Yúnxiàn Dàcháoshān chá

I-Yunxian Dachao Shan Cha (Yúnxiàn Dàcháoshān chá, 云县大朝山茶) wuphawu lokuqinisekisa lwendawo lwetiye lasezintabeni zase-Dachao Shan eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda sase-Yunxian (云县) esifundeni sedolobha sase-Lincang, esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. Izivande zihlezi eduze kwedolobhana lase-Dachao Shanxi (大朝山西镇): empumalanga lifinyelela eLancang, eningizimu-ntshonalanga linomngcele nesifunda sase-Bangdong, indawo yakudala ye-Xigui edumile. Uphawu lwabhaliswa ngoMasingana 2022, futhi umkhiqizo oshiwo kulo itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶). Iincwadi zetiye kanti zibhala ngaleli tiye njenge-puerh evela ezihlahleni ezindala.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) — lokhu yikho okushiwo umkhiqizo wophawu ohlwini lwesifundazwe lweHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemakethe lase-Yunnan lango-2023; angikaze ngilubone uhlu oluphelele lwemikhiqizo yokubhalisa. Izinga le-GB/T 14456.2-2018 lihlukanisa itiye eliluhlaza elinamaqabunga amakhulu ngokushiswa kwesitimu, okuthosiwe, okomiswe ngomoya oshisayo kanye nokomiswa kwelanga (晒青, shàiqīng); lokhu kokugcina kuyisithako sohlobo lwe-puerh. Ukuthi yikuphi kulokhu okwenziwayo ngaphansi kophawu, akunakutholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
Isigaba: Itiye lezivande ezindala zase-Lincang; uphawu lokuqinisekisa lwendawo (2022).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda sedolobha sase-Lincang (临沧, Líncāng), isifunda sase-Yunxian (云县, Yúnxiàn), idolobhana lase-Dachao Shanxi (大朝山西镇, Dàcháoshānxī zhèn).
Indawo evikelwe: Umnikazi wophawu yisikhungo sesifunda sase-Yunxian; lokhu kuwukuhlobana kwesikhungo ngokokuphatha, angikaze ngiwubone umngcele osemthethweni wendawo.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Azikho izixhumanisi eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Indlela yetiye. Ngokwesango letiye, elicaphuna amarekhodi omlando, enye yezindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile zomzila wamahhashi netiye (茶马古道, chámǎ gǔdào) wesifunda yayisuka edolobheni lesifunda iye e-Dashi — ngaphambi kokuqanjwa kabusha kwakubizwa kanjalo idolobhana lamanje, okwakuyi-commune yase-Dashi (大石公社). Emgwaqweni wesifunda le ndlela yayihamba amakhilomitha angu-95, bese iqhubekela eningizimu — nge-Changputang iye emakethe yase-Bangdong (邦东) esifundeni esingumakhelwane, lapho impahla yayithathwa khona iyiswa e-Puerh bese iqhubekela e-Kunming. Kuze kube ngu-1976, kubhala lelo sango elifanayo, leli dolobhana lahlala liyikhona eligqashukile kwezokuthutha esifundeni sonke.
- 2012–2013. Ngokwesango elifanayo, ngo-2012 idolobhana laqoqa amathani angu-635 etiye ngama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-10.16. Ngo-2013, ngenxa yodumo lwe-Xigui engumakhelwane, iqabunga elisha lenyuka laya kuma-yuan angu-6.5 ngekhilogremu, futhi umkhiqizo wakhula wafinyelela kumathani angu-650 ngama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-16.75.
- 2022. Uphawu «云县大朝山茶» lwabhaliswa: isitifiketi № 48178167, isigaba 30, umkhiqizo — itiye eliluhlaza, usuku lokushicilelwa kokubhaliswa — 14 Masingana 2022. Umnikazi — Isiteshi Sokusabalalisa Ubuchwepheshe Betiye sesifunda sase-Yunxian (云县茶叶技术推广站).
- 2023. Uphawu lwangena ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwezibonelelo zokubhalisa; ngokombiko wehhovisi lokuphathwa kwemakethe lase-Lincang, abanikazi bezimpawu ezine zesifunda, kuhlanganise nalolu, bathola isamba sama-yuan ayizinkulungwane ezingu-40. Sekukonke esifundeni ihhovisi labala izimpawu zokuqinisekisa zendawo ezingu-13.
Igama: «Yunxian» (云县) yigama lesifunda. I-Dachao Shan (大朝山) yizingqimba zezintaba; «Dachao Shanxi» kusho ukuthi «i-Dachao Shan esentshonalanga». Incazelo yegama lezingqimba ngokwalo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwesango letiye, itiye liwumgogodla weholo ledolobhana: imizi engu-4256 ithinteka ekutshalweni kwetiye, okuyi-48.3% yayo yonke imizi, ngokwesilinganiso i-1.27 mu yesivande ngomuntu ngamunye.

3. Ukuchazwa Kwezitshalo Kanye Nezithako

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izincazelo ziyaphikisana. Enye indaba yesango letiye icaphuna «Umlando Wesifunda Sase-Yunxian» (《云县志》) futhi ibeka izihlahla ezindala zasedolobhaneni lase-Nou ohlotsheni lwe-拟细萼茶 (nǐ xì’è chá). Enye indaba yesango elifanayo ibhala ukuthi esigungwini semakhaya sase-Zhishanqing kukhula kakhulu itiye lase-Mengku elinamaqabunga amakhulu (勐库大叶茶, Měngkù dàyè chá). Angikaze ngiwubone umsebenzi wezitshalo wezihlahla zakule ndawo.
Lapho izihlahla ezindala zikhona: Cishe i-500 mu yezihlahla ezindala ikhula ezigungwini zemakhaya zase-Changputang (菖蒲塘), e-Xiyuan (昔元), e-Banxu (邦旭) nase-Beiyinzhai (背阴寨); indaba yesibili yengeza i-Zhishanqing (纸山箐) futhi ibeka i-Changputang ne-Zhishanqing njengeziyinhloko. Enye indaba ibiza lezi zihlahla ngokuthi ziyizihlahla ezitshaliwe (栽培型), enye ibhala ngamaqembu asendle (野生古茶树群落).
I-Nou: Iqembu elibonakala kakhulu likhula eduze kwedolobhana lase-Nou (糯伍) lekomidi lase-Changputang; indaba yesibili icacisa — e-Shangnou (上糯伍), ekuphakameni kwamamitha angu-1653. Ngokwenye incazelo, lezi yizihlahla ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ezineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, eziyi-12 kwazo zingaphezu kwamamitha angu-10. Ngokwenye, iqembu lithatha cishe i-5 mu, izihlahla kulo zingaphezu kwamamitha angu-10; kweziyi-12 kwazo ukuzungeza esisekelweni kungu-1.7–2.05 m futhi umqhele ungu-6–7 ngo-8 m, isihlahla esisodwa — a-11.7 m ngokuzungeza okungu-2.05 m, futhi ezineminyaka engaphezu kwe-200, ngokwale ncazelo, zintathu kuphela.
I-Zhishanqing: Isivande esidala esiseduze kwamadolobhana ase-Caijia (蔡家), e-Xujia (徐家) nase-Yingwoshan (英窝山), cishe amamitha angu-2100: ngaphezu kwe-420 mu futhi ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingu-9000, isilinganiso seminyaka — ngaphezu kwekhulu, ezindala kakhulu, ngokwencazelo, zineminyaka engaphezu kwe-500.
Izithako, ukuvuna kanye nezinga lokuvuna: Iqabunga lezihlahla ezindala nezivande zedolobhana; izidingo zophawu, izikhathi kanye nezinga lokuvuna azikho emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshalwa

Isifunda: Iningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda sase-Yunxian. Empumalanga kukhona i-Lancang, ngaphesheya komfula — isifunda sase-Jingdong (景东) sesifunda sase-Puerh; eningizimu-ntshonalanga — isifunda sase-Bangdong sesifunda sase-Linxiang.
Ukuphakama: Idolobhana lihlezi ekuphakameni okuphakathi kwamamitha angu-784 no-3249. Isango libheka ibhande eliphakathi kwamamitha angu-1600 no-1800 njengelifaneleka kakhulu itiye; izivande ezindala — e-Nou ku-1653 m nase-Zhishanqing cishe ku-2100 m.
Isimo sezulu: Imvula cishe ingu-1100 mm ngonyaka, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi cishe lingu-17 °C, kunokuhlukana kwesimo sezulu ngokuya ngokuphakama. Isango liyanezela ukuthi idolobhana lihlala lisongwa ngamafu nenkungu unyaka wonke (常年云雾缭绕).
Ubukhulu bezivande: Imininingwane iyaphikisana: enye indaba yesango ibeka ama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezingu-32, enye — i-11 750 mu, kuyo ngaphezu kuka-8000 ethelayo; zombili izindaba zashicilelwa ngo-2018.
Umhlabathi: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubucwepheshe betiye elingaphansi kophawu abukho emithonjeni etholakele. Izinga le-GB/T 14456.2-2018 lichaza itiye eliluhlaza elinamaqabunga amakhulu njengomkhiqizo ovela eqabungeni litiye elinamaqabunga amakhulu, elidlule kule misebenzi:

Ukulalisa iqabunga elisha (摊青, tānqīng).
Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): Egodweni, ngomoya oshisayo noma elangeni — ngokohlobo lwetiye; kulona lwetiye lwesitimu, ukufakwa kwesitimu kusetshenziselwa ukuqinisa, hhayi ukomisa.
Ukuqedela isimo (整形, zhěngxíng).

Lesi yisikimu esijwayelekile sesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Yunxian Dachao Shan Cha.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Izincazelo zetiye eliluhlaza elingaphansi kophawu angizange ngizithole. Ngezansi kunencazelo ye-puerh evela ezihlahleni ezindala zase-Dachao Shan esangweni letiye; akekho oyihlobanise ngokusemthethweni nomkhiqizo wophawu.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusonga kuqinile futhi kukude, kuluhlaza okotshani okumnyama, kumbozwe uboya (条索壮实而长，呈墨绿色，身被绒毫).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga loketshezi: Licebile, lihlala isikhathi eside ezindongeni zenkomishi (香气浓郁，挂杯持久).
Ukunambitheka: Uketshezi luthambile futhi luyambesa, luminyene, lunezendlalelo eziningi (汤质糯滑、厚实、层次饱满); ukubaba kuhamba ngokushesha, ukuvuthwa kuzwakala kancane; ukubuya okumnandi kufika ngokushesha, ukukhiqizwa kwamathe kuhle.
Umbala woketshezi: Etiyeni elincane — uphuzi oluhlaza okotshani, okusobala, okunokukhanya okunamafutha (青黄色，通透而油亮).
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Linamanzi futhi likhulu; ihlumela elinamaqabunga, uma selinwebile, lingaba cishe uhhafu wesandla ubude; iqabunga libanzi futhi lithambile.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C; etiyeni elikhulu elinamaqabunga amakhulu elomiswe elangeni — kushise kakhulu, 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Izitsha: Igaiwan noma ingilazi yengilazi.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa izitsha.
2. Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Uketshezi lokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
4. Thela noma uphuze, ushiya ingxenye yoketshezi.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu ngokwelula isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ekugcineni okuvaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga; phuza phakathi nonyaka. Isithako esomiswe elangeni se-puerh sigcinwa ngendlela ehlukile — endaweni eyomile enomoya, futhi ngokuvamile siyagcinwa isikhathi eside.

10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa

Awekho amanani entengo yetiye eliphelele emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokwesango letiye, ngo-2015 iqabunga elisha elihle kakhulu lase-Changputang lalithengiswa ngama-yuan angu-200 ngekhilogremu, elijwayelekile — ngama-yuan angu-36.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu «云县大朝山茶» (isitifiketi № 48178167) futhi uqiniseke ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Yunxian.
- Khumbula ukuthi umkhiqizo wophawu ohlwini olutholakele yitiye eliluhlaza.
- Ungakuthathi njengeqiniso «itiye lesihlahla seminyaka eyinkulungwane»: izilinganiso zobudala bezihlahla zase-Nou ziyaphikisana ngisho nasekhasini elilodwa (isigaba 12).

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Uphawu lwase-Dachao Shan nophawu lwentaba i-Baiying Shan yesifunda esifanayo luphethwe yisikhungo esisodwa, zombili zibhaliselwe itiye eliluhlaza, futhi ukushicilelwa kokubhaliswa kwe-Dachao Shan kwaphuma ngezinsuku ezingu-52 ngaphambili: 14 Masingana uma kuqhathaniswa no-7 Ndasa 2022.
Ngokwesango, eduze kwedolobhana lase-Nou kukhula «inkosi yetiye yase-Nou» (糯伍茶树王) — isihlahla esineqabunga elinsomi, esineminyaka cishe eyinkulungwane, ubude bungu-11 m futhi umqhele ungu-13 m. Ikhasi elifanayo esigabeni esingenhla libhala ukuthi izihlahla ezineminyaka engaphezu kwe-200 eqenjini zintathu kuphela.
Ngokwesango, edolobhaneni kukhona nabantu abacebile abayizihlobo zasendle zetiye: phakathi kwezitshalo zomndeni wetiye kubalwa i-红山茶, i-白山茶, i-毛茶树, i-大茶树 kanye ne-紫叶茶.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namatiye Angomakhelwane

I-Yunxian Baiying Shan Cha (云县白莺山茶): Uphawu lwetiye lentaba i-Baiying Shan edolobhaneni lase-Manwan esifundeni esifanayo, ngomnikazi ofanayo nangomkhiqizo ofanayo — itiye eliluhlaza.
I-Xigui (昔归): Itiye ledolobhana lesifunda sase-Bangdong, esingumakhelwane we-Dachao Shan; i-athikili ye-encyclopedia yethu.
I-Lincang (临沧): I-athikili evamile ye-encyclopedia ngesifunda setiye.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Yunxian Dachao Shan Cha wuphawu lwedolobhana elisezintabeni phezu kwe-Lancang, lapho izihlahla ezindala zikhula ku-1650–2100 m, futhi umzila omdala wetiye wawuholela emakethe yase-Bangdong. Umbhalo usho kafushane: uphawu lwango-2022, umnikazi — isiteshi setiye sesifunda, umkhiqizo — itiye eliluhlaza. Uhlobo lwezihlahla, ubudala bazo, ubukhulu bezivande kanye nokunambitheka kwaziwa kuphela ngesango letiye, futhi izincazelo zalo ziyaphikisana kwezinye izindawo.

Imithombo

Amazinga

GB/T 14456.2-2018

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo