Jūnlián hóngchá

Junlian Hongcha (Jūnlián hóngchá, 筠连红茶) itiye elibomvu lasesifundeni saseJunlian (筠连县) esifundeni sasedolobheni iYibin eningizimu yesifundazwe saseSichuan. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, lesifunda sasiyisizinda esikhulu setiye elibomvu laseSichuan, elaziwa kwezentengiselwano ngokuthi “Chuanhong” (川红, Chuānhóng). Uhlobo oluyinhloko olutshalwayo olwasendaweni nguZaobai Jian (早白尖, Zǎobáijiān). Leligama livikelwe uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo kusukela ngo-2014 kanye nokuqashelwa yiChina National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) ngo-2026.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — isigaba siqanjwe egameni futhi siqinisekiswa imithethonqubo yophawu.
• Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu legongfu (工夫红茶, gōngfu hóngchá) lomugqa waseSichuan weChuanhong; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
• Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), isifunda sasedolobheni iYibin (宜宾, Yíbīn), isifunda saseJunlian. Ngokwencazelo yesifunda — umngcele oseningizimu weSichuan Basin, izintaba ezisenyakatho zeYunnan-Guizhou Plateau, lapho kuhlangana khona iSichuan neYunnan.
• Indawo evikelwe — amafomula amabili:
  • Imithethonqubo yophawu lwezolimo (2014): amadolobhana nezindawo eziyi-18 kanye nemizana engama-243 yesifunda, indawo evikelwe engamahektha ayi-9200, umkhiqizo wonyaka ongamathani ayi-5000.
  • Ukuqashelwa kweCNIPA (2026): indawo yokuphatha yesifunda iyona yonke esebenzayo. Lomngcele ushintsha kanye nohlaka lokuphatha, kanti uhlu lwango-2014 luqopha amadolobhana ngamagama.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Ngokwemithethonqubo ka-2014 — 104°17′45″–104°47′20″ E, 27°50′37″–28°14′8″ N.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Itiye lasendulo. Isizindalwazi sesifunda sibuyisela ukutshalwa kwetiye endaweni emuva ezikhathini zeQin neHan, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule; i-athikili yephephandaba yango-2009 ikhuluma “ngeminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane”. Ukungezwani akuchazwa yimithombo.
  • 1951–1957. Ngokwephephandaba iZhonghua Hezuo Shibao (2009), ngo-1951 kwavulwa esifundeni esinye seziteshi eziyisikhombisa zokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe betiye elibomvu eningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe. Ngo-1957 kwaqala ukusebenza imboni yesifunda yokucubungula kokuqala; umkhiqizo ongakaqedwa wawuqedelwa embonini yetiye yaseYibin futhi uthunyelwa eSoviet Union naseMpumalanga Yurophu.
  • Isidlaliso. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950, itiye legongfu lendawo, ngokwalelo phephandaba, lalibizwa ngokuthi “赛祁红” — “elingangeni qhude neqimen”.
  • 1959. NgoSepthemba 8, ngosuku lwesizini yeBailu, kwaqoqwa imiqumbe yetiye “Jinhuang Bailu Yacha” futhi yathunyelwa eBeijing ukugubha iminyaka eyishumi yePRC.
  • 1985. Leli phephandaba libiza maphakathi nawo-1980 njengengqophamlando yetiye elibomvu yesifunda. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngokwaleli phephandaba, “Chuanhong Gongfu” yathola indondo yegolide emqhudelwaneni womhlaba wama-24 wemikhiqizo esezingeni eLisbon — umklomelo wophawu lwentengiso lweChuanhong, hhayi itiye laseJunlian ngokwehlukana. Enye i-athikili yalelo nombolo elifanayo kanye nomnyango wezolimo waseYibin bakhomba umklomelo ohlukile wango-1985 — igolide lombukiso wemikhiqizo ePanama; ukungezwani akuchaziwe.
  • 1988–1990s. Isifunda cishe saguqukela ngokuphelele etiyeni eliluhlaza; ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990, itiye elibomvu, ngokwaleli phephandaba, lalicishe layekwa ukukhiqizwa.
  • 2000s. Umlandeli wemboni yesifunda wavuselela ukukhiqizwa ngaphansi kwegama “筠连红”.
  • 2014. Uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo AGI01565; imithethonqubo — isimemezelo soMnyango Wezolimo No. 2179 sangoNovemba 18, 2014, ngokuphrintwa kabusha kwesizindalwazi esiyireferensi.
  • 2026. Ukuqashelwa ngokwesimemezelo seCNIPA No. 687.
• Igama: “Junlian” yigama lesifunda; “hongcha” itiye elibomvu.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IJunlian ibizwa ngokuthi “ikhaya leChuanhong”. Isizindalwazi esiyireferensi sikhomba futhi uphawu No. 7948508 kanye nokuvikelwa komkhiqizo ngokwesimemezelo sango-2011 No. 177; le mibhalo angiyibonanga.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

• Uhlobo: Imithethonqubo yophawu ibiza uhlobo oluyinhloko lwendawo ngokuthi “筠连早白尖”. Ngokwephephandaba lango-2009, lokhu kuyinhlobo lomdabu lwendawo, emandulo — “黄芽茶”, “itiye lemiqumbe ephuzi”; ngo-1985 iSichuan yaliqaphela njengohlobo oluthuthukisiwe, kwase kuthola isimo sikahulumeni. Umnyango wezolimo waseYibin ulubiza ngohlobo lwekloni — imithombo iyaphikisana.
• Izimpawu zohlobo: Leli phephandaba lilichaza ngamagama athi “kusenesikhathi, kuthambile, kusha”: ngaphambi komkhosi weQingming imiqumbe iphuzi-mhlophe.
• Izinga lokuqoqa: Umuqumbe owodwa onamaqabunga amabili; iqabunga liphelele, lilingana, lisha futhi lihlanzekile (imithethonqubo).
• Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Imithethonqubo ayibeki umnqamulajuqu; leli phephandaba lithi itiye lokuqala lasentwasahlobo lilungile ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli.

4. Indawo kanye nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: Izintaba zeWumengshan (乌蒙山, Wūméngshān) emngceleni oseningizimu weSichuan Basin; indawo yehlela kusuka eningizimu kuye enyakatho.
• Ukuphakama: Imithethonqubo ibiza ububanzi bendawo obungu-368–1777 m, leli phephandaba — 760–1200 m wezingadi. Ukuphakama okuqondile kwezingadi akunikwanga embhalweni.
• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi nensomi (黄壤、紫色土), pH 5.5–6.5. Imithethonqubo ifaka le ndawo endaweni yetiye elineselenium ephezulu, kodwa ayizinikezi izibalo.
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esinomswakama se-subtropical monsoon. Ngokwemithethonqubo: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-17.6 °C, imvula ingu-1200.9 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingama-344, umswakama ophakathi nendawo ungu-81%.
• Ubuciko bezolimo: Imithethonqubo idinga ukutshalwa ngemigqa emibili, ukumboza ngotshani ezingadini ezithelayo kanye nokuhluma ngesandla ngaphandle kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ezingadini ezisencane; ukukhiqizwa kuhamba ngokwezinga lendawo elithi DB511500/T/34-2011.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Umbhalo wezinga lendawo angiwubonanga. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye elibomvu legongfu, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye ngqo:

1. Ukuvutshelwa (萎凋, wěidiāo).
2. Ukusontwa (揉捻, róuniǎn).
3. I-oxidation (发酵, fājiào): Iqabunga liba mnyama libe bomvu lethusi.
4. Ukumiswa ngemililo emibili: okokuqala (毛火, máohuǒ) nokokugcina (足火, zúhuǒ).

Ngalesi tiye isifunda sibhala kanje: iqabunga lisha, i-oxidation ilinganiselwe, ukumiswa kokuqala kuyashesha futhi kushisa, ukuphola kuyashesha futhi kuphelele, “kuze kufike enhliziyweni”, kanti ukumiswa kokugcina kuthatha isikhathi eside. Ukumiswa kokugcina okusheshayo kubhekwa njengephutha: ngaphandle iqabunga lomile, ngaphakathi limanzi. Ngomlilo onamandla isifunda sixhumanisa “ugcwele, oqinile futhi osha” isimilo setiye. Ngokwephephandaba lango-2009, ngesikhathi sokuvuselela babuyisela ukuvutshelwa kwemvelo futhi bethula i-oxidation elawulwa izinga lokushisa.

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Incazelo ngokwemithethonqubo yophawu (2014):

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: Lisongwe ngokuqinile, limnyama futhi licwebezela, lilingana (紧结乌润、匀整).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lengxube: Limnandi, lijulile, lihlala isikhathi eside (甜香浓郁、持久). Isifunda silibiza ngephunga le-orenji-caramel (橘糖香, jútáng xiāng).
• Ukunambitheka: Kusha futhi kuthambile, nokubuya okumnandi (鲜醇回甘).
• Umbala wengxube: Ubomvu, ugqamile, obala, nonqenqema lwegolide (红亮清澈带金边).
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Libomvu ngokulingana futhi ligqamile (红匀亮).

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Imithethonqubo yophawu ibeka imingcele ephansi yetiye eliqediwe:

Isinkomba	Isidingo
Ama-polyphenols etiye	okungenani 9%
Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini	okungenani 35%

Eminye imininingwane ye-physicochemical ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
• Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
• Itsha: Igaiwan noma ibhodwe le-porcelain; enkomishini emhlophe kubonakala unqenqema lwegolide.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza itsha.
  2. Thela amanzi etiyeni.
  3. Ukumnika kokuqala — cishe umzuzu owodwa.
  4. Khipha ingxube ngokuphelele.
  5. Phinda, wandise kancane isikhathi sokunika.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, emaphaketheni aqinile, kude namaphunga.

10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo mbumbulu

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Uzibamba kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
  • Bheka uphawu lwendawo: igama “筠连红茶” kanye nophawu olujwayelekile lophawu lwezolimo lwendawo.
  • Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseJunlian.
  • Iqabunga — liminyene, limnyama futhi licwebezela; ingxube — ibomvu, obala, nonqenqema lwegolide.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

• Isifunda sicaphuna isaga: “天子未尝黄芽茶，百草不敢先开花” — kuze kube yilapho iNdodana Yezulu ingakazinambithanga “itiye lemiqumbe ephuzi”, utshani abunasibindi sokuqhakaza kuqala. Ngokwesiko, leli tiye lalithunyelwa enkantolo.
• Ngokwephephandaba lango-2009, ngo-1957 imboni yanciphisa ukuvutshelwa futhi yakwazi ukwenza itiye elibomvu eligayiwe lokuthumela ngaphandle kusuka eqabungeni eliluhlaza ebangeni lesithupha nelesikhombisa — ngokuphikisana nombono wokuthi eqabungeni lasehlobo nelasekwindla akukwazi ukukhiqizwa itiye elihle.
• Maphakathi nawo-1980 yona leyo mboni yayikhiqiza futhi itiye elimnyama elicindezelweyo iKangzhuan (康砖, kāngzhuān).
• Ezihlokweni ezimbili zenombolo efanayo yephephandaba amagama athi “IJunlian yikhaya leChuanhong” anikezwe uProfesa Liu, kodwa igama libhalwe ngendlela ehlukile: 吕元福 no吕允福.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu

• Chuanhong Gong Fu (川红工夫): Uphawu lwentengiso lwaseSichuan, lapho iJunlian yayiyisizinda esikhulu; iJunlian Hongcha ingumkhiqizo wesifunda onendawo yawo kanye nemithethonqubo.
• Qi Men Hong Cha (祁门红茶): Isilinganiso esivela esidlalisweni “sai Qihong”.
• Dian Hong Gongfu (滇红工夫): Igongfu yaseYunnan evela ezitshalweni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu.
• Yibin Zao Cha (宜宾早茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasekuqaleni lesifunda esifanayo sasedolobheni iYibin.

Ekuphetheni:

IJunlian Hongcha itiye elibomvu lesifunda, okwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka lanikezela ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ekuthumeleni ngaphandle kwaseSichuan ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile elithi Chuanhong, lacishe lalahlekelwa itiye elibomvu ngeminyaka yama-1990 futhi lalibuyisa ngeminyaka yama-2000. Imithethonqubo yophawu ilichaza ngokunembile: uhlobo lwendawo iZaobai Jian, umuqumbe onamaqabunga amabili, iqabunga elimnyama eliminyene, iphunga elimnandi elihlala isikhathi eside kanye nengxube ebomvu ecacile enonqenqema lwegolide. Umlando walo waziwa ikakhulukazi ngemibhalo yamaphephandaba neyesifunda.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №687

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo