Bǎisè hóngchá

I-Baise Hongcha (Bǎisè hóngchá, 百色红茶) — itiye elibomvu lesifunda sikaMasipala wase-Baise (百色市) entshonalanga ye-Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, emngceleni we-Yunnan ne-Vietnam. Leli yigama lesifunda: indawo evikelwe ihlanganisa izifunda eziyishumi namadolobha, kodwa hhayi wonke, kodwa izigodi namadolobhana angama-39 kanye nemizana eyi-118 kuzo. Impahla eluhlaza — uhlobo lwendawo lwe-Lingyun Baihao (凌云白毫茶), futhi luyohlobo lukahulumeni lwe-Huacha No. 26. Kusukela ngo-2016 igama liyinkomba yezolimo yendawo, ngo-2024 kwakhishelwa lona indinganiso yeqembu, kwathi ngo-2025 langena ohlwini lwemikhiqizo enezinkomba zendawo ze-CNIPA.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), eline-oxidized ngokuphelele. Isigaba siqanjwe egameni nasegameni lendinganiso yeqembu yango-2024.
Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Guangxi; inkombandlela yezolimo yendawo (2016) kanye nomkhiqizo onenkombandlela yendawo ohlwini lwe-CNIPA (2025).
Imvelaphi: I-China, i-Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), uMasipala wase-Baise (百色, Bǎisè).
Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesimemezelo sikaNgqongqoshe wezoLimo No. 2384 (2016) — izigodi namadolobhana angama-39 kanye nemizana yokuphatha eyi-118 ezifundeni eziyishumi, amadolobha nezifunda zesifunda: i-Youjiang (右江), i-Pingguo (平果), i-Debao (德保), i-Jingxi (靖西), i-Napo (那坡), i-Lingyun (凌云), i-Leye (乐业), i-Tianlin (田林), i-Longlin (隆林) ne-Xilin (西林).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 104°42′–107°48′ empumalanga, 22°53′–25°02′ enyakatho.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Imibhalo yasekuqaleni. Ngokwencazelo yenkomba, imibhalo ebhaliwe ngokutshalwa kwetiye esifundeni iqala ngeminyaka ye-Hongzhi (弘治) yoMbusi u-Xiaozong woBukhosi bakwa-Ming — kusukela ngo-1488. Kuthiwa futhi esifundeni kugcinwe izihlahla eziningi zetiye ezindala zasendle.
- 1970–1980. Ngokwencazelo efanayo, i-Baise yayiyisizinda sikahulumeni sokukhiqiza itiye elibomvu elisikiwe lokuthumela ngaphandle (红碎茶).
- 2001. Ngokwencazelo yenkomba, «itiye elibomvu le-gongfu, ibanga lokuqala» lathola igolide emqhudelwaneni we-III Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wamatiye Adumile.
- 2009–2014. Ngokwencazelo yenkomba, emiqhudelwaneni ye-VIII–X ye-«Zhongcha Bei» (中茶杯) ka-2009–2013, kusuka emiklomelweni ephezulu engama-79 eqenjini letiye elibomvu ezweni lonke, eziyi-15 zazitholwa amatiye ase-Baise, kanti emiqhudelwaneni ye-I–III ye-«Guoyin Bei» (国饮杯) ka-2010–2014 — eziyi-15 kwezingama-42.
- 2016. UNgqongqoshe wezoLimo ngesimemezelo No. 2384 sangoMashi 31, 2016 wabhalisa i-Baise Hongcha eqenjini lokuqala lezinkomba zezolimo zendawo zalowo nyaka. Umfakisicelo — isikhungo sokuthuthukisa itiye sesifunda (百色市茶叶开发中心); inombolo yenqubo yekhwalithi yobuchwepheshe — AGI2016-01-1855.
- 2024. NgoMeyi 21, ngoSuku Lwetiye Lomhlaba, i-Guangxi Tea Industry Association yakhipha izindinganiso zeqembu i-T/TEAGX 006-2024 «Umkhiqizo wezolimo onenkombandlela yendawo. I-Baise Hongcha» kanye ne-T/TEAGX 007-2024 ngobuchwepheshe bokuphrosesa kwayo; zombili zisebenza kusukela ngoJuni 21, 2024. Ngokwamagama, eyokuqala ibeka izidingo zomkhiqizo, eyesibili — izidingo zobuchwepheshe bokuphrosesa. Umbhalo wezindinganiso angiwubonanga.
- 2025. Igama langena ohlwini lwemikhiqizo enezinkomba zendawo, olugunyazwe isimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 640.
Igama: «Baise» (百色) — igama likamasipala wesifunda; «hongcha» (红茶) — «itiye elibomvu».
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ibhrendi yesifunda phezu kwamatiye ezifunda eziyishumi namadolobha; ngeminyaka yawo-1970–1980 isifunda, ngokwencazelo yenkomba, sasiyisizinda sikahulumeni setiye elibomvu elisikiwe lokuthumela ngaphandle.

3. Incazelo Ye-Botanical kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo: I-Lingyun Baihao (凌云白毫茶) — ngo-1985 yamukelwa yikhomishini kahulumeni yezinhlobo zezitshalo zezolimo eqenjini lokuqala lezinhlobo zetiye zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwegama le-Huacha No. 26 (华茶26号), inombolo GS13026-1985. Ngokwencazelo yenkomba, iqabunga lalolu hlobo lincane futhi lithambile, uboya obuningi kakhulu, amahlumela amakhulu.
Amabanga ahlukene ohlotsheni olulodwa. Nge-Lingyun Baihao benza kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu — bheka isigaba 13. Nge-Baise Hongcha benza elibomvu ngalo.
Indinganiso yokukha nezikhathi: Imininingwane ayitholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Ngokwencazelo yenkomba:

Ukwakheka komhlaba: Ushintsho olusuka e-Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau luye emagqumeni ase-Lingnan. Maphakathi kunesigodi soMfula i-Youjiang, ezinhlangothini kunezintaba; eningizimu kugcwele izintaba ze-limestone, enyakatho — izintaba ezinomhlabathi othambile.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: 600–1800 m.
Izindawo zesimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon sihlukaniswe lapha izindawo ezintathu — isigodi esifudumele nesishisayo sase-Youjiang, izintaba ezifudumele ngokuphakathi enyakatho naseningizimu, kanye nezindawo eziphakeme ezipholile. Izingadi ikakhulukazi zisezindaweni ezifudumele ngokuphakathi.
Isimo sezulu sendawo efudumele ngokuphakathi: Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi ngonyaka 18–20 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa izinsuku ezingama-340–350, ukukhanya kwelanga amahora angama-1400–1600 ngonyaka, imvula 1600–1700 mm. Ubusika bufudumele, umehluko wezinga lokushisa lobusuku nomini mkhulu.
Ihlathi nomswakama: Ukumbozwa kwehlathi cishe 75 %, umswakama ophakathi wonyaka womoya 80 %, inkungu evamile.
Inhlabathi: I-red soil e-pheni nasema-slate, inhlabathi ephuzi-ebomvu nephuzi, ukujula okungaphezu kwe-1 m, ikakhulukazi i-loam.

Inkomba yenhlabathi	Inani
pH	4,5–6,5
Izinto eziphilayo	20–35 g/kg
I-nitrogen ephelele	0,6–1,0 g/kg
I-phosphorus ephelele	0,35–0,80 g/kg
I-potassium ephelele	8–15 g/kg
I-potassium etholakalayo	40–80 mg/kg

Incazelo yenkomba ithi inhlabathi inothile nge-selenium, kodwa ayizinikezi izinombolo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe bubekwa yindinganiso yeqembu i-T/TEAGX 007-2024; umbhalo wayo angiwubonanga, ngakho angizinikezi amapharamitha. Ngezansi — uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye elibomvu le-gongfu, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye ngqo:

Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Iqabunga lilahlekelwa umswakama futhi libe lithambile.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Amaseli eqabunga ayaphuka, ijusi liphumela phezulu.
I-oxidation (发酵, fājiào): Iqabunga liba bomvu, kwakheka ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin.
Ukumisa (干燥, gānzào): I-oxidation iyamiswa, iqabunga liyomiswa.

Ngeminyaka yawo-1970–1980 isifunda, ngokwencazelo yenkomba, sasenza itiye elibomvu elisikiwe lokuthumela ngaphandle, kanti umklomelo ka-2001 unikezwe itiye elibomvu le-gongfu.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Ngokwencazelo yenkomba:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imichilo eminyene, emikhulu, umbala omnyama ocwebezelayo, amathiphu esagolide abonakala kahle (色泽乌润，金毫显露，条索紧结肥壮).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayitholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokuphisa: Limnandi, linephunga elicacile «loboya» (甜香，浓毫香显).
Ukunambitheka: Kunothile, kunamandla futhi kusha, kumnandi ngokuthambile, nokubuya okumnandi (浓强鲜爽，甜醇回甘). Itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuphiswa okuningi.
Umbala wokuphisa: Obomvu ogqamile, ocacile (红艳明亮).
Ingaphansi letiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Elibomvu, elicwebezelayo, elilinganayo (红亮匀整).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izindinganiso ze-physicochemical azitholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele; izidingo zekhwalithi zibekwa yindinganiso yeqembu yango-2024, engingayibonanga. Incazelo yenkomba ithi itiye linothile nge-selenium nange-«zinto zangaphakathi» (内含物丰富), kodwa ayizinikezi izinombolo.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
Izitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
Inqubo:
1. Ukushisisa izitsha.
2. Ukubeka itiye.
3. Ukuhlambulula ngokushesha iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uyawachitha.
4. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20 ku-gaiwan noma cishe umzuzu ku-teapot.
5. Ukuthulula konke ukuphisa.
6. Ukuphinda, ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphisa.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, ephaketheni eliqinile, kude nephunga nomswakama.

10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa

Imininingwane ngezintengo ayitholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele.

Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Ukufuna uphawu lwenkomba yezolimo yendawo nokuhlola ukuthi izinto ezingavuthiwe zivela endaweni — imizana eyi-118 yezifunda eziyishumi zesifunda sase-Baise.
- Ukungadidanisi namagama ezinga lesifunda: i-Lingyun Baihao inokubhaliswa kwayo.
- Iqabunga — imichilo emnyama eminyene enamathiphu esagolide, ukuphisa — okubomvu okugqamile.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ububanzi be-longitude bendawo — bungaphezu kwamadigri amathathu, kodwa kuvikelwe kuyo kuphela imizana eyi-118.
Ngaphakathi kwendawo kunesifunda sase-Lingyun — indawo yokuzalwa kohlobo kanye negama elivikelwe elihlukile. Amagama avikela imikhiqizo ehlukene, awahlukanisi umhlaba.
Izindinganiso zeqembu zegama zakhishelwa ngoMeyi 21, 2024, ngoSuku Lwetiye Lomhlaba, ephaketheni elilodwa nomthethonqubo wobuchwepheshe wokuphrosesa itiye elimnyama laseNtshonalanga Guangxi (桂西黑茶).

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye

I-Lingyun Hongcha (凌云红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Lingyun kusuka ohlotsheni olufanayo; umkhiqizo wesifunda, kanti i-Baise Hongcha — igama lesifunda, lapho i-Lingyun ingena khona njengesinye sezifunda eziyishumi.
I-Lingyun Lücha (凌云绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza kusuka ohlotsheni olufanayo — isibonelo sokuthi i-Lingyun Baihao ingena kanjani ezigabeni ezahlukene.
I-Zhaoping Hongcha (昭平红茶): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lempumalanga ye-Guangxi.
I-Qimen Hongcha (祁门红茶): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu elidume kakhulu e-China, elivela esifundazweni sase-Anhui.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Baise Hongcha — itiye elibomvu lesifunda lasentshonalanga ye-Guangxi: igama elilodwa phezu kwezifunda eziyishumi, imizana eyi-118 nokuphakama kusuka ku-600 kuye ku-1800 m, uhlobo olulodwa — i-Lingyun Baihao — nokubhaliswa kwango-2016. Imibhalo ikuchaza ngokuningiliziwe ezingeni lomhlaba — isimo sezulu, inhlabathi, izixhumanisi — futhi kancane ezingeni lenkomishi: imichilo emnyama eminyene enamathiphu esagolide, ukuphisa okubomvu okugqamile, ukubuya okumnandi. Izinombolo zekhwalithi — kusezingeni lika-2024.