Chángshā Lǜchá (Chángshā lǜchá, 长沙绿茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa mzinda wa Chángshā (长沙市) m’chigawo cha Húnán. Uwu si tiyi wa mudzi umodzi, koma dzina lalikulu la tiyi wobiriwira wa mzindawu: dera lotetezedwa lili m’boma la Chángshā, m’chigawo cha Wàngchéng, ndi m’mizinda ya Liúyáng ndi Níngxiāng. Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza, ndi zingwe zopyapyala zopindika za mtundu wa emerald zokhala ndi tsitsi loyera, madzi a tiyi obiriwira pang’ono, ndi kukoma kwatsopano komwe kumabweretsa kutsekemera. Kuyambira 2022 dzinali limatetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha certification, ndipo kuyambira 2025 National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) imavomereza kuti ndi malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wopanda fermentation. Gululi latchulidwa m’dzina ndipo watsimikizidwa ndi njira yopangira yochokera m’chikalata choteteza: kuyala, kuletsa ndi kutentha, kupotoza, kuyanika, popanda oxidation komanso popanda kuphika pang’onopang’ono.
- Gulu: Dzina lalikulu la tiyi wobiriwira wa mzinda pansi pa njira zitatu zotetezera, gawo 2.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Húnán (湖南, Húnán), mzinda wa Chángshā (长沙, Chángshā).
- Dera lotetezedwa: Malinga ndi chowonjezera cha chidziwitso cha CNIPA No. 640, matauni 33, mafumu 5 ndi komiti imodzi ya msewu: matauni 12 a boma la Chángshā (长沙县), kuphatikizapo Jīnjǐng, Gāoqiáo, Lùkǒu ndi Chūnhuá; matauni 3 ndi komiti imodzi ya msewu ya chigawo cha Wàngchéng (望城区), kuphatikizapo Chátíng; matauni 10 ndi mafumu 2 a mzinda wa Liúyáng (浏阳市), kuphatikizapo Dàwéishān ndi Guāndù; matauni 8 ndi mafumu 3 a mzinda wa Níngxiāng (宁乡市), kuphatikizapo fumu la Wéishān.
- Ma coordinates a geographical: Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza, 111°57′25″–114°09′46″ E, 27°55′52″–28°35′35″ N. Wopempha ndi Chángshā City Tea Association (长沙市茶业协会).
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Oyambirira. Lipoti la kulembetsa chizindikiro limatchula tiyi wobiriwira wa Chángshā wotchuka m’nthawi zosiyanasiyana: Gāoqiáo Yínfēng (高桥银峰), Jīnjǐng Máojiān (金井毛尖) ndi Xiāngbō Lǜ (湘波绿). Matauni a Gāoqiáo ndi Jīnjǐng ali m’dera lamakono.
- Chidziwitso chaulimi. Nambala mu kaundula wa Ministry of Agriculture ndi AGI02412; tsiku lolembedwa sindinalione poyang’ana zolemba zoyambirira.
- 2022. CNIPA mu gazette ya zizindikiro za malonda, kope 1781, inalengeza kuti “长沙绿茶” ndi geographical certification trademark, yogwira ntchito kuyambira 28 May 2022. Lipotilo limati tiyiyu ndi malonda a pulogalamu ya “一县一特” (“boma limodzi, katswiri mmodzi”) ya boma la Chángshā.
- 2025. Mwa chidziwitso cha CNIPA No. 640 (chosainidwa 16 July, chofalitsidwa 13 August) dzinali linavomerezedwa kukhala malonda omwe ali ndi geographical indication, mndandanda wazowonjezera 953.
- Dzina: “Chángshā” (长沙) ndi dzina la mzinda komanso limodzi mwa maboma ake; “lǜchá” (绿茶) ndi “tiyi wobiriwira”. Dzinali silifotokoza mawonekedwe a tsamba kapena mtundu, koma malo ndi gulu.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi lipoti la chizindikiro, maziko a kupanga ndi “tea gallery ya mtunda wa li zana” (百里茶廊) m’matauni asanu ndi awiri a boma la Chángshā. Nyuzipepala ya mzinda mu 2022 inalemba kuti luso lopanga tiyi wobiriwira wa Chángshā (Jīnjǐng) (长沙(金井)绿茶制作技艺) lidalowetsedwa m’ndandanda wa chigawo wa zolowa za chikhalidwe zosaoneka.
3. Kufotokoza za Botanical ndi Zipangizo
- Mitundu / Cultivars: Chikalata choteteza chimalola mitundu yapakatikati ndi yaying’ono ya masamba yoyenera tiyiyu ndipo imatchula zinayi mwa izo: Bìxiāngzǎo (碧香早, Bìxiāngzǎo), Zhūyèqí (槠叶齐, Zhūyèqí), Xiāngbō Lǜ (湘波绿, Xiāngbōlǜ) ndi Báiháozǎo (白毫早, Báiháozǎo); mndandandawu ndi wotseguka, pambuyo pa mayina pali mawu oti “ndi ena”. Xiāngbō Lǜ ndi dzina la cultivar m’ndandandawu komanso dzina la tiyi wa mbiri yakale, wotchulidwa m’lipoti la chizindikiro.
- Kukolola: Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa March mpaka kumapeto kwa September, malinga ndi chikalata choteteza.
- Mulingo wa kukolola: Kuchokera ku bud limodzi mpaka bud limodzi ndi masamba awiri (单芽至一芽二叶).
- Zofunikira pa zipangizo: Masamba amakonzedwa popanda kuchedwa, gulu ndi gulu.
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Mzinda wa Chángshā; derali latambasuka kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa kupitirira madigiri awiri a longitude, kuchokera ku Níngxiāng kupita ku Liúyáng.
- Kutalika kwa kulima: 50–500 m, otsetsereka osakwana 20°, malinga ndi chikalata choteteza.
- Dothi: Makamaka red soil (红壤) ndi paddy soil (水稻土), wosanjikiza wosachepera 50 cm; organic matter 11.2–56.5 g/kg, total nitrogen 0.65–1.73 g/kg, available phosphorus 12.5–246 mg/kg, available potassium 37–332 mg/kg, pH 5.0–6.5.
- Kubzala: Mipata pakati pa mizere 1.5 m, pakati pa tchire pamzere 33–35 cm; kulima mozama mpaka 60 cm asanayambe kulima munda.
- Nyengo: Palibe deta yomwe yapezeka m’magwero.
- Kukula: Malinga ndi lipoti la chizindikiro, maziko a boma la Chángshā ndi pafupifupi 106,000 mu (pafupifupi 7,000 ha), pafupifupi 44% ya dera lalikulu lopangira. Iyi ndi nambala yochokera m’lipoti, osati chikalata choteteza.
5. Njira Yopangira
Chikalata choteteza chimalola kukazinga pamanja m’mbiya ndi kupanga ndi makina. Ziwerengero zili m’munsi ndi zochokera m’chikalata.
- Kuyala (摊青, tānqīng): Wosanjikiza 4–6 cm, maola 6–8, mpaka tsamba lifewe ndi fungo loyera; chinyezi pafupifupi 70%, kutaya kulemera 15–20%.
- Kuletsa (杀青, shāqīng): Pamanja, mbiya 200–220 °C, masamba amagwedezeka ndi manja awiri mpaka akhale obiriwira kwambiri ndi ofewa, ndi fungo loyera. Ndi makina, ng’oma 280–320 °C pafupifupi mphindi 2; peduncle iyenera kupindika osati kuthyoka, palibe peduncles ofiira, m’mphepete mwotenthedwa kapena thovu la “diso la nsomba”, chinyezi pafupifupi 62%.
- Kupotoza kawiri (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kupotoza koyamba pamanja kumatsatira lamulo la “lofewa, lamphamvu, lofewa” kwa mphindi 5–8, ndi makina mpaka pafupifupi 80% ya masamba apindike kukhala zingwe; kachiwiri, ndi kukakamiza kwamphamvu, mphindi 6–8. Mifundo imasweka. Pakati pa kupotoza, masamba amayanikidwa pang’ono: pamanja, pogwedeza m’mbiya pa 150–180 °C kwa mphindi 4–6, mpaka pafupifupi magawo anayi mwa khumi owuma; ndi makina, pa 110–120 °C kwa mphindi 5–8 mpaka chinyezi pafupifupi 45%, kenako kuziziritsa kwa mphindi 30–40.
- Kuyanika kwachitatu: Pamanja, mpaka zingwe zisiye kumamatira m’manja; ndi makina, pa 90–100 °C mpaka chinyezi 12–15%.
- Kuumba ndi kuwonetsa tsitsi loyera (整形, 提毫): Pamanja, kuumba pa 60–70 °C mpaka kuwuma pafupifupi magawo asanu ndi atatu mwa khumi, kenako 70–80 °C, mpaka tsitsi loyera liwonekere. Ndi makina, kuwotcha kwakuumba m’ng’oma pa 100–110 °C, mphindi 10–12, mpaka chinyezi pafupifupi 8%.
- Kuyanika kwathunthu (足干, zúgān): Mpaka chinyezi chosapitirira 7%; mu njira ya makina, kumaliza fungo pa 90–95 °C pafupifupi mphindi 40.
6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic
Kufotokoza kumachokera ku gulu loyamba mwa magulu anayi a chikalata choteteza; kusiyana kwa magulu ang’onoang’ono kuli kumapeto kwa gawoli.
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zingwe zothina, zopyapyala, zopindika; mtundu wa emerald wobiriwira ndi kuwala; masamba ofanana, ndi tsitsi loyera looneka bwino (条索紧细弯曲，色泽翠绿润，匀整显毫).
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokoza kwapadera m’chikalata.
- Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Lofewa ndi lokhalitsa (嫩香持久).
- Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kolimbikitsa, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (鲜爽回甘).
- Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wobiriwira pang’ono, wowala (嫩绿明亮).
- Masamba otayidwa (masamba ophikidwa): Obiriwira pang’ono, atsopano ndi amoyo, ofanana (嫩绿鲜活匀齐).
Mu gulu lachiwiri mtundu ndi “wobiriwira, wowala pang’ono”, fungo si “lofewa” koma “loyera ndi lokhalitsa” (清香持久), kukoma “kwatsopano ndi kofewa” (鲜醇). Mu gulu lachitatu ndi lachinayi madzi a tiyi amakhala obiriwira achikasu, kukoma “kofewa” (醇和), masamba otayidwa obiriwira achikasu; kubwerera kotsekemera kumasungidwa m’magulu onse anayi.
7. Zomwe Zili mu Chemical
Chikalata choteteza chimapereka miyezo ya physicochemical malinga ndi magulu:
| Chizindikiro | Choyamba | Chachiwiri | Chachitatu | Chachinayi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinyezi, osapitirira | 7.0% | 7.0% | 7.0% | 7.0% |
| Water extract, osachepera | 36.5% | 36% | 36.0% | 35% |
| Phulusa lonse, osapitirira | 6.0% | 6.5% | 6.8% | 7.0% |
| Ma amino acid aulere (monga glutamic acid), osachepera | 3.0% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 2.0% |
Izi ndi malire ovomerezeka, osati zomwe zinayesedwa. Palibe deta ya catechins ndi caffeine m’magwero omwe apezeka.
8. Kupanga Tiyi
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Zotengera: Galasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Njira:
- Tenthetsa chotengera.
- Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete.
- Kupanga koyamba pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
- Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi.
- Onjezani madzi.
- Kubwereza kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu. M’paketi yotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo lachilendo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira
Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe apezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga akuchokera ku boma la Chángshā, chigawo cha Wàngchéng, Liúyáng kapena Níngxiāng.
- Gulu loyamba ndi zingwe zopyapyala zopindika za mtundu wa emerald ndi tsitsi loyera, madzi a tiyi obiriwira pang’ono ndi owala.
- Madzi a tiyi obiriwira achikasu m’malo mwa gulu lapamwamba ndi chifukwa chokayikira: malinga ndi chikalata, mtundu woterewu uli m’gulu lachitatu ndi lachinayi.
11. Mfundo Zosangalatsa
- M’dera lotetezedwa muli tawuni ya Chátíng (茶亭), kutanthauza “nyumba ya tiyi”.
- Mu njira yamanja, gawo lomaliza limatchedwa “kuwonetsa tsitsi loyera” (提毫): kutentha kumasinthidwa kuti tsitsi loyera liwonekere pa zingwe.
- Dzina limodzi, Xiāngbō Lǜ (湘波绿), lili m’ndandanda wa cultivars zovomerezeka komanso m’ndandanda wa tiyi wa mbiri yakale wa Chángshā.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wobiriwira wa ku Húnán
- Gāoqiáo Yínfēng (高桥银峰): Tiyi wa tawuni ya Gāoqiáo, imodzi mwa matauni a derali; lipoti la chizindikiro limati ndi tiyi wa mbiri yakale wa Chángshā.
- Jīnjǐng Máojiān (金井毛尖): Tiyi wa tawuni ya Jīnjǐng, komanso mkati mwa dera.
- Wéishān Máojiān (沩山毛尖): Tiyi wa fumu la Wéishān ku Níngxiāng, mkati mwa dera; ali ndi geographical indication yakeyake, ndipo m’ndandanda wamkulu amafotokozedwa m’banja la tiyi wachikasu.
- Táolín Lǜchá (桃林绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa mzinda wa Yuèyáng, kunja kwa dera.
Pomaliza:
Chángshā Lǜchá ndi dzina lalikulu la tiyi wobiriwira la mzinda, lomwe lasonkhanitsa pansi pa dzina limodzi magawo 39 a maboma anayi ndi zigawo. Chikalata chake choteteza ndi chatsatanetsatane: mitundu, dothi, njira ziwiri zowotcha ndi kutentha, ndi magulu anayi okhala ndi miyezo yawoyawo. Gulu labwino kwambiri ndi zingwe zopyapyala za emerald ndi tsitsi loyera, madzi a tiyi obiriwira pang’ono, ndi kukoma kwatsopano ndi kubwerera kotsekemera.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero