Pǔ'ān sìqiú chá

I-Pu’an Siqiu Cha (Pǔ’ān sìqiú chá, 普安四球茶) — itiye eliluhlaza lasePu’an County (普安县) eQianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseGuizhou, lenziwe ngeqabunga lohlobo olukhethekile lwesitshalo setiye — itiye elinezihlava ezine 四球茶 (Camellia tetracocca Zhang). Igama livikelwa kabili: kusukela ngo-2016 njengomkhiqizo onesiginali yendawo futhi kusukela ngo-2017 — ngophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo. Izinga lesifundazwe lichaza itiye kanje: “imisonto” esindayo nesawubunye ngaphandle koboya, eluhlaza okukhazimulayo, ukumnika okukhanyayo okuluhlaza okotshani, iphunga eliminyene neliphakeme, ukunambitheka okuqabulayo nokuthambile nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside. Ngokwemininingwane yeziphathimandla zesifundazwe, ePu’an kukhula izihlahla zetiye ezingaphezu kuka-20 000 ze四球茶.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), alivutshelwanga. Ikilasi limiswe yizinga DB52/T 1163-2016: “i-Pu’an Siqiu Cha” — itiye eliluhlaza elenziwe ngeqabunga elisha le四球茶 endaweni evikelwe. Uhlobo luqanjwe egameni, ikilasi limiswa yizinga.
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza laseGuizhou; umkhiqizo onesiginali yendawo (2016) kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2017).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), i-Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (黔西南, Qiánxīnán), i-Pu’an County (普安, Pǔ’ān).
Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwezinga — amayunithi ayishumi nambili ePu’an County emingceleni yamanje yokuphatha: amadolobhana i-Louxia (楼下镇), i-Qingshan (青山镇), i-Xindian (新店镇), i-Luohan (罗汉镇), i-Digua (地瓜镇), i-Jiangxipo (江西坡镇), i-Longyin (龙吟镇) ne-Xingzhong (兴中镇), izigodi i-Gaomian (高棉乡) ne-Baisha (白沙乡), izindawo zasedolobheni i-Nanhu (南湖街道) ne-Panshui (盘水街道).
Izixhumanisi zokuma: Isikhungo sesifunda — cishe u-25.8° enyakatho kanye no-105.0° empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Imbewu eyisamenti. Ngokwemininingwane kahulumeni wesifunda (2024), ngo-1980 emngceleni wezifunda zasePu’an neQinglong, ezintabeni zaseYuntoushan (云头山), kwatholakala imbewu yetiye eyisamenti; iNanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology ye-Chinese Academy of Sciences yayihlonza njengembewu ye四球古茶. Iminyaka yokutholakala imithombo ikubiza ngezindlela ezahlukene: ingosi yesifundazwe (2019) ibhala “ngezigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka”, uphiko lwamasiko nezokuvakasha lwesifunda (2021) lubhekisela esikhathini se-Tertiary sekwephuzile kanye ne-Quaternary, kuyilapho i-athikili yochungechunge ngeQinglong Lücha inikeza isilinganiso esicishe sibe yizigidi ezingu-1.64 zeminyaka. Ukungafani angikuxazululanga.
- Igama lohlobo. Ngokwe-publication yophiko lwamasiko nezokuvakasha lwesifunda (2021), igama elithi 四球茶 lanikezwa uprofesa we-Sun Yat-sen University uZhang Hongda ngokwezimpawu zezihlahla ezinkulu zetiye zasePu’an; unyaka i-publication ayiwusho.
- 2016 — isiginali yendawo. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo № 63 sika-2016 yavikela i-Pu’an Siqiu Cha njengomkhiqizo onesiginali yendawo. Izinga lesifundazwe DB52/T 1163-2016 lamukelwa ngomhla ka-22 Disemba 2016 futhi lisebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-21 Juni 2017.
- 2017 — uphawu. Ngokombiko ongenalo unyaka, isifunda sathola izaziso zokwamukela izicelo zezimpawu zaso zokuqala zokuma — i-普安红茶 ne-普安四球茶. Ngokwethebula elifinyeziwe le-Guizhou Intellectual Property Administration (2022), uphawu “普安四球茶” lwavunyelwa ngomhla ka-28 Disemba 2017, umnikazi — inhlangano yetiye yasePu’an County (普安县茶叶协会).
Igama: 普安 (Pǔ’ān) — igama lesifunda; 四球 (sìqiú) — “amabhola amane”, ngokwesithelo esinezihlava ezine zohlobo; 茶 (chá) — itiye.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwemininingwane kahulumeni wesifunda (2024), ngoJulayi 2017 i-China International Tea Culture Research Association yanikeza iPu’an isihloko esithi “Izwe le-Chinese Tea Culture”. Ingosi yesifundazwe (2024) ibiza iPu’an 四球古茶 “ngezinsalela eziphilayo ezingaphuzwa”.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Uhlobo: 四球茶 — i-Camellia tetracocca Zhang, uhlobo olungatholakali kwenye indawo olunesimo sokukhula esifana nesihlahla esincane kanye nesithelo esinezihlava ezine. Izinga lifuna kona ngokuqondile: izinto zokusetshenziswa — iqabunga elisha lalolu hlobo.
Inani: Ngokombiko we-radio nethelevishini yesifundazwe (2023), izihlahla ezindala ze四球茶 zikhula kuzo zonke izindawo eziyishumi nane zesifunda, seziphelele zingaphezu kuka-20 000, futhi izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zazo zingaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane ubudala; enye i-publication ka-2023 ibiza izihlahla ezingaphezu kuka-3000 ezindala kuneminyaka eyinkulungwane. Indlela yokuhlola i-publication ayiyisho.
Ukusabalalisa: Ngokwezinga — ngendlela yokutshala ngezitho zomzimba ngaphandle kwezihlahla ezindala. Ukutshala — kusukela ngoSeptemba kuya kuFebhuwari, hhayi ukuminyana ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingama-60 000 ngehektha.
Isikhathi sokukha: Kusukela ekupheleni kukaMashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.
Izinga lokukha: Ihlumela elinamacembe amabili (一芽二叶) kanye nehlumela elinamacembe amathathu (一芽三叶). Iqabunga kufanele libe lincane, lilingane, lisha futhi lihlanzekile.

4. Indawo Nezici Zokulima

Isifunda: Iningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuizhou, iPu’an County.
Ukuphakama kokulima: 1000–2000 m ngokwezinga.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokwezinga — isimo sezulu esinomswakama se-subtropical monsoon: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi lingu-13.7 °C, imvula ingu-1395.3 mm, ukukhanya kwelanga kungamahora angu-1528.3 ngonyaka, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa — izinsuku ezingama-290.
Inhlabathi: I-yellow noma i-yellow-brown, i-pH 5.0–7.0, izinto eziphilayo azingaphansi kuka-1.0 %, ubukhulu bengqimba abungaphansi kuka-40 cm.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izinga libeka uhlelo olufushane lwezigaba ezine; imingcele engezansi — isuka kusithasiselo salo.

Ukunaba (摊放, tānfàng): Ungqimba 3–6 cm, amahora 4–6, iqabunga elincane — isikhathi eside. Ukulungela — umswakama 65–70 %, iqabunga lithambile, lifiphele kancane, linephunga elihlanzekile elilula.
Ukulungiswa kokushisa (杀青, shāqīng): 200–240 °C, imizuzu 4–6 — kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lisuka kokuluhlaza okusha liya kokuluhlaza okumnyama futhi lithambe, esandleni alihlangani ibhola futhi kuphume iphunga elihlanzekile; akufanele kube khona ukusha.
Ukubumba isimo (做形, zuòxíng): Imingcele izinga aliyinikezi; ngokwencazelo yesimo iqabunga lithola isimo “semisonto”.
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): Kuze kube umswakama ongaphansi kuka-7.0 % — kuze kube yilapho iqabunga likwazi ukugaywa libe impuphu ngeminwe.

Itiye eliqediwe lihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: eliphakeme, elokuqala nelesibili. Esigabeni ngasinye kugcinwa isilinganiso somzimba, esishintshwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili.

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Ngokwezinga DB52/T 1163-2016, esigabeni esiphakeme.

Isimo seqabunga elomile: “Imisonto” isindayo futhi iminyene, ilingana, iluhlaza okukhazimulayo, ngaphandle koboya (条索重实，匀整绿润，无毫); esigabeni sesibili — ilingana kakhulu futhi imane iluhlaza.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izinga alilichazi ngokwehlukana.
Iphunga lokumnika: Liminyene, ligcwele, liphakeme futhi lide (浓香馥郁高长); esigabeni sesibili — liminyene futhi liqinile.
Ukunambitheka: Okuqabulayo nokuthambile, okuvuselelayo, nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside (鲜醇、爽口，回味悠长); esigabeni sesibili — kuthambile futhi kusemusha.
Umbala wokumnika: Uluhlaza okotshani futhi ukhanyayo, itiye limelana nokugaywa kaningi (淡绿明亮，耐泡).
Izindawo zetiye (iqabunga elidliwayo): Ihlumela namacembe kuncane futhi kulingana, kuluhlaza, kukhazimulayo futhi “kuphilile” (芽叶嫩匀，绿亮、鲜活).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zomzimba namakhemikhali zezinga:

Isilinganiso	Isidingo
I-extract yamanzi	≥ 39.0 % (eliphakeme), ≥ 38.5 % (elokuqala), ≥ 38.0 % (elesibili)
Ama-catechin	≥ 6.5 %
I-fiber eqinile	≤ 14.0 %
Uthuli	≤ 1.0 %
Umswakama	≤ 7.0 %
Umlotha ophelele	≤ 6.0 %

Lezi yizingqinamba zezinga, hhayi izilinganiso zeqoqo elithile. Ezinye izilinganiso zizinga lizidlulisela ezingeni elijwayelekile letiye eliluhlaza i-GB/T 14456.1. Imininingwane nge-caffeine, ama-amino acid kanye namaminerali aleli tiye ngokuqondile emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

8. Ukuphisa

Inqubo yesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe — kuzo kubonakala ukumnika okuluhlaza okotshani.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa izitsha.
2. Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
3. Ukumnika kokuqala — emva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokumnika.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu; izinga liyaphawula ukuthi isigaba esiphakeme simelana nokugaywa kaningi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Inqubo yesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Ekufakweni okuvalekile, esiqandisini ngo-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga. Ngomkhiqizi izinga lidinga ukuthi itiye ligcinwe endaweni ekhethekile yokupholisa futhi linikeza isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi sezinyanga ezingu-24.

10. Intengo Namanga

Imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

Ungawagwema kanjani amanga:
- Bheka uphawu olusemthethweni lwesiginali yendawo kanye nophawu “普安四球茶”.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowasePu’an County nokuthi iqabunga livela kwelinye lamayunithi ayishumi nambili endawo.
- Iqabunga elomile — “imisonto” eluhlaza esindayo ngaphandle koboya, ukumnika — kuluhlaza okotshani futhi kukhanyayo.
- Ungadidanisi ne-Pu’an Hongcha: leli itiye elibomvu elinophawu oluhlukile, nakuba lenziwa futhi ngeqabunga le四球茶.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Egameni letiye elivikelwe eduze nendawo kukhona uhlobo lwezitshalo — 四球茶.
Ukulungela kwetiye izinga likuhlola ngezandla: iqabunga kufanele likwazi ukugaywa libe impuphu.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseGuizhou

I-Pu’an Hongcha (普安红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda esifanayo elinophawu oluhlukile; lenziwa futhi ngeqabunga le四球茶.
I-Pu’an Gushu Lü (普安古树绿): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda elivela ezihlahleni ezindala ngaphandle kokuboshwa kuphawu; ezintweni zalo zokusetshenziswa kufakwa ne四球古茶.
I-Qinglong Lücha (晴隆绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane, nalo linesiginali yendawo nomlando ofanayo wembewu eyisamenti.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Pu’an Siqiu Cha — itiye eliluhlaza elivikela hhayi indawo kuphela, kodwa nohlobo: lenziwa ngeqabunga letiye elinezihlava ezine Camellia tetracocca, elikhula ePu’an ngezixuku ezinkulu ezindala. Izinga lika-2016 lilichaza ngokuningiliziwe — indawo yamayunithi ayishumi nambili, ukuphakama 1000–2000 m, ukulungiswa kokushisa ngo-200–240 °C, “imisonto” eluhlaza esindayo ngaphandle koboya, ukumnika okuluhlaza okotshani, iphunga eliminyene nokunambitheka okuqabulayo nokuthambile. Isimo nobuchwepheshe lapha kungalandiswa ngokwedokhumenti, hhayi ngokukhangisa.