I-Damiaoshan Hongcha (Dàmiáoshān hóngchá, 大苗山红茶) itiye elibomvu lase-Rongshui Miao Autonomous County (融水苗族自治县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Liuzhou enyakatho ye-Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. I-大苗山 isho “izintaba ezinkulu zamaMiao,” okuyigama lomlando lale ndawo. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingamathisipuni endawo: izihlahla ezindala, itiye lasendle, kanye nezitshalo ezikhethiwe ezivela kuzo. Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2020 igama liyinkomba yezolimo yendawo, ngo-2023 kwamukelwa izinga leqembu lalo, kwathi ngo-2025 langena ohlwini lwemikhiqizo enenkombandlela yendawo ye-CNIPA.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elibiliswe ngokuphelele. Isigaba siqanjwe egameni; uMnyango Wezolimo wase-Guangxi (2024) uchaza umkhiqizo njengetiye elibomvu le-gongfu (工夫红茶, gōngfu hóngchá), futhi kuyo yonke imichazelo yobuchwepheshe etholakele kunokubila.
- Isigaba: Inkomba yezolimo yendawo (2020), umkhiqizo onenkomba yendawo ye-CNIPA (2025); kusukela ngo-2024 usohlwini lwemikhiqizo yezolimo edumile, ekhethekile, esezingeni, nemisha yezwe.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, i-Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), umasipala wase-Liuzhou (柳州, Liǔzhōu), i-Rongshui Miao Autonomous County (融水, Róngshuǐ).
- Indawo evikelwe: Isifunda sonke — izigodi namadolobhana angama-20 kanye nemiphakathi engama-206 ekuwo: i-Rongshui, i-Hemu, i-Sanfang, i-Huaibao, i-Dalang, i-Dongtou, i-Yongle, i-Danian, i-Liangzhai, i-Gongdong, i-Hongshui, i-Baiyun, i-Tonglian Yao Township, i-Wangdong, i-Gandong, i-Gunbei Dong Township, i-Xiangfen, i-Sirong, i-Antai kanye ne-Anchui. Uhlu lunikezwe esithasiselweni sesaziso se-CNIPA futhi luphindwe ekuchazeni kabusha okuyireferensi kwencazelo yenkomba; lapho futhi isilinganiso sokuvikelwa singamahektare ayi-13 000 namathani angu-5000 ngonyaka.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 108°34′–109°27′ empumalanga kanye no-24°49′–25°43′ enyakatho.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando: Umlando weminyaka yakamuva unikezwe uphiko lwezolimo lwesifunda embikweni wango-2021.
- Kusukela ngo-2008 iminyango yesifunda nesifundazwe icwaninga ngemithombo yetiye yendawo.
- 2013. UMnyango Wezolimo wagunyaza endaweni isiza sokulondoloza izakhi zofuzo zetiye lasendle lase-Yuanbaoshan Mountain endaweni yemvelo; ngaleso sikhathi kwakhiwa isizinda sesifunda sesikhungo sikazwelonke sobunjiniyela nobuchwepheshe bemboni yetiye e-Liuzhou, kwaqala nokukhethwa kwetiye lendawo.
- 2018. Kwaphuma incwadi ethi «柳州融水九万山古茶树研究» — ngezihlahla ezindala zase-Jiuwanshan Mountain.
- 2020. Ekupheleni kukaZibandlela uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemaphandleni wabhalisa inkomba (inombolo AGI03234; izinga leqembu libhekisela esazisweni sikamongameli ongu-378 sango-2020). NgoSepthemba 2021 izimboni ezinhlanu zazivunyelwe ukusebenzisa uphawu.
- 2023. Ngo-19–21 Julayi emhlanganweni wesayensi nasekuhlolweni kwetiye esifundeni izinkampani eziyishumi nambili zathola ilungelo lophawu; lapho kwaxoxwa ngezinga leqembu. Ngo-28 Julayi kwaphuma izinga leqembu T/LZBX 023-2023 «农产品地理标志 大苗山红茶» le-Liuzhou Standards and Technology Association (柳州市标准技术协会). Ngokwesifinyezo, liqukethe indawo evikelwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwamazinga ngamasampula ayisilinganiso, izidingo, izindlela zokuhlola, ukumakwa nokugcinwa. Umbhalo wezinga angiwubonanga.
- 2024. Itiye langena ohlwini lwesibili lwango-2024 lwemikhiqizo yezolimo edumile, ekhethekile, esezingeni, nemisha yezwe (全国名特优新农产品名录).
- 2025. Ngesaziso se-CNIPA ongu-640 sango-16 Julayi imikhiqizo eyi-1409, kuhlanganise ne-Damiaoshan Hongcha, yaqashelwa njengemikhiqizo enenkomba yendawo.
- Igama: «Damiaoshan» (大苗山) — «izintaba ezinkulu zamaMiao», «hongcha» (红茶) — «itiye elibomvu». Igama liqamba isifunda, hhayi uhlobo noma isimo seqabunga.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Okubhalwe nguMnyango Wezolimo wase-Guangxi (2025) kukhuluma ngesizinda sabafundi besikole emzaneni wamaMiao wase-Yubu (雨卜苗寨) esigodini sase-Xiangfen: ezifundweni kufakwe isiko lamaMiao lokwenza «打油茶» — ukwenza “itiye lamafutha” — kanye nokukhiqiza itiye ngesandla.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: Uhlobo oluqanjiwe alukho emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokwencazelo yesifunda (2021), izinto ezisetshenziswayo yizihlahla zakudala zase-Jiuwanshan Mountain (九万山, Jiǔwànshān), itiye lasendle lase-Yuanbaoshan Mountain (元宝山, Yuánbǎoshān), izihlahla ezindala emizaneni yamaMiao, kanye nezitshalo ezingcono kakhulu ezikhethwe kule mithombo. Imithombo ka-2024 no-2025 ibiza imigqa emithathu yomkhiqizo: itiye lezihlahla zakudala zase-Jiuwanshan, itiye lasendle lase-Yuanbaoshan, kanye netiye lezihlahla ezindala zesifunda sase-Rongjiang (融江, Róngjiāng).
- Ukuvuna: Azikho izikhathi emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Ngokwencazelo yenkomba, izingadi zise-Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, ezintabeni zasempumalanga ze-Miaoling Range (苗岭, Miáolǐng). Ihlathi limboza ngaphezu kuka-80% wendawo; imithombo ka-2024 no-2025 inika u-81.77%.
- Isimo sezulu: Encazelweni yenkomba — imvula eningi, ukuhlangana kwenkathi yemvula nefudumele, ilanga elilinganayo, amafu nezinkungu ezivamile; ngokombono wabaqambi, lokhu kusiza ekuqongeleleni kwama-amino acid, ushukela, nezinto ezikhishwayo. Umthombo ka-2024 wengeza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku. Azikho izinombolo zamazinga okushisa nemvula emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: 400–1300 m — encazelweni yenkomba nasemthonjeni ka-2025.
- Umhlabathi: Uhlobo lomhlabathi alukho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isilinganiso somkhakha: Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda ka-2022 — izinkundla zetiye ezingama-36 000 mu (1 mu ilingana namamitha-skwele angaba ngu-667), amathani angu-782 etiye elomile kanye nezimboni nama-cooperative angu-22; ngokwemithombo ka-2024 no-2025 — izinkundla ezifanayo ezingama-36 000 mu, kuzo ezingama-25 000 mu zikhiqiza isivuno, namathani angu-990 etiye elomile ngonyaka. Ukuchazwa kabusha okuyireferensi kwencazelo yenkomba kubiza “isilinganiso sokukhiqiza sika-2020” ngama-mu angu-195 000 namathani angu-5000. Lokhu kuyisilinganiso sokuvikelwa — amahektare ayi-13 000 — futhi kukhulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunesilinganiso sezingadi esibikwa yisifunda.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ngokomthombo woMnyango Wezolimo wase-Guangxi (2025), itiye lenziwa ngokulandelana okulandelayo: ukubuna elangeni (晒青), ukusonga, ukubilisa, ukomisa. Ngonyaka owedlule umnyango ofanayo wabiza isigaba sokuqala ngokubuna okuvamile (萎凋) — imithombo iyaphikisana lapha. Akukho mthombo onikeza imingcele; umbiko wesifunda ka-2021 ukhuluma kuphela “ngobuchwepheshe obukhethekile.” Izidingo zomkhiqizo zifakwe ezingeni leqembu lika-2023, kodwa umbhalo walo angiwubonanga.
- Ukubuna (萎凋 — wěidiāo; emthonjeni ka-2025 — elangeni, 晒青 — shàiqīng): Iqabunga lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama libe lithambile.
- Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Amangqamuzana eqabunga ayaphuka, ujusi uphumela ngaphandle.
- Ukubilisa (发酵 — fājiào): I-oxidation kuze kube umbala obomvu wethusi.
- Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào): Kumisa i-oxidation.
Izincazelo zezigaba ziyisikimu esijwayelekile setiye elibomvu, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Damiaoshan Hongcha.
6. Izici Zokuzwa
Incazelo engezansi ivela ekuchazeni kabusha okuyireferensi kwencazelo yenkomba.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusongeka okuqinile nokuncane, kumnyama kunokucwebezela (条索紧结，色泽乌润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokuphisa: Limnandi futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (香气甜香持久). Lapho futhi nasemibikweni yesifunda — iphunga “loju noshukela” (蜜糖香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi, kuthambile, kusha futhi kuvuselela (滋味甜醇、鲜爽); isifunda sibhala ngokunambitheka okugcwele nokuyindilinga (口感醇厚).
- Umbala wokuphisa: Ubomvu futhi ukhanya (汤色红亮); esifundeni — ubomvu ngokugqamile (汤色红艳).
- Isisefo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Kubomvu futhi kukhanya (叶底红、明亮).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Ukuchazwa kabusha okuyireferensi kwencazelo yenkomba kunikeza izinkomba eziyinhloko zekhwalithi:
| Inkomba | Inani |
|---|---|
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | okungenani 36 % |
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | okungenani 9 % |
| Isamba sama-amino acid akhululekile | okungenani 3.5 % |
| Enye inkomba | 4–6 % |
Igama lenkomba yesine lilahlekile embhalweni wekhasi, futhi ngeke ngiliqagele. Umthombo wokuqala angiwubonanga; lokhu kuyinkomba ene-attribution, hhayi umthetho.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma itepoti le-porcelain.
- Inqubo:
- Ukufudumeza isitsha.
- Ukufaka itiye.
- Ukusheshisa ukugeza iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese ukuchitha.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20.
- Ukukhipha konke.
- Ukuphisa kabusha izikhathi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa, ngakunye kude kancane kunokwedlule.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, epakishwe ngokuqinile, kude nephunga nomswakama.
10. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukwazi ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwenkomba yendawo «大苗山红茶»: ngo-2023 ilungelo lokulusebenzisa latholwa izinkampani eziyishumi nambili zesifunda.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela e-Rongshui Miao Autonomous County.
- Iqabunga elomile — ukusongeka okumnyama okuqinile nokucwebezelayo, ukuphisa — kubomvu futhi kukhanya, iphunga — limnandi, linenothi loju.
11. Amaqiniso Ahehayo
- Ohlwini lwendawo kunezigodi ezimbili ezinezincazelo zezinhlanga — eyamaYao neyamaDong. Kanye nesimo samaMiao sesifunda lokhu kusho ukuthi indawo ihlanganisa izindawo zezizwe eziningana zasemaphandleni, hhayi eyodwa.
- Itiye lasendle lase-Yuanbaoshan Mountain kusukela ngo-2013 livikelwa njengegciwane lezakhi zofuzo endaweni yemvelo — futhi liwumunye wemigqa emithathu yezinto ezisetshenziswayo.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu ase-Guangxi
- I-Baise Hongcha (百色红茶): Igama lesifunda entshonalanga ye-Guangxi; linochwepheshe oqanjiwe — i-Lingyun Baihao, kanti i-Damiaoshan Hongcha izinto ezisetshenziswayo zichazwa ngendawo nobudala bezihlahla.
- I-Lingyun Hong Cha (凌云红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Lingyun lohlobo olufanayo lwe-Lingyun Baihao.
- I-Longji Hong Cha (龙脊红茶): Itiye elibomvu lasezintabeni zase-Longji enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Guangxi, nalo livela ezihlahleni ezindala.
- I-Sanjiang Lü Cha (三江绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Sanjiang kumasipala ofanayo wase-Liuzhou — ukuqhathanisa ngesigaba.
- I-Jinxiu Hongcha (金秀红茶): Itiye elibomvu lase-Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County ezintabeni zase-Dayao Mountain — elinye igama elendawo evikelwe ehlangana nesifunda esizimele sasezintabeni sase-Guangxi.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Damiaoshan Hongcha itiye elibomvu lezintaba zamaMiao enyakatho ye-Guangxi elivela ezintweni zendawo: izihlahla ezindala zase-Jiuwanshan, itiye lasendle lase-Yuanbaoshan, nezitshalo ezikhethiwe ezivela kuzo. Incazelo yenkomba iyinika ukusongeka okumnyama okuqinile, ukuphisa okubomvu okukhanyayo, iphunga elimnandi elihlala isikhathi eside, nokunambitheka okuthambile nokusha; izingadi zisendaweni ephakeme ngo-400–1300 m phakathi kwamahlathi amboza ngaphezu kuka-80% wesifunda.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo