Lùmíng gòngchá

Luming Gongcha (Lùmíng gòngchá, 鹿鸣贡茶) — “tchiyi wa kulira kwa gwape”, tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri a kumwera kwa chigawo cha Gongxian (珙县) m’boma la Yibin kumwera kwa chigawo cha Sichuan, pafupi ndi malire ndi Yunnan. Dzinali likutengera nthano ya tiyi amene m’zaka za m’ma 1500 anaperekedwa kukhothi la Mfumu ya Ming. Njira yakale yopangira, malinga ndi boma la chigawo, inatayika, ndipo tiyi wamakono anapangidwanso mwatsopano m’zaka za 1980–1990. Zopangira zimatengedwa m’minda ya “nyanja ya tiyi ya Luming” (鹿鸣茶海) pamtunda wa 1100–1800 m. Luming Gongcha ndi mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.

1. Magulu ndi Kumene Amachokera

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Palibe chikalata chosonyeza gulu lake m’mabuku omwe tapeza, koma mafotokozedwe onse ndi a tiyi wobiriwira, ndipo tsamba la malonda a zinthu zakumaloko linalemba kuti ku Yibin dzina la “鹿鸣” lakhala lolingana ndi tiyi wobiriwira.
Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri a kumwera kwa Sichuan; mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.
Kumene Amachokera: China, chigawo cha Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), boma la Yibin (宜宾, Yíbīn), chigawo cha Gongxian.
Dera lopangira: Malinga ndi boma la chigawo — maboma ang’onoang’ono a Shibei (石碑乡) ndi Caoying (曹营乡) ndi tawuni ya Wangjia (王家镇) kumwera kwa chigawo. Malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo amatcha malo opangirako “nyanja ya tiyi ya Luming” pa malire a Sichuan ndi Yunnan.
Dera lotetezedwa: Mndandanda weniweni wa mayunitsi ochokera m’chikalata cha chitetezo sunapezeke m’mabuku omwe tapeza.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Nthawi zakale. Malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo amagwira mawu kuchokera mu “Huayang guo zhi” (《华阳国志》) wa Chang Qu (nthawi ya Jin), pomwe pakutchulidwa tiyi pakati pa misonkho, ndipo amagwirizanitsa mizere imeneyi ndi Bodao (僰道), dziko la anthu a Bo. Koma mawu amene agwidwa, malinga ndi malemba enieniwo, adatengedwa m’mutu wa Ba (巴志), choncho kugwirizana ndi Gongxian ndi kutanthauzira kwa olemba a kumaloko.
- 1541. Malinga ndi boma la chigawo, pofika chaka chimenechi tiyi anali wotchuka kale ndipo ankatumizidwa kukhothi monga msonkho. Pambuyo pa kutheratu kwa anthu a Bo (僰人), njira yopangira inatayika.
- 1573. Nthano imene malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo amayiyambitsa okha ndi mawu oti “据传” — “monga mwa nthano”: m’chaka choyamba cha Wanli, kazembe wa Sichuan Zeng Shengwu ndi mkulu wa asilikali Liu Xian anaphwanya chigawenga cha Bo, ndipo m’modzi wa asilikali anafunsa a Bo njira yopangira tiyi pamalo otchedwa Xiaoluying (小陆营) — masiku ano mudzi wa Luming (鹿鸣村) wa tawuni ya Caoying. Tiyi wopangidwa mwa njira imeneyi anaperekedwa kwa Mfumu Shenzong, ndipo mfumuyo inamupatsa dzina loti “Luming”. Zaka 1541 ndi 1573 m’mabuku osiyanasiyana sizigwirizana bwino: m’buku lina tiyi ndi wotchuka kale tisanafike nthano ya dzina lake.
- 1980s. Famu ya tiyi ya Yongxing (永兴茶场) inayamba kubwezeretsa tiyi amene anasowa — malinga ndi boma la chigawo.
- 1990s. Yibin pamodzi ndi Yunivesite yaulimi ya Sichuan anapanga Luming Gongcha wamakono, kuphatikiza njira zakale ndi zamakono.
- 2013–2015. Mendulo zagolide za Chiwonetsero chachiwiri ndi chachitatu cha tiyi cha China (Sichuan) chapadziko lonse mu 2013 ndi 2014, mphoto ya mpikisano wa 11 wa “Zhongcha bei” (中茶杯) mu 2015 — malinga ndi malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo.
- 2018. Malinga ndi buku la “Baidu”, pa 14 March, ofesi yakale yoyang’anira zaubwino, kuyendera ndi kukhwaulitsa malonda, mwa chilengezo cha nambala 33, inatenga tiyi pansi pa chitetezo monga mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; tsiku ndi nambala sizinayang’anitsidwe ndi chikalata choyambirira.
- 2020. Muyezo wa kwanuko DB5115/T 59-2020 wokhudza luso lopangira unakhazikitsidwa; mu 2024 unachotsedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi muyezo wa DB5115/T 59—2024 wokhudza zofunikira zaubwino.
- 2024. Mwa chilengezo cha nambala 597 cha Ofesi ya Dziko ya Katundu wa Nzeru ya pa 27 September, ufulu wa chizindikiro chapadera choteteza malo unaperekedwa kwa kampani ya 四川省珙县鹿鸣茶业有限公司.
Dzina: 鹿鸣 (lùmíng) — “kulira kwa gwape”, dzina la mudzi wa Luming ndipo, monga mwa nthano, la tiyi; 贡茶 (gòngchá) — “tiyi woperekedwa monga msonkho”.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Tiyi amamugwirizanitsa ndi anthu a Bo amene anasowa, omwe malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo amatcha dera la Gongxian kuti ndi dziko lawo.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mitundu / Mitundu yolimidwa: Dzina la mtundu kapena gulu la tiyi wa m’deralo silinapezeke m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
Zopangira: Malinga ndi malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo, pa jin imodzi (500 g) ya tiyi wouma pamafunika masamba 35–40 masauzande a masamba osankhidwa athunthu.
Mndandanda: Malinga ndi buku la “Baidu”, pansi pa dzinali amapanga tiyi angapo — “gongcha”, “cuiya”, “wuya”, “maofeng” ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa zitsamba zakutchire; mafotokozedwe a maonekedwe m’mabuku osiyanasiyana amasiyana.
Muyezo wa kuthyola ndi nthawi yothyola: Zambiri zenizeni sizinapezeke m’mabuku omwe tapeza.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Kumwera kwa chigawo cha Gongxian, pamphambano ya Sichuan ndi Yunnan.
Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo, “nyanja ya tiyi ya Luming” imagwira pafupifupi 11 320 mu, ndipo pakati pake — masauzande khumi a mu a minda — ali pamtunda wa 1100–1800 m.
Nyengo: Chigawochi chafotokozedwa kuti ndi chonyowa cha mphepo za mvula, cha m’dera lapakati la subtropiki: kutentha kwapachaka ndi 17,8 °C, mvula 1171 mm, dzuwa — maola 961,7 pachaka; malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo amatcha chigawochi kuti ndi malo a China omwe ali ndi dzuwa lochepa kwambiri. Kudera mwachilengedwe — 43,68 %.
Dothi: Dongo lachikasu la loamy (壤质黄泥土) — lofewa, lolowera bwino madzi, lokhala ndi gawo lakuda la humus komanso organic matter yambiri.
Makhalidwe: Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe, chifunga, chinyezi ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku zimalepheretsa kukula kwa chitsamba, ndipo mphukira zimakhala zofewa.

5. Ukadaulo Wopangira

Tsatanetsatane wa ukadaulo ndi magawo ake sunapezeke m’mabuku omwe tapeza. Zimadziwika kuti tiyi wamakono anapangidwa m’zaka za 1990s pophatikiza njira zakale ndi zamakono, ndipo mu 2020–2024 ukadaulo wopangira unkalamulidwa ndi muyezo wa kwanuko, umene malemba ake sanatseguke.

Ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya tiyi wobiriwira — kuyala (摊放, tānfàng), kufikitsa kutentha (杀青, shāqīng), kupanga maonekedwe (kwa tiyi wopota — kupota, 揉捻, róuniǎn) ndi kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào); iyi ndi ndondomeko ya gulu, osati ya ukadaulo wa Luming Gongcha.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumvetsera ndi Kuwona

Mafotokozedwe awiri a boma, mwachiwonekere, akukhudza tiyi osiyanasiyana a mndandanda.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Malinga ndi boma la chigawo — masamba okhwima, owonda ndi ofanana omwe ali ndi tsitsi loonekera, obiriwira-imvi (紧细匀称、毫锋显露、色泽灰绿). Malinga ndi malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo — masamba akuthwa ndi athyathyathya, owongoka ndi osalala, obiriwira a emerald okhala ndi kunyezimira kwa mafuta (扁、平、直、滑，色泽翠绿油润).
Kununkhira kwa masamba owuma: Zambiri sizinapezeke m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
Kununkhira kwa madzi: Kokoma, kwapamwamba ndi kwanthawi yayitali (清雅高长) — malinga ndi boma la chigawo; kwapamwamba komanso koyera — malinga ndi malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo.
Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kolimbikitsa komanso kofewa (鲜爽醇厚); kwa tiyi wa masamba akuthwa — kwatsopano, kokhala ndi kubwerera kotsekemera.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira a emerald, wowala (翠绿明亮) — malinga ndi boma la chigawo; wobiriwira-bwino, woyera — kwa tiyi wa masamba akuthwa.
Pansi pa kapu (masamba ophikidwa): Okhuthala komanso ofanana (肥硕匀齐); masamba akuthwa mu galasi amakwera ndi kutsika ndipo amayima aliyense payekha.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Ziwerengero zenizeni sizinapezeke m’mabuku omwe tapeza. Malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo amafotokoza kukoma chifukwa cha nyengo ya kumapiri: dzuwa likakhala lalifupi, masamba amakhala ndi ma catechin owawa ochepa komanso theanine wambiri, nayitrogeni wosungunuka ndi zinthu zonunkhira. Miyezo yotsimikizira izi kwa Luming Gongcha sinagwiritsidwe ntchito m’mabuku omwe tapeza.

8. Kukonza Chakumwa

Njira yodziwika bwino ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Ziwiya: Galasi la galasi — mmenemo mumawona momwe masamba akuthwa amayimira molunjika, — kapena gaiwan woyera.
Njira:
1. Tenthetsa ziwiya.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete mwa khoma.
3. Chakumwa choyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
4. Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi, ndikuwonjezera madzi.
5. Kuwonjezera kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira yodziwika bwino ya gulu. M’zotengera zotseka bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo lachilendo. Nthawi yosungira tiyi weniweni uyu sinapatsidwe m’mabuku omwe tapeza.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Zambiri za mitengo sizinapezeke m’mabuku omwe tapeza.

Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha malo ndikuyang’ana wopanga m’zilengezo za Ofesi ya Dziko ya Katundu wa Nzeru; mu chilengezo nambala 597 chizindikirocho chaperekedwa kwa kampani ya 四川省珙县鹿鸣茶业有限公司.
- Tiyi ayenera kukhala wobiriwira ndipo achokere ku chigawo cha Gongxian m’boma la Yibin.
- Liwu loti “鹿鸣” lokha silitsimikizira komwe akuchokera: malinga ndi tsamba la malonda a zinthu zakumaloko, ku Yibin ndi m’zigawo zoyandikana nalo dzinali lakhala lolingana ndi tiyi wobiriwira.
- Zizindikiro za chinyengo m’kapu sizinafotokozedwe m’mabuku omwe tapeza.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo amatcha chigawo cha Gongxian kuti ndi malo a China omwe ali ndi dzuwa lochepa kwambiri: kuchepera maola chikwi pachaka a dzuwa.
Malinga ndi malemba a mbiri yakale a chigawo, mu 2019 kupanga kudachitidwa certification ya HACCP, ndipo mndandanda wa tiyi udayesedwa pa miyezo 580 ya European Union.

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi ena a Yibin

Yibin Zao Cha (宜宾早茶): Tiyi wobiriwira woyamba wa boma la Yibin; Luming Gongcha ndi tiyi wa kumapiri a m’chigawo chakumwera chokhala ndi minda pamtunda wa 1800 m.
Junlian Hongcha (筠连红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa chigawo cha Junlian cha boma lomwelo — gulu lina.
Guosheng Cha (国胜茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri a kumwera kwa Sichuan pafupi ndi malire ndi Yunnan, wokhala ndi minda yapamwamba kwambiri — 1600–2500 m — komanso kununkhira kwa orchid.

Pomaliza:

Luming Gongcha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri a kumwera kwa Gongxian, amene mbiri yake imakhazikika pazinthu ziwiri: nthano ya msonkho wa anthu a Bo kukhothi la Ming komanso ntchito ya zaka za 1980–1990, pamene tiyiyo anabwezeretsedwa mwatsopano. Zolemba zimamufotokoza ngati tiyi wa kumapiri apamwamba kuchokera ku “nyanja ya tiyi ya Luming” pa 1100–1800 m, wokhala ndi madzi obiriwira a emerald ndi kununkhira koyera kwapamwamba, m’maonekedwe awiri — wopota ndi wathyathyathya wokhala ndi masamba akuthwa. Zambiri zambiri — mtundu, ukadaulo, dera lenileni — sizinaululidwe m’mabuku omwe tapeza.