Tónglú xuěshuǐ yúnlǜ chá

I-Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha (Tónglú xuěshuǐ yúnlǜ chá, 桐庐雪水云绿茶) — itiye eliluhlaza elenziwe ngeqhumu elilodwa lomdlandla lasesifundeni sase-Tonglu (桐庐县) esifundeni sikamasipala sase-Hangzhou, esifundazweni sase-Zhejiang. Igama elithi «amanzi eghwa» liyigama lendawo, inkaba ye-Xueshuiling (雪水岭) esigodini sase-Xinhe, kanti elithi «okuluhlaza okunamafu» kungumfanekiso wezintaba ezisenkungwini. Itiye ladalwa ngo-1987. Izidingo zomkhiqizo zilichaza njengelithi «iqhumu elilodwa elinosokhele», okusho ukuthi amaqhumu agcinwa emigqeni eqondile kuzo zonke izigaba, futhi engilazini ame aqonde. Leli gama livikelwa ngophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, kanti kusukela ngo-2025 futhi njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izinga lisungulwa ubuchwepheshe obuvela ezidingweni zomkhiqizo: ukunwetshwa emgqonyeni, ukomisa kanye nokwakheka, ngaphandle kokubila noma ukufakwa komoyampilo. Uphawu oluthi «绿» egameni lesigaba alufakazeli: luyingxenye yenhlanganisela yesithombe ethi 云绿, «okuluhlaza okunamafu».
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza elinosokhele elenziwe ngamaqhumu awodwa; elinye lamatiye aqanjwe ngegama lesifunda sase-Hangzhou.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), isifunda sikamasipala sase-Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), isifunda sase-Tonglu (桐庐, Tónglú). Indawo eyinhloko — isigodi sase-Xinhe (新合乡).
Indawo evikelwe: Izigodi nezindawo eziyisishiyagalolunye zesifunda sase-Tonglu: i-Xinhe (新合), i-Zhongshan (钟山), i-Baijiang (百江), i-Hecun (合村), i-Fenshui (分水), i-Yaolin (瑶琳), i-Hengcun (横村), i-Fuchunjiang (富春江) kanye ne-Fengchuan (embhalweni kubhalwe 风川), kanti kuzo kunamadolobhana angu-59. Umfakisicelo — Inhlangano Yemboni Yetiye yesifunda sase-Tonglu (桐庐县茶叶产业协会).
Izixhumanisi zokuma: Imingcele yendawo — 119°10′–119°58′ empumalanga kanye no-29°35′–30°05′ enyakatho.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Ubukhosi bakwaTang. Ku-«Canon of Tea» (茶经, Chájīng) ka-Lu Yu kuthiwa itiye lesifunda sase-Muzhou likhula ezigodini zezintaba zesifunda sase-Tonglu. Lokhu kuwubufakazi ngetiye lesifunda jikelele, hhayi nge-Xueshui Yunlü yamanje.
- Ubukhosi bakwaSong. Imithombo yendawo icaphuna amarekhodi ebukhosini bakwaMing athi «Notes from the Six Inkstones Study» (六研斋笔记) ka-Li Rihua: sengathi kakade ngesikhathi sase-Song itiye lendawo laliyiswa enteleni. Izincwadi zezinkomba ziphinde zithi lathola indondo embukisweni womhlaba ka-1915. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kubhalwa ngokuqondile nge-«Xueshui Yunlü», kodwa igama lavela kuphela ngo-1987, ngakho kungase kube ngetiye lesifunda kuphela; imithombo yokuqala angiyibonanga.
- 1987. Itiye ladalwa ngesimo salo samanje.
- 1991. Umklomelo wokuthi «itiye elidumile lamasiko» (文化名茶) ku-International Tea Culture Festival e-Hangzhou.
- 2011–2012. Ngokwencazelo yezinkomba, ngomhla ka-20 Disemba 2011 uMnyango Wezolimo wagunyaza ukubhaliswa kophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (inombolo AGI00776); isitifiketi, ngokombiko wephephabhuku lemboni, satholwa ngo-2012. Ngakho-ke emithonjeni kutholakala zombili izinsuku.
- 2025. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lempahla yobuhlakani ngesimemezelo № 640 laqaphela i-Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo futhi lagunyaza izidingo zawo.
Igama:
- Elithi «Tonglu» (桐庐) — igama lesifunda; elithi «Xueshui» (雪水, xuěshuǐ) — «amanzi eghwa», lisuselwa enkabeni ye-Xueshuiling.
- Elithi «Yunlü» (云绿, yúnlǜ) — «okuluhlaza okunamafu»: ngokwemithombo yendawo, igama linikezwe ngoba izingadi eziseduze ne-Xueshuiling nentaba i-Tiantangshan ziphakeme, zinezinkungu ezivamile nokubanda.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Itiye eliqanjwe ngegama lesifunda sase-Tonglu; abezindaba bendawo balibiza ngokuthi «umsunguli wamatiye anosokhele» (针形茶鼻祖). Izidingo zomkhiqizo zigqamisa ukubukeka kwalo: amaqhumu aphakelwe «ame enkomishini aqonde kahle» (婷婷玉立).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izidingo zibiza izinhlobo eziyinhloko ngokuthi i-Jiukeng (鸠坑, Jiūkēng), i-Zhenong 117 (浙农117, Zhènóng 117) kanye ne-Longjing changye (龙井长叶, Lóngjǐng chángyè), kunesibekelo esithi «nezinye». Izincazelo zezinkomba zibiza nezinye izinhlobo ezifanelekile — i-Fuding dabaicha (福鼎大白茶), i-Yingshuang (迎霜), i-Wuniu zao (乌牛早), i-Longjing 43 (龙井43); abezindaba bendawo bango-2017 babhala ukuthi esigodini sase-Xinhe lenziwa ikakhulukazi nge-Wuniu zao ne-Zaofengchun (早逢春).
Ukuvuna: Intwasahlobo. Abezindaba bendawo bango-2017 babhala ukuthi e-Xinhe ukuvuna kuqala cishe ngesikhathi somkhosi we-Qingming (ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli) futhi kuphela cishe ngesikhathi se-Lixia (ekuqaleni kukaMeyi); kweminye iminyaka ukuvuna kokuqala kwabikwa kakade ngoMashi.
Izinga lokuvuna: Iqhumu elilodwa kuphela — elilinganayo, elihlanzekile nelisha. Kukhiwa «ngokuphakamisa isandla» (提手采) futhi kufakwa obhasikidini abahlanzekile abalukiwe. Izidingo zihlukanisa impahla eluhlaza ibe ngamazinga amathathu: kuwo wonke — amaqhumu aphelele ngaphandle kwamaxolo, «amaqabunga enhlanzi» kanye nezimpawu zezifo; ezingeni lokuqala aqinile, kwelesibili akukho maqhumu ansomi, kwelesithathu kuvunyelwa amaqhumu angenalutho kancane.
Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Incazelo yophawu lwezolimo ithi cishe amaqhumu ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngekhilogremu yetiye elomile. Iphephandaba lesifunda linikeza cishe ama-jin amane amaqhumu amasha kanye namaqhumu angaba ngu-26 000 nge-jin yetiye elomile — okungukuthi cishe ingxenye yamanani amaqhumu ngeyunithi yesisindo. Ukwehluka angikuxazululanga.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo, isifunda silele endaweni enezintaba eziphansi nezimaphakathi namagquma asenyakatho-ntshona ye-Zhejiang, osebeni lwemifula i-Fuchunjiang ne-Fenshuijiang (分水江). Izingadi eziyinhloko — esigodini sase-Xinhe, eduze komfudlana i-Huyuanxi (壶源溪), enkabeni ye-Xueshuiling nasentabeni i-Tiantangshan (天堂山).
Ubude bendawo yokutshala: Izidingo zikhuluma ngezindawo ezisezintabeni nasezintabeni eziphansi ngaphandle kwezinombolo. Ngokwezincazelo zezinkomba, iziqongo eziyinhloko zentaba-mkhawulo e-Xinhe — i-Longxianding (龙涎顶) ne-Shansanjian (山桑尖) — zingaphezu kwamamitha angu-900. Ubude bezivande ngokwazo abukho emithonjeni etholakele.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi, inhlabathi enesihlabathi kanye ne-loam emaphakathi — ejulile, evundile, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo, ebamba kahle amanzi nomoya. Ubukhulu bongqimba — ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-70, i-pH 4,5–6,5.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo — umngcele oseningizimu webhande le-monsoon elishisayo: izinga lokushisa lonyaka lesifunda lingu-17 °C, imvula engaba ngu-1452 mm, amahora elanga angaba ngu-1990, izinsuku ezingama-250 ezingenasithwathwa, umswakama ophansi ungama-80 %. Esigodini esisezintabeni sase-Xinhe abezindaba bendawo babiza izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo elingaba ngu-15 °C nezinkungu ezivamile.
Ubukhulu: Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo, ngo-2011 ngaphansi kwaleli tiye kwakusetshenziswa amahektha angu-3334, umkhiqizo — amathani angu-400.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Isici esiyinhloko, ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo, — «ukwakha inaliti ngeqhumu» (芽针做形, yá zhēn zuò xíng): ngesikhathi sokunwetshwa amaqhumu agcinwa emigqeni eqondile ngaphandle kokucindezela, ekomeni kokuqala nasekwakhekeni — emigqeni eqondile ngokucindezela okuncane, ukuze ikhasi elomile liphume liqondile, njengenaliti. Izidingo zomkhiqizo zibeka uchungechunge nemingcele:

Ukwenza ikhasi libune (摊青, tānqīng): Amaqhumu andalala ungqimba olungaphezu kwamasentimitha amabili ezitsheni eziyindilinga ezihlanzekile, amahora ayisi-6–12, ephendulwa ngokucophelela. Ukuvuthwa — amaqhumu athambile, ukucwebezela kuphelile, kuvele iphunga elihlanzekile.
Ukunwetshwa (杀青, shāqīng): Emgqonyeni, oshiselwe ku-250 °C, ngezikhindi ezingaba ngu-40 g, ngokuphephetha umoya lapho kuphuma. Umbala ushintsha usuka kokuluhlaza okukhazimulayo uye kokuluhlaza okumnyama, iphunga lotshani liyahamba. Izidingo ziyaxwayisa: ikhasi elinwetshiwe akumele lishiywe linqwabelene, ngoba lizo-«phuzi ukubila» futhi lonakale.
Ukomiswa kokuqala ngokuqondanisa (初焙理条, chūbèi lǐtiáo): Emshinini wokomisa nokuqondanisa, ngomoya oshisayo 125–150 °C, imizuzu eyi-8–10; ikhasi lilahlekelwa cishe amaphesenti angu-30 wesisindo futhi loma cishe izingxenye eziyisithupha kweziyishumi.
Ukwakheka (整形, zhěngxíng): Emshinini wethreyi ku-90 °C, ngama-50–70 g ithreyi ngalinye, imizuzu emi-4–5, kuze kube amaqhumu aqonda; bese kuphola.
Ukomiswa kwesibili (复焙, fùbèi): Ngomoya oshisayo 85–90 °C cishe imizuzu engu-20, kuze kufinyelele ezingxenyeni eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi zokoma.
Ukushisisa ebhodweni ukwenza iphunga (辉锅提香, huīguō tíxiāng): Ngama-250 g, ku-60–70 °C cishe imizuzu eyi-10; ngaphambi kokukhipha ibhodwe lishiselwa ku-85 °C, ukuze kuvele uboya obuncane bese kuphakama iphunga. Umswakama wetiye eliqediwe — ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-6.
Ukuhlunga (分级, fēnjí).

6. Izici Zokunambitha

Isimo sekhasi elomile: Iqhumu elilodwa elinosokhele, eliluhlaza ngobumnene (外形单芽针形，色泽嫩绿). Izincazelo zezinkomba zengeza: liqondile, licinene, licindezelwe kancane, linophoyinti olubonakalayo (紧直略扁、芽锋显露).
Iphunga lekhasi elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokuphisa: Lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (清香持久).
Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokuphaphamayo, nokubuya okumnandi (鲜爽回甘).
Umbala wokuphisa: Obala futhi okhanyayo (清澈明亮).
Amaqabunga angaphansi (ikhasi eliphisiwe): Aluhlaza ngobumnene futhi aphelele (嫩绿完整); enkomishini amaqhumu ame aqonde, aqondile.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zomkhiqizo zithi itiye licebile ngama-polyphenol nama-amino acid, futhi zibeka imingcele:

Isilinganiso	Isidingo
Umswakama	hhayi ngaphezu kuka-6,5 %
Umlotha ophelele	hhayi ngaphezu kuka-6,5 %
I-fiber emahhadlahhadla	hhayi ngaphezu kuka-12 %
Ama-amino acid	hhayi ngaphansi kuka-2,0 %
Izinto ezikhishwayo	hhayi ngaphansi kuka-36 %

Le yimingcele yokuvunyelwa, hhayi ukwakheka okukaliwe. Ayikho idatha mayelana nama-catechin ne-caffeine.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye eliluhlaza elintekenteke elenziwe ngamaqhumu.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi ende ecacile — kuyo kubonakala ukuthi amaqhumu ame aqonde.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa ingilazi.
2. Thela amanzi amancane, faka itiye, vumela amaqhumu abe manzi.
3. Thela amanzi odongeni kuze kufinyelele izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zengilazi.
4. Phuza ngemva kwemizuzu eyi-1–2, lapho amaqhumu emile.
5. Shiya ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokuphisa bese uthela amanzi; ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga angaphandle. Ngaphambi kokuvula vumela iphakethe lifudumale lifinyelele izinga lokushisa legumbi. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho idatha yezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Hlola uphawu lwendawo nokuthi umkhiqizi usesifundeni sase-Tonglu.
- Ikhasi elomile — amaqhumu kuphela anosokhele, aluhlaza ngobumnene; amaqabunga avulekile awahlangabezani nezidingo.
- Engilazini amaqhumu ame aqonde, ukuphisa kucacile futhi kukhanyayo, iphunga lihlanzekile.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Igama letiye — yigama lendawo: «amanzi eghwa» — yinkaba ye-Xueshuiling esigodini sase-Xinhe.
Isifunda sase-Tonglu sishiwo kakade ku-«Canon of Tea» ka-Lu Yu — njengendawo lapho kukhula khona itiye lesifunda sase-Muzhou.
Indawo evikelwe ihlanganisa idolobha i-Fuchunjiang, ngasemfuleni i-Fuchunjiang; usebe lwawo luboniswa kumqulu odumile ka-Huang Gongwang othi «Ukuhlala Ezintabeni Zase-Fuchun» (富春山居图).
Elinye idolobha lendawo, i-Yaolin, laziwa ngomhume we-karst.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye esifunda sase-Hangzhou

I-Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lase-Hangzhou, ikhasi licindezelwa ebhodweni libe yipuleti elibushelelezi; i-Xueshui Yunlü ineqhumu elilodwa elinosokhele.
I-Jing Shan Cha (径山茶): Itiye eliluhlaza eligoqiwe lentaba i-Jingshan enyakatho yesifunda, elinesikole esihlukile sokwakheka.
I-Qiandao Yu Ye (千岛玉叶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane sase-Chun’an, eduze kwedamu lase-Qiandaohu.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha — igama elisha endaweni endala yetiye: isifunda sishiwo kakade ngu-Lu Yu, kanti itiye ngokwalo ladalwa ngo-1987. Izidingo zalo zinemininingwane engavamile — kusukela ebunzini bongqimba ngesikhathi sokwenza ikhasi libune kuya ezingeni lokushisa lebhodwe emizuzwini yokugcina, — futhi konke kugxile emgomweni owodwa: iqhumu elilodwa kumele lihlale liyinaliti eqondile. Enkomishini lokhu kubonakala ngokushesha: amaqhumu aluhlaza ngobumnene ame aqonde, ukuphisa kucacile, iphunga lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, ukunambitheka okusha nokubuya okumnandi.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

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