I-Jinxiu Hongcha (Jīnxiù hóngchá, 金秀红茶) itiye elibomvu laseJinxiu Yao Autonomous County (金秀瑶族自治县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wedolobha iLaibin esifundazweni saseGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Isifunda sisesentabeni iDayaoshan (大瑶山) nesiqongo sayo esikhulu iShengtangshan (圣堂山, 1979 m); izintaba zithatha cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zendawo yaso. Ekupheleni kuka-2014 igama lathola isitifiketi sokukhomba indawo yezolimo (agricultural geographical indication), kwathi ngo-2025 iChina National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) yaliqaphela njengomkhiqizo onokukhomba indawo (product with geographical indication). Umbhalo wokuvikela udinga iqabunga elimnyama elicwebezelayo nelilinganayo, ukukhanya okubomvu okugqamile kwetiye, kanye nephunga elimnandi elinamanothi oju nezimbali.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) isigaba siqanjwe egameni uqobo, futhi umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka ubuchwepheshe betiye elibomvu: ukubuna, ukusonga, ukuvutshelwa, ukomiswa.
- Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu laseGuangxi; isikhombi sendawo yezolimo (2014) kanye nomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo (2025).
- Imvelaphi: IChina, iGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), umasipala wedolobha iLaibin (来宾, Láibīn), iJinxiu Yao Autonomous County (金秀, Jīnxiù).
- Indawo evikelwe: Isithasiselo sesimemezelo se-CNIPA sibala izigodi namadolobhana ayishumi esifunda iJinxiu, iLuoxiang, iDazhang, iSanjiao, iSanjiang, iTongmu, iZhongliang, iChangdong, iLiuxiang kanye neToupai kanye namakomidi omphakathi angama-77 kuzo.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 109°50′–110°27′ E, 23°40′–24°28′ N ngokwesithasiselo esifanayo.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- I-Chajing. Isifunda sibhala ukuthi iJinxiu ingelinye lezindawo zetiye ezingama-42 ezishiwo kuChajing kaLu Yu (陆羽).
- Inkathi yobukhosi beQing. Ngokwezincazelo zesifunda nekhathalogi yemikhiqizo yaseGuangxi, itiye laseBainiu (白牛茶) lasesigodini saseLuoyun esigodini saseLuoxiang kanye netiye laseDongwen lalethwa enkantolo njengomnikelo. Igama lesibili imithombo ilibhala ngezindlela ezahlukene: 东温茶 kanye ne冬温茶.
- Inkathi yeRiphabhuliki. Isifunda sicaphuna umlando wesifunda saseXiangxian (象县志): okuhle kakhulu yiQingshan tea yasesigodini saseZhongping, eluhlaza okotshani futhi linephunga elimnandi, iDongwen tea yasesigodini saseDazhang kanye neYao tea yezintaba zaseYaoshan enombala obomvu kancane, 微红, onambitheka wawo ungashintshi uma itiye lihlezi ubusuku bonke. Izindawo zaseQingshan, eDongwen naseYaoshan, ngokwesifunda, manje zingaphakathi kweJinxiu. Ukucaphuna kudluliswa ngokuhluka: ekhasini lesifunda ukunambitheka kuthiwa 香滑, kukhathalogi yemikhiqizo yaseGuangxi kuthiwa 香清.
- 2011. Ngokombiko ka-2025, isifunda kusukela kulo nyaka saqala ukwandisa imboni yetiye ngenhloso.
- 2014. Ekupheleni konyaka igama lathola isitifiketi sokukhomba indawo yezolimo soMnyango Wezolimo (inombolo AGI01554). Ngonyaka ofanayo itiye laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo kazwelonke wokuvikelwa kwemvelaphi yemvelo (国家生态原产地保护产品) lolu olunye uhlelo, hhayi isikhombi sendawo.
- 2018. Langena ohlwini lokuqala lwemikhiqizo yezolimo yaseGuangxi.
- 2020. NgokweGuangxi Daily, emqhudelwaneni we-X wokuhlola ikhwalithi yetiye kuzwelonke iZhongchabei, imiklomelo yegolide yatholwa yimikhiqizo emithathu yeJinxiu Hongcha.
- 2025. I-CNIPA ngesimemezelo esinguNombolo 640 yaliqaphela igama njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo phakathi kwemikhiqizo eyi-1409 yesimemezelo esisodwa. Abezindaba bakaMeyi 2025 bayadida: babhala ngokuqashelwa kabili kuka-2014 bese kuthi ngaso leso sikhathi bathi isifunda sisazohambisa isicelo.
- Igama: IJinxiu (金秀) yigama lesifunda; ihongcha (红茶) yitiye elibomvu.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IJinxiu iyisifunda esizimele sabantu bakwaYao. Ngokushicilelwa kweXinhua (2025), amaYao asezintabeni zaseDayaoshan kudala eqoqa futhi enza itiye lokuphuza nsuku zonke.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo: Ngokombhalo wokuvikela izinhlobo ezikhethiwe ezifanele itiye elibomvu kanye nendawo yendawo yetiye lasendle: iBainiu (白牛茶), iDongwen (东温茶), izihlahla ezindala zaseLiuxiang (六巷古茶). Umbhalo awubali izinhlobo eziqanjwe ngamagama.
- Izihlahla zasendle nezindala: Ngokwesifunda, eJinxiu kunemiphakathi eminingi yetiye lasendle, kanti iminyaka yezihlahla ezindala ezithile, ngokwesilinganiso sochwepheshe, isukela emakhulwini ambalwa kuya enkulungwaneni yeminyaka. NgokweXinhua, esifundeni kunemiphakathi emine emikhulu yezihlahla ezindala, kuhlanganise naseShangguchen, eLiuxiang naseBainiu emithambekeni yeShengtangshan; uphenyo lwenziwa kanye neSouth China Agricultural University.
- Itiye laseBainiu: Ikhathalogi yemikhiqizo yaseGuangxi ilibiza ngohlobo oluyivelakancane futhi oludumile (名枞珍稀品种).
- Indinganiso yokukha: Ngokombhalo ikakhulukazi ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili noma elilodwa; kukhiwa ngamaqoqo, ngezikhathi eziningana, kushiywa amaqabunga esihlahleni ngokuya ngamandla neminyaka yaso. Umbhalo awusho izikhathi; iGuangxi Daily ikhuluma ngokukhiwa kwentwasahlobo nekwindla.
4. Indawo kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Izintaba zaseDayaoshan enkabeni yeGuangxi, eduze nasempumalanga. Isiqongo esikhulu yiShengtangshan, 1979 m; nxazonke kunesiqiwu sikahulumeni.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwekhathalogi yemikhiqizo yaseGuangxi 500–1979 m; ukushicilelwa kweGuangxi Administration for Market Regulation (2024) kubhala ukuthi izingadi zivame ukuba se-1000–1200 m. Isikhungo sesifunda, ngokweXinhua, sisekuphakameni okungaba ngu-800 m, eduze neTropic of Cancer.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwekhathalogi sithambile, sinemvula, futhi nomswakama womoya uphakeme. Izinombolo azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Umhlabathi: Ngokombhalo une-asidi encane, i-pH 4.5–6.5, ujulile, uyavuleka, ukhishwa kahle amanzi, futhi unezinto eziphilayo. Uhlobo lomhlabathi alushiwongo embhalweni.
- Ihlathi: Ngokwesifunda, ukuminyana kwehlathi kungu-87.99%, futhi kuwo wonke ama-mu engadi kukhona ama-mu angama-56 ehlathi.
- Indawo nokukhiqizwa: Imininingwane iyahluka. IGuangxi Daily (2020) icishe ibe ngu-60 000 mu ezigodini eziyisishiyagalombili kweziyishumi, 120 million yuan; iGuangxi Administration for Market Regulation (2024) ekupheleni kuka-2023 ithi 39 000 mu ezigodini eziyisikhombisa, 1192 t, cishe 143 million yuan; abezindaba baka-2025 ngokwesifunda bathi 55 000 mu, cishe 200 million yuan kanye nama-1192 t afanayo.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka uhlelo lweqabunga elisha, ukubuna, ukusonga (noma ukusonga ngokusika), ukuvutshelwa, ukomiswa kanye nemingcele yalo:
- Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Okwemvelo egumbini elipholile nelinomoya noma ezitsheni. Ungqimba esitsheni alukho ngaphezu kuka-12 cm ngesikhathi esibandayo nesinemvula kanye no-20 cm ngesikhathi esishisayo nesomile, ku-20–30 °C; ngaphansi kuka-20 °C umoya uyafudunyezwa.
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kuqala ngaphandle kwengcindezi, bese kuba nengcindezi, kuze kuphume ubisi futhi imicu isonge; isigaxa siyehlukaniswa, iqabunga liyapholiswa bese kusongwa futhi.
- Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào): Egumbini elihlukile ku-22–26 °C nomswakama cishe 95%, amahora angu-5–8, ngokuphendulwa kabili noma kathathu. Kuphela lapho iqabunga linombala wethusi olinganayo, iphunga lotshani selinyamalele futhi kuvele iphunga elimnandi lehabhula elivuthiwe.
- Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): Kabili. Okokuqala ungqimba olucishe lube ngu-1 cm, umoya oshisayo 105–115 °C, imizuzu engu-20–25, bese kuba yimizuzu engu-40 yokupholisa; okwesibili ungqimba olucishe lube ngu-2 cm, 90 °C, imizuzu engu-15–20.
6. Izici zezwa
Incazelo ivela embhalweni wokuvikela, ngaphandle kokuthi kushiwo ngenye indlela.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicu noma imicwecwe, elinganayo, emnyama futhi icwebezela (外形（条形、颗粒）匀整，色泽乌润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lotshwala: Limnandi, linamanothi oju nezimbali (香气浓郁，突显蜜韵花香); umbhalo awucacisi ukuthi leli leqabunga elomile noma lotshwala.
- Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile futhi kugcwele, nobumnandi obubuyayo (滋味醇厚回甜).
- Umbala wotshwala: Ubomvu ogqamile, ocwebezelayo (汤色红艳明亮). IGuangxi Administration for Market Regulation (2024) iwubiza ngokuthi obomvu noma ophuzi osagolide (茶汤金黄清秀).
- Amacembe asezansi (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zomzimba namakhemikhali zombhalo wokuvikela:
| Isinkomba | Indinganiso |
|---|---|
| Umlotha | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5% |
| Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilika emanzini | kungabi ngaphansi kuka-35% |
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile | kungabi ngaphansi kuka-2% |
Ngokombiko wokukhishwa komkhiqizo we圣堂山1979 (2025), i-theaflavin kuwo ingu-3.1%; le yimininingwane yomkhiqizo owodwa evela embikweni wezindaba, hhayi indinganiso yegama. Ayikho imininingwane nge-caffeine emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukwenza itiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Igaiwan noma imbiza yobumba.
- Inqubo:
- Fukamisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Ukugeza okufushane kungakhethwa.
- Ukucwiliswa kokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa.
- Thela konke, ungashiyi itiye emanzini.
- Ukuphinda kane noma kuhlanu ngokwandisa isikhathi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, emaphaketheni aqinile, kude namaphunga.
10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa
Ayikho imininingwane yezintengo emithonjeni etholakele. NgokweGuangxi Daily (2020), abathengi abavela eFujian, eZhejiang, eGuangdong naseGuangxi uqobo bathenga itiye lendawo ngaphandle kokupakisha futhi balithengisa ngaphansi kwemikhiqizo yabo.
- Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu lokukhomba indawo futhi uhlole ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela eJinxiu Yao Autonomous County.
- Ungadidanisi neDayaoshan sweet tea (大瑶山甜茶): lona ngumkhiqizo ohlukile ovikelwe wesifunda esifanayo, futhi wenziwa hhayi ngesihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Umkhiqizo we圣堂山1979 uqanjwe ngesiqongo esikhulu seDayaoshan nokuphakama kwaso.
- NgokweGuangxi Administration for Market Regulation (2024), ohlangothini lwenkomishi umbala wotshwala unikeza umphetho osagolide, igolide ring (金圈).
- Isifunda esizimele sasentabeni njengendawo yegama letiye sivela eGuangxi izikhathi eziningi: iRongshui Miao Autonomous County ineDamiaoshan Hongcha (大苗山红茶).
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu aseGuangxi
- I-Zhaoping Hongcha (昭平红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseZhaoping empumalanga yeGuangxi kusukela ohlotsheni lweFuyun 6 (福云六号).
- I-Lingyun Hongcha (凌云红茶): Itiye elibomvu lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeGuangxi kusukela ohlotsheni lweLingyun Baihao (凌云白毫).
- I-Baise Hongcha (百色红茶): Igama lesifunda letiye elibomvu laseBaise entshonalanga yeGuangxi, nalo linohlu oluqondile lwezigodi endaweni.
Ekuphetheni:
IJinxiu Hongcha itiye elibomvu lesifunda samaYao ezintabeni zaseDayaoshan, lapho ihlathi lithatha cishe izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi zendawo, kanti isiqongo esikhulu siphakama ngo-1979 m. Umbhalo wokuvikela ka-2025 ubeka izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela ezinhlotsheni ezikhethiwe netiye lasendle lendawo, ukukhiwa kwehlumela elinamaqabunga amabili noma elilodwa nobuchwepheshe betiye elibomvu, kanti etiyeni eliqediwe kulindeleke iqabunga elimnyama elicwebezelayo, umbala obomvu ogqamile wotshwala nephunga loju nezimbali.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo