Kunyumba · Tiyi wobiriwira · Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha
Tónglú xuěshuǐ yúnlǜ chá
Tónglú xuěshuǐ yúnlǜ chá · 桐庐雪水云绿茶
Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha (Tónglú xuěshuǐ yúnlǜ chá, 桐庐雪水云绿茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa masamba amodzi a m’boma la Tonglu (桐庐县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Hangzhou, m’chigawo cha Zhejiang. Dzina lakuti “madzi a chipale chofewa” ndi dzina la malo, mtsinje wa Xueshuiling (雪水岭) m’chigawo cha Xinhe, ndipo “kubiriwira kwa mitambo” ndi chithunzithunzi cha mapiri obisika ndi nkhungu. Tiyi ameneyu anapangidwa mu 1987. Zofunikira za malonda zimamufotokoza ngati “masamba amodzi ooneka ngati singano”: masamba amasungidwa m’mizere yolingana nthawi zonse, ndipo m’kapu amaimirira molunjika. Dzinali limatetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi, ndipo kuyambira mu 2025, komanso ngati malonda a geographical indication.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Gulu limakhazikitsidwa ndi ukadaulo wa zofunikira za malonda: kukhazika mu ng’oma, kuyanika ndi kupanga mawonekedwe, popanda kutenthetsa ndi kutsegula. Chizindikiro cha “绿” mu dzina la gulu sichitsimikizira: chili m’gulu la mawu ophiphiritsa 云绿, “kubiriwira kwa mitambo”.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa masamba amodzi ooneka ngati singano; mmodzi mwa tiyi otchuka a m’chigawo cha Hangzhou.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), mzinda wa Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), boma la Tonglu (桐庐, Tónglú). Dera lalikulu ndi m’chigawo cha Xinhe (新合乡).
- Dera lotetezedwa: Madera asanu ndi anayi ndi matauni a boma la Tonglu: Xinhe (新合), Zhongshan (钟山), Baijiang (百江), Hecun (合村), Fenshui (分水), Yaolin (瑶琳), Hengcun (横村), Fuchunjiang (富春江) ndi Fengchuan (m’chikalatacho chinalembedwa 风川), ndipo m’menemo muli midzi 59. Wopempha ndi Bungwe la Makampani a Tiyi la boma la Tonglu (桐庐县茶叶产业协会).
- Malo ogwira ntchito: Malire a dera ndi 119°10′–119°58′ kum’mawa ndi 29°35′–30°05′ kumpoto.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- M’zaka za m’ma 700 (Tang). Mu “Chikalata cha Tiyi” (茶经, Chájīng) cha Lu Yu, akuti tiyi wa chigawo cha Muzhou amamera m’zigwa za mapiri za boma la Tonglu. Ichi ndi umboni wa tiyi wa boma la Tonglu mwachisawawa, osati wa Xueshui Yunlü wamakono.
- M’zaka za m’ma 1000-1200 (Song). Magwero a m’deralo amagwira ntchito pa “Zolemba za ku ofesi ya Maimba Asanu ndi Limodzi” (六研斋笔记) za Li Rihua za m’zaka za m’ma 1300-1600 (Ming): kuti kale mu m’zaka za Song, tiyi wa kuno ankatumizidwa ngati msonkho. Mabuku ena amatchulanso mendulo ya pa chionetsero cha padziko lonse cha 1915. Nthawi zina izi zimalembedwa mwachindunji za “Xueshui Yunlü”, koma dzinali linaonekera kokha mu 1987, choncho n’kutheka kuti zimanena za tiyi wa boma la Tonglu basi; sindinawone magwero oyambirira.
- 1987. Tiyi anapangidwa mu mawonekedwe amakono.
- 1991. Mphotho ya “tiyi wotchuka wa chikhalidwe” (文化名茶) pa Chikondwerero cha China cha Chikhalidwe cha Tiyi ku Hangzhou.
- 2011–2012. Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa kalembedwe, pa 20 December 2011 Unduna wa Zaulimi unavomereza kalembera wa geographical indication yaulimi (nambala AGI00776); satifiketi, malinga ndi magazini ya m’makampani, inalandiridwa mu 2012. Chifukwa chake magwero amatchula masiku onse awiri.
- 2025. Bungwe la State la Intellectual Property, ndi chilengezo nambala 640, linazindikira Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha monga malonda a geographical indication ndipo linavomereza zofunikira zake.
- Dzina:
- “Tonglu” (桐庐) ndi dzina la boma; “Xueshui” (雪水, xuěshuǐ) ndi “madzi a chipale chofewa”, kuchokera ku mtsinje wa Xueshuiling.
- “Yunlü” (云绿, yúnlǜ) ndi “kubiriwira kwa mitambo”: malinga ndi magwero a m’deralo, dzinali linaperekedwa chifukwa minda pafupi ndi Xueshuiling ndi phiri la Tiantangshan ili pamwamba, m’nkhungu zambiri ndi kuzizira.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Tiyi wotchuka wa boma la Tonglu; nyuzipepala ya m’deralo imamutcha “kholo la tiyi wa masamba ooneka ngati singano” (针形茶鼻祖). Zofunikira za malonda zimagogomezera makamaka kukongola kwake: masamba ataphikidwa “amaimirira mokongola m’kapu” (婷婷玉立).
3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mitundu / Mbeu: Zofunikira zimatchula mitundu yayikulu ya Jiukeng (鸠坑, Jiūkēng), Zhenong 117 (浙农117, Zhènóng 117) ndi Longjing Changye (龙井长叶, Lóngjǐng chángyè), ndi mawu oti “ndi ina”. Kufotokozera kwa kalembedwe kumatchulanso mitundu ina yoyenera — Fuding Dabaicha (福鼎大白茶), Yingshuang (迎霜), Wuniu Zao (乌牛早), Longjing 43 (龙井43); nyuzipepala ya m’deralo ya 2017 imanena kuti m’chigawo cha Xinhe amapanga makamaka kuchokera ku Wuniu Zao ndi Zaofengchun (早逢春).
- Kuthyola: Masika. Nyuzipepala ya m’deralo ya 2017 imanena kuti ku Xinhe kuthyola kumayamba pafupi ndi chikondwerero cha Qingming (chakumayambiriro kwa April) ndipo kumathera pafupi ndi Lixia (chakumayambiriro kwa May); zaka zina za kuthyola koyamba zidanenedwa kale mu March.
- Muyezo wa kuthyola: Masamba amodzi okha — olingana, oyera ndi atsopano. Amathyola “mwa kukweza dzanja” (提手采) ndikuyika m’madengu oyera olukidwa. Zofunikira zimagawa zopangira zatsopano m’magulu atatu: mwa onse — masamba athunthu opanda mapepala obisika, “masamba a nsomba” ndi zizindikiro za matenda; mu yoyamba alinso olimba, mu yachiwiri masamba ofiirira ndi oletsedwa, mu yachitatu amaloledwa kukhala opanda kanthu pang’ono.
- Zofunikira pa zopangira: Kufotokozera kwa geographical indication yaulimi kumanena pafupifupi masamba 100,000 pa kilogalamu imodzi ya tiyi wowuma. Nyuzipepala ya boma imanena pafupifupi ma jin anayi a masamba atsopano ndi pafupifupi masamba 26,000 pa jin imodzi ya tiyi wowuma — ndiko kuti pafupifupi theka la masamba pa kulemera komweko. Kusiyana kumeneku sindinathe kukuthetsa.
4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa geographical indication yaulimi, boma lili m’dera la mapiri otsika ndi apakati ndi zitunda za kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Zhejiang, m’mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Fuchunjiang ndi Fenshuijiang (分水江). Minda yayikulu ili m’chigawo cha Xinhe, pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Huyuanxi (壶源溪), pa mtsinje wa Xueshuiling ndi phiri la Tiantangshan (天堂山).
- Kutalika kwa kulima: Zofunikira zimatchula malo amapiri ndi a m’mphepete mwa mapiri popanda manambala. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa kalembedwe, nsonga zazikulu za mapiri a ku Xinhe — Longxianding (龙涎顶) ndi Shansanjian (山桑尖) — ndi pamwamba pa 900 m. Kutalika kwa minda yokha sikunapezeke m’magwero.
- Dothi: Dothi lachikasu, dothi lopanda mchenga wambiri ndi lopanda dongo lalikulu — lozama, lachonde, lolemera ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, losunga bwino madzi ndi mpweya. Kuzama kwa dothi ndi koposa 70 cm, pH 4.5–6.5.
- Nyengo: Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa geographical indication yaulimi — malire akumwera a dera la mvula yamkuntho ya subtropical: kutentha kwapakati pachaka kwa boma ndi 17 °C, pafupifupi 1452 mm ya mvula, pafupifupi 1990 maola a dzuwa, masiku 250 opanda chisanu, chinyezi cha 80%. Kwa chigawo cha mapiri cha Xinhe, nyuzipepala ya m’deralo imatchula kutentha kwapakati pafupifupi 15 °C ndi nkhungu zambiri.
- Kukula: Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa geographical indication yaulimi, mu 2011 pansi pa tiyi ameneyu panali mahekitala 3334, ndipo zokolola zinali matani 400.
5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga
Chikhalidwe chachikulu, malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa geographical indication yaulimi, ndi “kupanga singano kuchokera ku masamba” (芽针做形, yá zhēn zuò xíng): pakukhazika masamba amasungidwa m’mizere yolingana popanda kukanikiza, pakuyanika koyamba ndi kupanga mawonekedwe — m’mizere yolingana ndi kukanikiza pang’ono, kuti tsamba lowuma likhale lomveka, ngati singano. Zofunikira za malonda zimakhazikitsa ndondomeko ndi miyeso:
- Kufowoketsa (摊青, tānqīng): Masamba amayalidwa osapyola 2 cm pa masefa ozungulira oyera, 6–12 maola, akugubuduza mosamala. Kuzindikira ndiko — masamba ndi ofewa, kunyezimira kwatha, fungo loyera laonekera.
- Kukhazika (杀青, shāqīng): Mu ng’oma, yotenthedwa mpaka 250 °C, magawo pafupifupi 40 g, ndi kuwombera mpweya panja. Mtundu umasintha kuchokera ku wobiriwira wonyezimira kupita ku wobiriwira wakuda, fungo la udzu limachoka. Zofunikira zimachenjeza: tsamba lokhazikika silingasiyidwe m’mulu, apo ayi “limachita chikasu chifukwa cha kutenthetsa” ndipo limawonongeka.
- Kuyanika koyamba ndi kugonganisha (初焙理条, chūbèi lǐtiáo): Mu makina oyanikira ndi kugonganisha, ndi mpweya wotentha wa 125–150 °C, 8–10 mphindi; tsamba limataya pafupifupi 30% ya kulemera kwake ndipo limakhala louma pafupifupi magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa khumi.
- Kupanga mawonekedwe (整形, zhěngxíng): Mu makina a m’khomo pa 90 °C, 50–70 g pa khomo, 4–5 mphindi, mpaka masamba awongoke; kenako kuzizira.
- Kuyanikanso (复焙, fùbèi): Ndi mpweya wotentha wa 85–90 °C pafupifupi mphindi 20, mpaka magawo asanu ndi anayi mwa khumi owuma.
- Kutenthetsa m’mphika kwa fungo (辉锅提香, huīguō tíxiāng): Pa 250 g, pa 60–70 °C pafupifupi mphindi 10; asanatulutse, mphika umatenthedwa mpaka 85 °C, kuti tsitsi linafewa liwonekere ndi fungo likweze. Chinyezi cha tiyi womalizidwa ndi chochepera 6%.
- Kusankha (分级, fēnjí).
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
- Maonekedwe a tsamba lowuma: Masamba amodzi ooneka ngati singano, obiriwira mofewa (外形单芽针形，色泽嫩绿). Kufotokozera kwa kalembedwe kumawonjezera: olunjika, olimba, ophwanyika pang’ono, ndi nsonga yowonekera (紧直略扁、芽锋显露).
- Fungo la tsamba lowuma: Palibe kufotokozera komwe kunapezeka m’magwero.
- Fungo la madzi: Loyera ndi lokhalitsa (清香持久).
- Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kolimbikitsa, ndi kubwerera kokoma (鲜爽回甘).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wowala ndi wonyezimira (清澈明亮).
- Tsamba pansi (tsamba lophikidwa): Lobiriwira mofewa ndi lathunthu (嫩绿完整); m’kapu masamba amaimirira molunjika, mozungulira.
7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala
Zofunikira za malonda zimanena kuti tiyi ndi wolemera ndi polyphenols ndi ma amino acid, ndipo zimakhazikitsa malire:
| Chizindikiro | Zofunikira |
|---|---|
| Chinyezi | chochepera 6.5% |
| Phulusa lonse | chochepera 6.5% |
| Ulusi wamakungu | chochepera 12% |
| Ma amino acid | osachepera 2.0% |
| Zinthu zotulutsidwa | osachepera 36% |
Awa ndi malire ovomerezeka, osati kapangidwe koyezedwa. Palibe deta ya catechins ndi caffeine.
8. Kupanga Tiyi
Mchitidwe wa gulu la tiyi wobiriwira wofewa wa masamba.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Chotengera: Kapu yayitali ya galasi — m’menemo mumawona masamba akuimirira molunjika.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsa kapu.
- Thirani madzi pang’ono, ikani tiyi, lolani masamba anyowe.
- Onjezani madzi m’mphepete mwa kapu mpaka magawo awiri mwa atatu a kapu.
- Imwani pakatha mphindi 1–2, pamene masamba aimirira.
- Siyani gawo limodzi mwa atatu la madzi ndikuwonjezera; kubwereza kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Mchitidwe wa gulu. M’paketi yotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo lachilendo. Asanatsegule, lolani paketi ifike ku kutentha kwa chipinda. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.
10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo
Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe anapezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha geographical indication ndikuti wopanga ali m’boma la Tonglu.
- Tsamba lowuma — masamba amodzi okha ooneka ngati singano, obiriwira mofewa; masamba otambasuka sagwirizana ndi zofunikira.
- M’kapu masamba amaimirira molunjika, madzi ndi owala ndi onyezimira, fungo ndi loyera.
11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- Dzina la tiyi ndi dzina la malo: “madzi a chipale chofewa” ndi mtsinje wa Xueshuiling m’chigawo cha Xinhe.
- Boma la Tonglu linatchulidwa kale mu “Chikalata cha Tiyi” cha Lu Yu — ngati malo amene tiyi wa chigawo cha Muzhou amamera.
- Dera lotetezedwa limaphatikizapo tawuni ya Fuchunjiang, pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Fuchunjiang; magombe ake ajambulidwa pa chithunzi chotchuka cha Huang Gongwang “Kukhala m’mapiri a Fuchun” (富春山居图).
- Tawuni ina ya m’derali, Yaolin, imadziwika ndi phanga la miyala ya chalk.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi ena a m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Hangzhou
- Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Tiyi wobiriwira wophwanyika wa Hangzhou, tsamba limakanikizidwa m’mphika mpaka kukhala losalala; Xueshui Yunlü ali ndi masamba amodzi ooneka ngati singano.
- Jingshan Cha (径山茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wopindika wa phiri la Jingshan kumpoto kwa chigawo, ndi sukulu ina ya kupanga mawonekedwe.
- Qiandao Yuye (千岛玉叶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma loyandikana nalo la Chun’an, pafupi ndi nyanja yosungiramo madzi ya Qiandaohu.
Pomaliza:
Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha ndi dzina latsopano pa nthaka yakale ya tiyi: boma linatchulidwa kale ndi Lu Yu, koma tiyi yekha anapangidwa mu 1987. Zofunikira zake ndi zatsatanetsatane modabwitsa — kuchokera ku makulidwe a gawo pakufowoketsa mpaka kutentha kwa mphika mphindi zomalizira, — ndipo zonse zimatsatira cholinga chimodzi: tsamba limodzi liyenera kukhala singano yowongoka. M’kapu izi zimawonekera nthawi yomweyo: masamba obiriwira mofewa amaimirira molunjika, madzi ndi owala, fungo ndi loyera ndi lokhalitsa, kukoma ndi kwatsopano ndi kubwerera kokoma.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero