Lùmíng gòngchá

ULumin Gongcha (Lùmíng gòngchá, 鹿鸣贡茶) — «itiyo lentela lokukhala kwenyamazane», itiyo eliluhlaza lasentabeni eningizimu yesifunda saseGongxian (珙县) emkhakheni wedolobha iYibin eningizimu yesifundazwe saseSichuan, emngceleni neYunnan. Igama libhekisela enganekwaneni yetiyo eyethulwa enkantolo yakwaMing ngekhulu le-16. Indlela endala yokukhiqiza, ngokolwazi lukahulumeni wesifundazwe, yalahleka, futhi itiyo lamanje lakhiwa kabusha ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kuya kowe-1990. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zivela ezingadini «zolwandle lwetiye lwaseLuming» (鹿鸣茶海) endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1100 kuya kwayi-1800. ULumin Gongcha ungumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nendabuko

Uhlobo: Itiyo eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Idokhumenti enesigaba ayikho emithonjeni etholiwe, kodwa zonke izincazelo zingezetiye eliluhlaza, futhi iwebhusayithi eyinkomba yemikhiqizo yasendaweni ithi eYibin uphawu «鹿鸣» lube yigama elifana nelinye lethe eliluhlaza.
Isigaba: Itiyo eliluhlaza lasentabeni eningizimu yeSichuan; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
Indabuko: IShayina, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), umkhakha wedolobha iYibin (宜宾, Yíbīn), isifunda saseGongxian.
Indawo yokukhiqiza: Ngokolwazi lukahulumeni wesifundazwe — izigodi zaseShibei (石碑乡) noCao Ying (曹营乡) kanye nedolobhana laseWangjia (王家镇) eningizimu yesifunda. Umbhalo womlando wesifunda ubiza indawo yokukhiqiza ngokuthi «ulwandle lwetiye lwaseLuming» emngceleni weSichuan neYunnan.
Indawo yokuvikelwa: Uhlu olunembile lwamayunithi avela embhalweni wokuvikelwa alutholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Endulo. Umbhalo womlando wesifunda ucaphuna i-«Huayang guo zhi» (《华阳国志》) kaChang Qu (inkathi yakwaJin), lapho phakathi kwentela kushiwo itiyo, futhi uhlobanisa la magama neBodao (僰道), izwe labantu bakwaBo. Kodwa ingcaphuno, ngokombhalo uqobo, ithathwe esahlukweni ngeBa (巴志), ngakho ukuxhumana neGongxian kuyincazelo yababhali bendawo.
- 1541. Ngokolwazi lukahulumeni wesifundazwe, ngalo nyaka itiyo lase lidumile futhi laliya enkantolo njengentela. Ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwabantu bakwaBo (僰人) indlela yokukhiqiza yalahleka.
- 1573. Inganekwane, umbhalo womlando wesifunda ngokwawo oyethula ngegama elithi «据传» — «ngokwesiko»: ngonyaka wokuqala kaWanli, umbusi waseSichuan uZeng Shengwu nomphathi wamasosha uLiu Xian bacindezela ukuvukela kwabakwaBo, futhi omunye wamasosha wafuna indlela yokukhiqiza itiyo kubantu bakwaBo endaweni yaseXiaoluying (小陆营) — manje okuyidolobhana laseLuming (鹿鸣村) elisesigodini saseCao Ying. Itiyo elenziwe ngale ndlela yethulwa kuMbhishobhi uShenzong, futhi kuthiwa walinika igama elithi «Luming». Iminyaka eyi-1541 neyi-1573 emithonjeni ehlukene ayihambisani kahle: komunye umthombo itiyo selidumile ngaphambi kwenganekwane yegama lalo.
- 1980s. Indawo yokukhiqiza itiyo iYongxing (永兴茶场) yaqala ukubuyisela itiyo elalahlekile — ngokolwazi lukahulumeni wesifundazwe.
- 1990s. IYibin kanye neNyuvesi Yezolimo yaseSichuan bakha uLumin Gongcha wamanje, behlanganisa izindlela zendabuko nezamanje.
- 2013–2015. Izindondo zegolide ze-II ne-III China (Sichuan) International Tea Exhibition ngo-2013 nango-2014, umklomelo we-XI «Zhongcha Bei» (中茶杯) ngo-2015 — ngokombhalo womlando wesifunda.
- 2018. Ngokwe-encyclopedia ye-«Baidu», ngomhla ka-14 Mashi ihhovisi langaphambili lokugada ikhwalithi, ukuhlola kanye nokuhlukaniswa izifo ngesimemezelo № 33 lathatha itiyo ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; umthombo wokuqala wedethi nenombolo awuzange uhlolwe.
- 2020. Kwaqinisekiswa indinganiso yendawo ye-DB5115/T 59-2020 mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza; ngo-2024 yachithwa futhi yathathelwa indawo yindinganiso ye-DB5115/T 59—2024 mayelana nezidingo zekhwalithi.
- 2024. Ngesimemezelo № 597 seHhovisi Likazwelonke Lempahla Yengqondo somhla ka-27 Septemba, ilungelo lophawu olukhethekile lwendawo latholwa yinkampani i-四川省珙县鹿鸣茶业有限公司.
Igama: 鹿鸣 (lùmíng) — «ukukhala kwenyamazane», igama ledolobhana laseLuming futhi, ngokwesiko, igama lethe; 贡茶 (gòngchá) — «itiyo elethwa njengentela».
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Itiyo lihlotshaniswa nabantu baseBo abanyamalele, umbhalo womlando wesifunda obiza indawo yaseGongxian njengezwe labo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Ama-Cultivar: Igama lohlobo noma inani lendawo alitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Ngokombhalo womlando wesifunda, ku-jin (500 g) eyodwa yetiyo elomile kudlula amahlumela aphelele angama-35-40 ezinkulungwane akhethiwe.
Uhlu lwemikhiqizo: Ngokwe-encyclopedia ye-«Baidu», ngaphansi kwaleli gama kukhiqizwa amatiye amaningana — «gongcha», «cuiya», «wuya», «maofeng» kanye netiyo eliluhlaza elivela ezihlahleni zasendle; izincazelo zokubukeka emithonjeni ziyahlukahluka.
Indinganiso yokuvuna nesikhathi sokuvuna: Imininingwane enembile ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Iningizimu yesifunda saseGongxian, lapho kuhlangana khona iSichuan neYunnan.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokombhalo womlando wesifunda, «ulwandle lwetiye lwaseLuming» luhlanganisa cishe i-11 320 mu, futhi umnyombo walo — izinkulungwane eziyishumi mu zezingadi — usezingeni eliphakeme ngamamitha ayi-1100–1800 m.
Isimo sezulu: Isifunda sichazwa njengomswakama we-monsoon, esendaweni emaphakathi e-subtropical: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo liyi-17.8 °C, imvula ingama-1171 mm, ilanga — amahora angama-961.7 ngonyaka; umbhalo womlando wesifunda ubiza isifunda njengendawo yaseShayina enelanga elincane. Izinga lamahlathi — 43.68 %.
Inhlabathi: Ubumba oluphuzi oluyi-loam (壤质黄泥土) — oluxekethile, olungenisa amanzi kahle, olunongqimba olujiyile lwe-humus kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo.
Izici: Ngokwencazelo, inkungu, umswakama kanye nomehluko omkhulu wamazinga okushisa obusuku nemini kubambezela ukukhula kwesihlahla, futhi amahlumela ahlala ethambile.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Imininingwane eningiliziwe yobuchwepheshe namapharamitha ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi itiyo lamanje lakhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 ngokuhlanganisa izindlela zendabuko nezimanje, futhi ngo-2020 kuya ku-2024 ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza babulawulwa yindinganiso yendawo, umbhalo wayo ongakwazanga ukuvulwa.

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza — ukusakaza (摊放, tānfàng), ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukwakha (ngetiyo elisontiwe — ukusonta, 揉捻, róuniǎn) kanye nokomisa (干燥, gānzào); lolu wuhlelo lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe bukaLumin Gongcha.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngokwezitho

Izincazelo ezimbili ezisemthethweni, ngokusobala, zibhekisela ematiyeni ahlukene ohlu lwemikhiqizo.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ngokolwazi lukahulumeni wesifundazwe — iqabunga eliminyene, elincane nelilinganayo elinoboya obubonakalayo, elimpunga-luhlaza (紧细匀称、毫锋显露、色泽灰绿). Ngokombhalo womlando wesifunda — amahlumela ayisicaba, aqondile futhi abushelelezi, aluhlaza okotshani anokucwebezela okunamafutha (扁、平、直、滑，色泽翠绿油润).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Imininingwane ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.
Iphunga letiyo eliphuzwayo: Elihle, eliphakeme nelide (清雅高长) — ngokolwazi lwesifundazwe; eliphakeme nelihlanzekile — ngokombhalo womlando wesifunda.
Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuvuselelayo nokuthambile (鲜爽醇厚); etiyeni lamahlumela — okusha, nokubuya okumnandi.
Umbala wetiyo eliphuzwayo: Uluhlaza okotshani, ogqamile (翠绿明亮) — ngokolwazi lwesifundazwe; uluhlaza ngobumnene, ohlanzekile — etiyeni lamahlumela.
Amahlamu asetshenzisiwe: Anamanzi futhi alinganayo (肥硕匀齐); amahlumela engilazini ayakhuphuka futhi ehle futhi ame ngamunye ngamunye.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Imininingwane yezinombolo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe. Umbhalo womlando wesifunda uchaza ukunambitheka ngesimo sezulu sasentabeni: ngelanga elifushane emahlumeleni kuthiwa kukhona ama-catechin ababayo amancane kanye ne-theanine eningi, i-nitrogen encibilikayo nezinto ezinuka kamnandi. Izilinganiso eziqinisekisa lokhu ngoLumin Gongcha azitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Ukwenza Itiyo

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiyo eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani lethe: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi yegilasi — kuyo kuyabonakala ukuthi amahlumela ame ngokuthe nkqo, — noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa isitsha.
2. Faka itiyo bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Ukumnika kokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40-60.
4. Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yetiyo eliphuzwayo, bese uthela amanzi futhi.
5. Ukuphinda ukuthela kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ngo-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga angaphandle. Izikhathi zokugcina zaleli tiyo ngqo azitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.

10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa

Imininingwane ngezintengo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo futhi uhlole umkhiqizi ngezimemezelo zeHhovisi Likazwelonke Lempahla Yengqondo; esimemezelweni № 597 uphawu luvunyelwe enkampanini i-四川省珙县鹿鸣茶业有限公司.
- Itiyo kufanele libe luhlaza futhi livela esifundeni saseGongxian emkhakheni wedolobha iYibin.
- Igama elithi «鹿鸣» ngokwalo alifakazeli indabuko: ngokwewebhusayithi eyinkomba yemikhiqizo yasendaweni, eYibin nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane lolu phawu lube yigama elifana nelinye lethe eliluhlaza.
- Izimpawu zokukhwabanisa enkomishini azichazwa emithonjeni etholiwe.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Isifunda saseGongxian umbhalo womlando wesifunda usibiza njengendawo yaseShayina enelanga elincane: ngaphansi kwezinkulungwane zamahora elanga ngonyaka.
Ngokombhalo womlando wesifunda, ngo-2019 ukukhiqiza kwaphumelela ukuqinisekiswa ngohlelo lwe-HACCP, futhi uchungechunge lwamatiye lwaphumelela ukuhlolwa ngezinkomba ezingama-580 ze-European Union.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye AseYibin

I-Yibin Zao Cha (宜宾早茶): Itiyo eliluhlaza lasekuqaleni lomkhakha wedolobha iYibin; uLumin Gongcha yitiyo lasentabeni lesifunda esiseningizimu elinokuphakama kwezingadi kufika ku-1800 m.
I-Junlian Hongcha (筠连红茶): Itiyo elibomvu lesifunda saseJunlian emkhakheni ofanayo — isigaba esihlukile.
I-Guosheng Cha (国胜茶): Itiyo eliluhlaza lasentabeni eningizimu yeSichuan emngceleni neYunnan, elinezingadi eziphakeme kakhulu — 1600–2500 m — nephunga lama-orchid.

Ekuphetheni:

ULumin Gongcha yitiyo eliluhlaza lasentabeni eningizimu yeGongxian, umlando walo uncike ezinsikeni ezimbili: inganekwane yentela yabantu bakwaBo enkantolo yakwaMing nomsebenzi weminyaka yawo-1980 kuya kowe-1990, lapho itiyo labuyiselwa kabusha. Imibhalo imveza njengetiyo lasentabeni ephakeme elivela «olwandle lwetiye lwaseLuming» ngo-1100–1800 m, elinombala ohlaza okotshani nephunga elihlanzekile neliphakeme, ngezindlela ezimbili — esontiwe kanye nesicaba samahlumela. Iminingwane eminingi — uhlobo, ubuchwepheshe, indawo enembile — emithonjeni etholiwe ayivezwanga.