu; imizuzu engu-12–14, kuze kuba umswakama ufike ku-40 %.
Ukuphumula: imizuzu engu-30–60, ukuze umswakama ulingane ehlumeleni, esiqwini naseqabungeni.
IHuiguo ngesandla: 200–250 g ngembiza ezigabeni eziphezulu, imizuzu engu-15–20, kuze kuba umswakama ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6,5 %; ekugcineni kususwa uboya, futhi iqabunga eliqediwe liphuka ngeminwe.
Indlela yomshini: iqingguo ngomshini ku-220–260 °C imizuzu engu-4–6, ukulungisa isimo nokuqeda ukomisa esigubhini.
Ukufaka i-lime (收灰, shōuhuī): izinsuku eziyi-10–15 eduze kwe-lime engacacile ngesilinganiso setiye ne-lime esingu-5:1, ngephepha noma ngendwangu emhlophe.

6. Izici Zokunambitha

Izinga lihlukanisa itiye ngezigaba eziyisithupha — eliphezulu kakhulu kanye nelokuqala kuya kwelesihlanu. Kweliphezulu kakhulu:

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Isicaba, bushelelezi, bucwebezela, buqondile, nengqophamela ebukhali; buluhlaza obuthambile, busha; bulingana, buminyene, buhlanzekile (扁平光润、挺直尖削；嫩绿鲜润).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izinga alilichazi ngokwehlukile.
Iphunga lotshala: Lihlanzekile, lisha futhi liqhubeka (清香持久); esigabeni sesihlanu — lilingana (平和).
Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuthambile, kumnandi futhi kuyavuselela (鲜醇甘爽).
Umbala wotshala: Uluhlaza obuthambile, okhanyayo, ocacile (嫩绿明亮、清澈); esigabeni sesihlanu — uphuzi ngokuluhlaza.
Amabala etiye (iqabunga elenziwe): Amahlumela amancane athambile aneqabunga, avuleke “njengembali”, alingana, aluhlaza obuthambile futhi akhanyayo (芽叶细嫩成朵).

Ifomula yabantu “yezinto ezine eziphelele” ithi “味甘”, izinga lithi “味醇”.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izinga libeka izinkomba zomzimba namakhemikhali:

Inkomba	Izigaba eziphezulu, 1, 2	Izigaba 3, 4, 5
Umswakama, kungabi ngaphezulu	6,5 %	7,0 %
Umlotha ophelele, kungabi ngaphezulu	6,5 %	7,0 %

Kuzo zonke izigaba izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini — kungabi ngaphansi kuka-36,0 %, uthuli nezimvithi — kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1,0 %. Azikho izindinganiso zama-amino acid nama-polyphenol ezingeni.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wekilasi letiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Ukucwiliswa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yotshala, bese uthela amanzi futhi.
5. Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Ngokwezinga — endaweni ehlanzekile, eyomile, epholile engenaphunga, ne-lime noma endaweni ebandayo, cishe ku-5 °C, ngaphandle kwelanga nomswakama. Ekhaya, ngokomkhuba wekilasi, — ukupakisha okuvaliwe esiqandisini; kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa

Akukho datha ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Ilungjing libizwa kanjalo kuphela itiye lezifunda ezintathu; itiye elifanayo kwezinye izindawo, ngokwamazwi omunye wababhali bezinga (2019), — “itiye eliyisicaba” kuphela (扁形茶).
- Izinkampani ezigunyaziwe zibeka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo futhi ngokwezinga zibhala isifunda — iXihu, iQiantang noma iYuezhou.
- “Ixihu longjing” lisemthethweni kuphela esifundeni saseXihu.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Izinga lika-2002 laliyisibopho, izinga lika-2008 liyincomekayo.
Ukuvuthwa kwetiye eliqediwe eduze kwe-lime engacacile kushiwo yizinga likazwelonke, kanti umthethonqubo wesifundazwe ubeka izinombolo zakhona: izinsuku eziyi-10–15, itiye ku-lime 5:1.
Ifomula yabantu ithembisa ukunambitheka “okumnandi”, kanti izinga lithi “okuthambile”.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

ISi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Itiye lesifunda saseXihu — isigaba esincane kakhulu ngaphakathi kwegama, namazinga alo.
IYuexiang Long Jing (越乡龙井) neDafu Long Jing (大佛龙井): Amalongjing aseShengzhou naseXinchang, esifundeni saseYuezhou.
IQiandao Yu Ye (千岛玉叶): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba laseChun’an — isifunda esiyingxenye yesifunda saseQiantang.
ISanxia Long Jing (三峡龙井): Itiye laseHubei lobuchwepheshe belungjing; iHubei ayifakiwe endaweni yezinga.

Ekuphetheni:

ILungjing Cha — akuyona ingadi eyodwa, kodwa igama elinemingcele ecacile: izifunda ezintathu, izindawo zokuphatha eziyi-18 kanye nezinga elilodwa, elibeka izinhlobo, izigaba ezinhlanu zamaqabunga amasha, izigaba eziyisithupha zetiye eliqediwe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugazinga kabili embizeni. Iqabunga eliyisicaba elibushelelezi, iphunga elisha kanye notshala obuluhlaza obuthambile — isici esivamile kuzo zonke izifunda ezintathu; “ixihu longjing” ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka — indaba ehlukile.

Imithombo

Amazinga

Inkomba yendawo

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo