Pǔ'ān sìqiú chá

Pu’an Siqiu Cha (Pǔ’ān sìqiú chá, 普安四球茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Pu’an (普安县) m’chigawo cha Qianxinan-Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture kumwera chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Guizhou, wopangidwa kuchokera ku masamba a mtundu wapadera wa chomera cha tiyi, tiyi wa mipata inayi 四球茶 (Camellia tetracocca Zhang). Dzinali limatetezedwa kawiri: kuyambira 2016 monga chida chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha madera, ndipo kuyambira 2017, ndi chizindikiro cha satifiketi ya madera. Muyezo wa chigawo umafotokoza tiyi motere: “zingwe” zolemera zofanana zopanda ubweya, zobiriwira zonyezimira, madzi obiriwira owoneka bwino, fungo lanthunzi lokhuthala, kukoma kwapang’onopang’ono kokhala kwa nthawi yayitali. Malinga ndi akuluakulu a chigawo, ku Pu’an kumera mitengo yopitilira 20,000 ya 四球茶.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosapangidwa fermentation. Gulu limakhazikitsidwa ndi muyezo DB52/T 1163-2016: “普安四球茶” ndi tiyi wobiriwira wopangidwa kuchokera ku masamba atsopano a 四球茶 m’malo otetezedwa. Mtundu wa chomera umatchulidwa m’dzinali, ndipo gulu limakhazikitsidwa ndi muyezo.
Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira waku Guizhou; chida chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha madera (2016) ndi chizindikiro cha satifiketi ya madera (2017).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), Qianxinan-Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture (黔西南, Qiánxīnán), boma la Pu’an (普安, Pǔ’ān).
Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi muyezo, magawo khumi ndi awiri a boma la Pu’an m’malire ake amakono: matauni a Louxia (楼下镇), Qingshan (青山镇), Xindian (新店镇), Luohan (罗汉镇), Digua (地瓜镇), Jiangxipo (江西坡镇), Longyin (龙吟镇) ndi Xingzhong (兴中镇), mafumu a Gaomian (高棉乡) ndi Baisha (白沙乡), malo a Nanhu (南湖街道) ndi Panshui (盘水街道).
Malo ogwirizana: Pakati pa boma, pafupifupi 25.8° N ndi 105.0° E.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Mbewu yosanduka mwala. Malinga ndi boma la boma (2024), mu 1980, m’malire a maboma a Pu’an ndi Qinglong, m’mapiri a Yuntoushan (云头山), adapeza mbewu ya tiyi yosanduka mwala; Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology ya Chinese Academy of Sciences idazindikira kuti ndi mbewu ya 四球古茶. Zaka za chinthucho zatchulidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi magwero: portal ya chigawo (2019) imalemba za “mamiliyoni angapo a zaka”, oyang’anira zachikhalidwe ndi zokopa alendo a chigawo (2021) amanena kuti ndi ya kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Tertiary ndi Quaternary, ndipo nkhani ya mndandanda wa Qinglong Lücha imatchula pafupifupi zaka 1.64 miliyoni. Kusiyana kumeneku sindinathe kukonza.
- Dzina la mtundu. Malinga ndi zofalitsidwa ndi oyang’anira zachikhalidwe ndi zokopa alendo a chigawo (2021), dzina la 四球茶 linaperekedwa ndi pulofesa wa Sun Yat-sen University Zhang Hongda potengera mawonekedwe a mitengo ikuluikulu ya tiyi ya ku Pu’an; chaka chake sichinatchulidwe.
- 2016 - chizindikiro cha madera. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) yolemba nambala 63 ya 2016 idateteza Pu’an Siqiu Cha monga chida chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha madera. Muyezo wa chigawo DB52/T 1163-2016 udavomerezedwa pa 22 December 2016 ndipo ukugwira ntchito kuyambira 21 June 2017.
- 2017 - chizindikiro. Malinga ndi uthenga wopanda chaka, boma linalandira zidziwitso za kulandira mapempha a zizindikiro zake zoyamba za madera - 普安红茶 ndi 普安四球茶. Malinga ndi tebulo la oyang’anira zaumwini wa chigawo cha Guizhou (2022), chizindikiro cha “普安四球茶” chinavomerezedwa pa 28 December 2017, mwini wake ndi bungwe la tiyi la boma la Pu’an (普安县茶叶协会).
Dzina: 普安 (Pǔ’ān) ndi dzina la boma; 四球 (sìqiú) ndi “mipata inayi,” kutengera chipatso cha mipata inayi cha mtundu; 茶 (chá) ndi tiyi.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi boma la boma (2024), mu July 2017, China International Tea Culture Research Association idapatsa Pu’an udindo wa “Dera la Chikhalidwe cha Tiyi cha China.” Portal ya chigawo (2024) imatcha 四球古茶 ya Pu’an “chosalala chamoyo chomwe chingamwedwe.”

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito

Mtundu: 四球茶 - Camellia tetracocca Zhang, mtundu wokhazikika wa kumeneko wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ang’onoang’ono ngati mtengo ndi chipatso cha mipata inayi. Muyezowo umafuna chimodzimodzi: zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi masamba atsopano a mtundu uwu.
Chiwerengero: Malinga ndi wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema yachigawo (2023), mitengo yakale ya 四球茶 imamera m’matauni onse khumi ndi anayi ndi malo a boma, yonse pamodzi ndi yopitilira 20,000, ndipo zikwi zingapo mwa izo ndi zazaka zopitilira chikwi; zolemba zina za 2023 zimatchula mitengo yopitilira 3000 yazaka zopitilira chikwi. Sizikutchulidwa momwe amayeza zaka.
Kubereketsa: Malinga ndi muyezo, njira ya vegetative, kupatula mitengo yakale. Kubzala kumachitika kuyambira September mpaka February, osapitirira zitsamba 60,000 pa hekitala.
Nthawi yotola: Kuyambira kumapeto kwa March mpaka kumayambiriro kwa May.
Muyezo wa kutola: Mphukira ndi masamba awiri (一芽二叶) ndi mphukira ndi masamba atatu (一芽三叶). Masamba ayenera kukhala ofewa, ofanana, atsopano komanso oyera.

4. Malo ndi Mphamvu Zake

Dera: Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Guizhou, boma la Pu’an.
Kutalika kwa malo olimapo: 1000–2000 m malinga ndi muyezo.
Nyengo: Malinga ndi muyezo, nyengo yachinyontho ya mafunde a subtropical monsoon: kutentha kwapakati pachaka 13.7 °C, mvula 1395.3 mm, kuwala kwa dzuwa maola 1528.3 pachaka, nthawi yopanda chisanu masiku 290.
Dothi: Lachikasu kapena lofiirira lachikasu, pH 5.0–7.0, organic matter yosachepera 1.0%, kuya kosachepera 40 cm.

5. Njira Yopangira

Muyezowo umapereka ndondomeko yaifupi ya magawo anayi; magawo omwe ali pansipa ndi ochokera m’ndondomeko yake.

Kuyala (摊放, tānfàng): Wosanjikiza wa 3–6 cm, maola 4–6, masamba ofewa nthawi yayitali. Kukonzeka ndi chinyezi 65–70%, masamba ofewa, amdima pang’ono, ndi fungo lopepuka loyera.
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): 200–240 °C, mphindi 4–6 - mpaka masamba asinthe kuchoka ku mtundu wobiriwira kukhala wobiriwira wakuda ndi wofewa, sangagwirane m’manja, ndipo fungo loyera liwonekere; pasakhale kutenthedwa.
Kupanga mawonekedwe (做形, zuòxíng): Muyezowo supereka magawo; malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa maonekedwe, masamba amapangidwa kukhala “zingwe.”
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): Mpaka chinyezi chosapitirira 7.0% - mpaka masamba angathe kusweka kukhala ufa pakati pa zala.

Tiyi womalizidwa amagawidwa m’magulu atatu: wapamwamba, woyamba ndi wachiwiri. Pa gulu lililonse pali chitsanzo chakuthupi chomwe chimasinthidwa zaka ziwiri zilizonse.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Malinga ndi muyezo DB52/T 1163-2016, za gulu lapamwamba.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: “Zingwe” zolemera ndi zothina, zofanana, zobiriwira zonyezimira, zopanda ubweya (条索重实，匀整绿润，无毫); gulu lachiwiri ndi lofanana pang’ono komanso lobiriwira chabe.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Simunafotokozedwe payokha ndi muyezo.
Fungo la madzi: Lokhuthala, lolemera, lalitali (浓香馥郁高长); gulu lachiwiri ndi lokhuthala lokhalitsa.
Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kofewa, kotsitsimula, kokhala ndi kukoma kotalikira (鲜醇、爽口，回味悠长); gulu lachiwiri ndi lofewa komanso latsopano.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wonyezimira ndi wowala, tiyi amatha kupirira madzi ambiri (淡绿明亮，耐泡).
Masamba otayidwa: Mphukira ndi masamba ofewa ndi ofanana, obiriwira, onyezimira komanso “amoyo” (芽叶嫩匀，绿亮、鲜活).

7. Mankhwala

Zofunikira za thupi ndi mankhwala malinga ndi muyezo:

Chizindikiro	Chofunikira
Madzi otulutsa	≥ 39.0 % (wapamwamba), ≥ 38.5 % (woyamba), ≥ 38.0 % (wachiwiri)
Catechins	≥ 6.5 %
Ulusi wokhuthala	≤ 14.0 %
Fumbi	≤ 1.0 %
Chinyezi	≤ 7.0 %
Phulusa lonse	≤ 6.0 %

Izi ndi malire a muyezo, osati miyeso ya mabatani ena. Muyezowo umapereka zina zotsalira ku muyezo wa tiyi wobiriwira GB/T 14456.1. Palibe deta yokhudza caffeine, ma amino acid ndi minerals a tiyi uyu m’magwero omwe tapeza.

8. Kuwira

Njira yachikhalidwe ya tiyi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Chidebe: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera - amawonetsera madzi obiriwira.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa chidebe.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete.
3. Kuzama koyamba patatha masekondi 40–60.
4. Mwani, kusiya gawo lina la madzi.
5. Onjezerani madzi.
6. Kubwereza kuwira kawiri kapena katatu; muyezowo umanena kuti gulu lapamwamba limapirira madzi ambiri.

9. Kusunga

Njira yachikhalidwe ya tiyi wobiriwira. Mu zotengera zotsekedwa, mu furiji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Kwa wopanga, muyezowo umafuna kusunga tiyi m’chipinda chapadera chosungira malo ozizira ndipo umapereka nthawi ya kusunga miyezi 24.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe deta yamtengo m’magwero omwe tapeza.

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chovomerezeka cha madera ndi chizindikiro cha “普安四球茶.”
- Fufuzani kuti wopanga ndi wa boma la Pu’an komanso kuti masamba akuchokera ku gawo limodzi la magawo khumi ndi awiri.
- Masamba owuma ndi “zingwe” zobiriwira zopanda ubweya, madzi ndi obiriwira onyezimira.
- Musasokoneze ndi Pu’an Hongcha: iyi ndi tiyi wofiira wokhala ndi chizindikiro chake, ngakhale amapangidwanso kuchokera ku 四球茶.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

M’dzina la tiyi wotetezedwa, pafupi ndi malo pali mtundu wa zomera - 四球茶.
Kukonzeka kwa tiyi muyezowo umayesa ndi manja: masamba ayenera kusweka kukhala ufa.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wa ku Guizhou

Pu’an Hongcha (普安红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa boma lomwelo ndi chizindikiro chake; amapangidwa kuchokera ku masamba a 四球茶.
Pu’an Gushu Lü (普安古树绿): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma lochokera ku mitengo yakale yopanda chizindikiro; zogwiritsidwa ntchito zake zimaphatikizapo 四球古茶.
Qinglong Lücha (晴隆绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma loyandikana, komanso ndi chizindikiro cha madera ndi mbiri yomweyo ya mbewu yosanduka mwala.

Pomaliza:

Pu’an Siqiu Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira womwe umateteza osati malo okha, komanso mtundu wa zomera: umapangidwa kuchokera ku masamba a tiyi wamipata inayi Camellia tetracocca, womwe umamera ku Pu’an m’magulu akuluakulu akale. Muyezo wa 2016 umaufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane - malo a matauni khumi ndi awiri ndi malo, kutalika kwa 1000–2000 m, kukhazikitsa pa 200–240 °C, “zingwe” zobiriwira zopanda ubweya, madzi obiriwira, fungo lokhuthala ndi kukoma kwatsopano kofewa. Maonekedwe ndi njira pano zikhoza kufotokozedwa malinga ndi chikalata, osati malonda.