Táojiāng zhúyè

Taojiang Zhuye (Táojiāng zhúyè, 桃江竹叶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wa chigawo cha Taojiang (桃江县) m’boma la Yiyang m’chigawo cha Hunan. Dzina lakuti “Zhuye” (竹叶) limatanthauza “tsamba la nsungwi”: tiyiyu amatchulidwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, opapatiza, osalala komanso athyathyathya. Chikalata choteteza chimafanizanso mawonekedwe ake ndi lupanga, mtundu wake ndi “yade wakuda”, ndipo m’funiro lake chimatchula fungo lamphamvu la mtedza wa chestnut. Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza, masamba amatengedwa mpaka phwando la Qingming lokha, kutanthauza kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa April. Mu 2025, bungwe la State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) linavomereza dzinali kukhala mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosafufumutsidwa. M’dzinali gulu silinatchulidwe: “tsamba la nsungwi” limafotokoza mawonekedwe, osati kakonzedwe. Gulu limatsimikiziridwa ndi luso lochokera ku chikalata choteteza, kuyala, kuthira kutentha m’mphika, kuumba tsamba lathyathya, kuyanika komaliza, ndipo mu njira ziwiri mwa zitatu, kupukuta m’mphika (辉锅, huīguō), popanda kufowoketsa kuti tiyi afufumitse komanso popanda kupsya. Nkhani yofotokoza za tiyiyi, yosindikizidwanso patsamba la tiyi, imanena mwachindunji kuti ndi tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wathyathya (扁形烘炒绿茶).
• Gulu lalikulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wathyathya (扁形, biǎnxíng); mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (CNIPA, 2025); chizindikiro cha malo chaulimi cha Ministry of Agriculture (nambala AGI03212).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hunan (湖南, Húnán), boma la Yiyang (益阳, Yìyáng), chigawo cha Taojiang (桃江, Táojiāng).
• Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza, matauni ndi maboma 15 a chigawo cha Taojiang: Taohuajiang (桃花江), boma la Fuqiushan (浮邱山), boma la Gaoqiao (高桥), Zhaxi (沾溪), Xiushan (修山), Santangjie (三堂街), Lucidu (鸬鹚渡), Daligang (大栗港), Zhabu Hui Ethnic Township (鲊埠回族乡), Wutan (武潭), Majitang (马迹塘), Shiniujiang (石牛江), Niutian (牛田), Songmutang (松木塘) ndi Huishangang (灰山港).
• Malo ozungulira: 111°35′59″–112°18′52″ kummawa, 28°12′48″–28°40′52″ kumpoto.
• Wopempha: Chigawo cha Taojiang Tea Association (桃江县茶业协会).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri: Sindinapeze gwero loyambirira lonena za nthawi imene tiyiyi anayamba. Nkhani yofotokoza za tiyiyi pa tsamba la tiyi imati anapangidwa mu 1985; tsikuli silinatsimikizidwe ndi zikalata. Zomwe ndinatha kutsimikizira kuchokera ku zikalata ndi mbiri ya chitetezo:
  • Chizindikiro chaulimi. Nambala m’kaundula wa Ministry of Agriculture ndi AGI03212; tsiku lolembedwa sindinalitsimikizire kuchokera ku gwero loyambirira.
  • 2024. M’bukhu la chigawo cha Hunan, dzina lakuti “桃江竹叶” silinatchulidwe ngati chizindikiro chogwirizana kapena chotsimikizira, kapena ngati mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Komabe, pakati pa zizindikiro pali dzina lakuti “桃江绿茶”, lotanthauza “tiyi wobiriwira wa Taojiang”; mmene mayina awiriwa amagwirizanirana, sizikufotokozedwa m’magwero omwe tapeza.
  • 2025. Mwa chidziwitso cha CNIPA No. 640 (chosainidwa pa 16 July, chofalitsidwa pa 13 August), “桃江竹叶” anavomerezedwa kukhala mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; pa zowonjezera, ili pa nambala 985.
• Dzina: “Taojiang” (桃江), lotanthauza “Mtsinje wa Pichesi”, ndi dzina la chigawo; tawuni yapakati ya malowa imatchedwa Taohuajiang (桃花江), kutanthauza “Mtsinje wa mtundu wa pichesi”. “Zhuye” (竹叶) amatanthauza “tsamba la nsungwi”. Nkhani yofotokoza za tiyiyi imalongosola tsambalo kuti ndi “lathyathya ndi lowongoka, ngati tsamba laling’ono la nsungwi” (扁平挺秀似新嫩竹叶).
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Palibe zomwe zapezeka m’magwero omwe tawapeza.

3. Kufotokozera Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mitundu / Mitundu ya mbewu: Chikalata choteteza chimatchula atatu: Bixiangzao (碧湘早, Bìxiāngzǎo), Zhuyeqi (槠叶齐, Zhūyèqí) ndi Huangjincha (黄金茶, Huángjīnchá). Woyamba analembedwa ngati 碧湘早; m’chikalata cha chidziwitso chomwecho cha Changsha Lücha pali dzina lofanana 碧香早, kaya ndi zolembedwa chimodzimodzi, chikalatacho sichifotokoza.
• Kufalitsa: Mwa vegetative (无性繁殖), malinga ndi chikalata choteteza.
• Kutola: Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza, chaka chilichonse mpaka phwando la Qingming (清明). Nkhani yofotokoza za tiyiyi imatchula nthawi ina, kuyambira Qingming mpaka Guyu (谷雨), ndi zopangira zina, mphukira ndi masamba awiri omwe angotuluka kumene (一芽二叶初展); chifukwa chake pali kusiyana, sizikufotokozedwa m’magwero.
• Muyezo wa kutola: Kwa mtundu wapadera (特级), mphukira imodzi yokha kapena mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe langotuluka kumene (一芽一叶初展); kwa mtundu woyamba, makamaka mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi lotuluka (一芽一叶开展).

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Chigawo cha Taojiang m’boma la Yiyang.
• Malo olimapo: Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza, madera a m’mapiri, malo ouma kapena minda yotulutsira madzi bwino yotsetsereka pansi pa 25°, madzi apansi panthaka akuya kuposa 1 m komanso madzi oyenda mwachilengedwe.
• Nthaka: Nthaka ya loam pa zotuluka za miyala ya slate (板页岩) ndi granite; pH 4.0–6.5; nthaka yosachepera 60 cm; chikalatacho chimati ndi yolemera ndi mchere, koma sichipereka manambala.
• Kutalika ndi nyengo: Palibe zomwe zapezeka m’magwero.
• Kubzala ndi kusamalira: Amabzala kuyambira November mpaka kumapeto kwa February, 60–75 zikwi za zomera pa hekitala. Kawiri kapena kanayi pachaka, kufowoketsa kwapang’onopang’ono, asanayambe kuthirira feteleza, kupalira pakati pa mizere osapitirira 10 cm. Kumayambiriro kapena pakati pa October, kulima kwakuya kopitirira 15 cm ndi feteleza wamkulu: nayitrogeni pamodzi ndi phosphorous, potaziyamu ndi michere yaung’ono, kawiri kapena katatu pachaka, calcium magnesium phosphate.

5. Luso la Kupanga

Chikalata choteteza chimalola njira zitatu. Magawo otsatirawa akuchokera ku chikalatacho, koma kutentha ndi nthawi sizinaperekedwe.

1. Kwathunthu pamanja, njira yopangira zopangira za mitundu iwiri yapadera (特一级 ndi 特二级): kuyala (摊青, tānqīng) → kuthira kutentha ndi kuumba (杀青做形, shāqīng zuòxíng) → kuyanika koyamba ndi kuwongolera mawonekedwe (初干整形, chūgān zhěngxíng) → kuyanika komaliza ndi kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe (足干固形, zúgān gùxíng).
2. Mwa makina ndi kupukuta pamanja: kuyala → kuthira kutentha kwa makina → kukazinga kwachiwiri ndi kuumba (杀二青做形, shā èrqīng zuòxíng) → kuyanika komaliza pamanja komanso kupukuta m’mphika (手工辉锅, shǒugōng huīguō).
3. Kwathunthu mwa makina: kuyala → kukazinga kwa makina m’mphika (机械炒青锅) → kupukuta kwa makina (机械辉锅).

M’njira ziwiri zoyambirira, kuumba kwatchulidwa mwachindunji m’mayina a magawo, monga “kuthira kutentha ndi kuumba”, “kuyanika koyamba ndi kuwongolera mawonekedwe”, “kuyanika komaliza ndi kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe”, “kukazinga kwachiwiri ndi kuumba”; njira yachiwiri ndi yachitatu zimatha ndi kupukuta m’mphika. Momwe tsambalo limaumbidwira, chikalatacho sichifotokoza.

6. Makhalidwe a Kamvedwe

Chikalata choteteza chimapereka kufotokozera kumodzi kokha, popanda kugawa malinga ndi mitundu.

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lathyathya, losalala, lofanana ndi lupanga (扁平光滑似剑); mtundu wobiriwira, “ngati yade wakuda” (色绿似墨玉).
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera m’chikalatacho.
• Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Fungo lamphamvu la mtedza wa chestnut (栗香浓郁).
• Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kofewa (鲜醇).
• Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wobiriwira wachikasu, wowonekera bwino komanso wowala (黄绿清澈明亮).
• Masamba otiyi ataphikidwa: Obiriwira mofewa ndi owala (嫩绿明亮).

Nkhani yofotokoza za tiyiyi imalongosola maonekedwe mosiyana: mtundu ndi wobiriwira wa emerald, tsitsi losalala likuwonekera, fungo la chestnut limakhazikika, kukoma kumakhala kofewa komanso kolimbikitsa ndi kubwezera kotsekemera, masamba otiyi ataphikidwa ndi ofinya, achikasu komanso owala. Zomwe zimagwirizana ndi fungo la chestnut ndi madzi a tiyi achikasu wobiriwira owonekera bwino; mtundu wa tsamba louma, “yade wakuda” m’chikalatacho ndi “emerald” mufotokozedwe, ndi wosiyana.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Muyezo wa zakuthupi ndi mankhwala sunapezeke m’chikalata choteteza; palibenso zomwe zapezeka m’magwero ena.

8. Kaphikidwe

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito gulu la tiyi wobiriwira wathyathya.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Chotengera: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
• Njira:
  1. Tenthetsa kapu.
  2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mbali mwa kapu.
  3. Madzi oyamba pakatha masekondi 40–60.
  4. Imwani, ndikusiya madzi otsala.
  5. Onjezerani madzi.
  6. Bwerezani kutsanulira kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito gulu. M’chidebe chotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo lachilendo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zabodza

Palibe zomwe zapezeka za mitengo m’magwero.

• Momwe mungapewere zabodza:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha malo.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga akuchokera ku chigawo cha Taojiang.
  • Tsamba ndi lathyathya, losalala, lobiriwira lakuda; fungo ndi la chestnut; madzi a tiyi ndi achikasu obiriwira komanso owonekera.
  • Musasokoneze ndi Emei Zhuqing waku Sichuan: “tsamba la nsungwi” lili m’mayina onse, koma awa ndi tiyi osiyana ochokera m’zigawo zosiyana.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

• Dzinali limafanizira tsambalo ndi la nsungwi, ndipo chikalata choteteza chimalifanizanso ndi lupanga.
• Mtundu wa tsambalo chikalatacho chimalongosola kudzera mu “yade wakuda” (墨玉), mwala wakuda.
• Mmodzi mwa magawo 15 a malowa ndi boma la mtundu wa Hui.
• M’chidziwitso chimodzi cha CNIPA muli tiyi awiri obiriwira a ku Hunan okhala ndi nthawi zosiyana zotolera: Taojiang Zhuye amatengedwa mpaka Qingming lokha, pomwe Changsha Lücha amatengedwa kuyambira March mpaka September.

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi ena athyathya ndi a ku Hunan obiriwira

• Emei Zhuqing (峨眉竹叶青): Tiyi wobiriwira wathyathya wa phiri la Emeishan ku Sichuan; “tsamba la nsungwi” m’dzinalo ndi lofanana, koma mankhwala ndi osiyana.
• Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Tiyi wobiriwira wathyathya wa Hangzhou; kupukuta m’mphika (辉锅) kumafotokozedwa kwa iye ngati kukazinga komaliza, komwe kumapangitsa tsambalo kukhala losalala komanso lonyezimira. Njira ziwiri mwa zitatu za chikalata cha Taojiang Zhuye zimathanso ndi kupukuta m’mphika.
• Anhua Songzhen (安化松针): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo choyandikana cha Anhua m’boma lomwelo la Yiyang, koma wa mawonekedwe a “singano ya paini”, osati tsamba lathyathya.
• Changsha Lücha (长沙绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Hunan kuchokera ku chidziwitso chomwecho cha CNIPA, wopangidwa m’mizere yopyapyala yopindika.

Pomaliza:

Taojiang Zhuye ndi tiyi wobiriwira wathyathya wa chigawo cha Taojiang, wopangidwa m’mphika mpaka kukhala wosalala ngati “tsamba la nsungwi”. Chikalata choteteza chimalongosola mwachidule koma molondola: kutolera kwa masika mpaka Qingmin, njira zitatu zololedwa zopangira m’mphika, tsamba la mtundu wa yade wakuda, fungo lamphamvu la chestnut, kukoma kwatsopano kofewa komanso madzi a tiyi owonekera bwino achikasu obiriwira. Mbiri ya tiyiyu isanafike pa chitetezo siikufotokozedwa ndi zikalata; nkhani yofotokoza za tiyiyi imati anapangidwa mu 1985.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero