Lanxi Maofeng (Lánxī máofēng, 兰溪毛峰) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’tauni ya Lanxi (兰溪市) m’chigawo cha Jinhua pakati pa chigawo cha Zhejiang. «Maofeng» ndi «nsonga zaubweya»: dzinali limafotokoza maonekedwe a mphukira yaubweya ndi tsamba, osati gulu. Gululo limakhazikitsidwa ndi luso lochokera ku zofunikira za chitetezo: kukhazikika, kupotoza, kuumitsa — popanda okosijeni. Zofunikira zimatchulanso chizindikiro chachikulu: «maonekedwe a orchid, fungo lokoma la orchid, kukoma kotsekemera kwatsopano». Dzinali limatetezedwa kawiri — ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication cha zaulimi kuyambira 2017 ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa malonda a geographical indication mu chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office cha 2025.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Zofunikira za chitetezo zimalongosola luso la tiyi wobiriwira, ndipo pamipikisano tiyiyu amapikisana m’gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa Zhejiang wa mtundu wa maofeng; malonda a geographical indication.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), chigawo cha Jinhua (金华, Jīnhuá), tauni ya Lanxi (兰溪, Lánxī). Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya 2025, minda yayikulu ili m’mapiri a Baisha (柏社乡) ndi Huangdian (黄店镇).
- Malo otetezedwa: Matauni 16, m’midzi ndi makomiti a m’misewu a Lanxi — Lanjiang, Yunshan, Shanghua, Yongchang, Chixi, Nübu, Youbu, Zhuge, Huangdian, Xiangxi, Majian, Meijiang, Hengxi, Lingdong, Shuiting-She Ethnic Township ndi Baisha — ndi midzi 330 yoyang’anira.
- Ma coordinates a geographical: 119°13′30″–119°53′50″ E, 29°05′20″–29°27′30″ N — malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo.
- Wopempha: Lanxi Economic Specialty Technology Extension Center (兰溪市经济特产技术推广中心).
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Kutchulidwa koyambirira. Malinga ndi nkhani ya nyuzipepala ya Jinhua (2025), zolembedwa za tiyi wa Lanxi zimayambira nthawi ya mafumu a Tang, ndipo mbiri ya m’deralo ya Ming ndi Qing imalankhula za tiyi wochokera ku Muchengyuan (穆澄源) ndi phiri la Lingdongshan (灵洞山). Zolembazo sindinaziwone.
- 1971–1972, nkhani ya mphatso. Nyuzipepala imafotokoza nkhani ya wofufuza tiyi wa m’deralo. Mu 1971, pokonzekera ulendo wa pulezidenti wa US Nixon, State Council inalamula Zhejiang kupeza tiyi wopatsa alendo. West Lake Longjing inali yochepa, ndipo mbadwa ya Lanxi kuchokera ku kampani ya tiyi ya chigawo anapereka Lanxi: minda kumeneko, malinga ndi mfundo yake, ili pamtunda wa 700–800 m ndipo imayamba kukula msanga. M’chaka cha 1972, gulu la tiyi «云雾毛峰» monga chitsanzo cha Huangshan Maofeng linapanga pafupifupi 100 jin. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, nyuzipepala imalemba, nkhani ya mphatso «inafalikira pakati pa anthu»; sindinaone chikalata cha kuperekedwa.
- 1973 — dzina. Kuyambira 1973 «云雾毛峰» anayamba kutchulidwa Lanxi Maofeng. Mbiri ya zaulimi ya Lanxi, malinga ndi nyuzipepala yomweyi, imalemba mosiyana: mu 1973 tiyiyu «anapanga koyamba» alimi a m’madera a Xiachen ndi Zhujia. Magwero awiriwa sakugwirizana.
- 2017. Unduna wa Zaulimi unalembetsa chizindikiro cha geographical indication cha zaulimi, nambala AGI02184.
- 2025. State Intellectual Property Office mwa chilengezo № 640 (chosainidwa 16 July, chosindikizidwa 13 August) chinavomereza Lanxi Maofeng kukhala malonda a geographical indication — mzere 435 pa mndandanda wa malonda 1409 — ndipo chinavomereza zofunikira za chitetezo chake.
- Dzina: «Lanxi» (兰溪) ndi dzina la mzinda, kwenikweni «mtsinje wa orchid»; «maofeng» (毛峰) ndi «nsonga zaubweya». Mtundu womwewo wa dzina uli kwa Huangshan Maofeng ndi Huangshi Xi Maofeng.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Luso la «kupanga tiyi wa maofeng» linalembedwa m’ndandanda wa chikhalidwe chosagwirika cha mzinda wa Lanxi ndi chigawo cha Jinhua.
3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mitundu: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo — mitundu ya m’deralo (本地群体种), Yingshuang (迎霜), Longjing 43 (龙井43号) ndi Wuniu Zao (乌牛早).
- Zitsamba zakale: Malinga ndi mtsogoleri wa fakitale ya maofeng m’mudzi wa Xiachen, zitsamba zambiri pamapiri zinabzalidwa mu 1980; zokolola zake ndi zochepa, koma kukoma kwake ndi kwabwino.
- Mulingo wa kuthyola: Kuchokera pa mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi losatseguka pang’ono kufika pa mphukira imodzi ndi masamba awiri otseguka. Masamba odwala, mphukira zofiirira, «masamba a nsomba» (鱼叶) ndi mamba a mphukira satengedwa.
- Nthawi yothyola: Zofunikira zimati «pa nthawi yoyenera», popanda masiku.
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Pakati pa Zhejiang; tsamba la tiyi lofotokoza limalo limaliyika m’mapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawocho.
- Kutalika kwa kukula: Zofunikira sizitchula kutalika. Chiwerengero cha 700–800 m chimangomveka m’mfundo yofotokozedwa ya 1971.
- Nthaka: Yachikasu kapena yofiira yachikasu, pH 4.5–6 — malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo.
- Ulimi malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo:
- Kubzala: m’chaka — kuyambira pakati pa February mpaka koyambirira kwa March, m’dzinja — kuyambira kumapeto kwa October mpaka kumapeto kwa November.
- Feteleza: minda yaying’ono — makamaka nayitrogeni; feteleza wosakaniza wokhala ndi chlorine ndi woletsedwa.
- Kudula: kokhazikitsa — koyamba pa 15–20 cm kuchokera pansi, kenako nthawi zonse 15–20 cm pamwamba; kudula kwakuya — pambuyo pa kuthyola kwa m’chaka, kumapeto kwa April — koyambirira kwa May, pamtunda wa 40–55 cm; minda yakale imatsitsimutsidwa ndi kudula kwamphamvu kapena kudula chitsamba chonse.
5. Luso la Kupanga
Zofunikira za chitetezo zimatchula «njira yapadera» ya Lanxi Maofeng: kuwotcha m’potolo yopendekeka ndi tsache la bamboo (斜锅竹丝炒) ndi kupotoza m’potolo lathyathyathya lotenthedwa (平锅加温揉). Kutentha ndi nthawi sizili m’zofunikira.
Njira yamanja:
- Kuyala tsamba latsopano (摊青, tānqīng).
- Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng): kutentha kumaletsa okosijeni.
- Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Kuumitsa koyamba (初烘, chūhōng).
- Kuumitsa komaliza (足烘, zúhōng).
Njira yamakina: kuyala (摊青) → kukhazikika (杀青) → kuwongola tsamba (理条, lǐtiáo) → kuumitsa koyamba (初烘) → kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào).
6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic
Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo:
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lowongoka, ndi ubweya wowoneka, «lofanana ndi duwa la orchid»; mtundu wobiriwira, wonyezimira (挺直显毫，形似兰花，色泽绿润).
- Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokoza kwapadera m’zofunikira.
- Fungo la madzi a tiyi: La orchid, ndi kutsekemera (兰香带甜).
- Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kolimbikitsa, kotsekemera ndi kofewa (鲜爽甘醇).
- Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wobiriwira wofewa, wowala (嫩绿明亮).
- Tsamba pansi (tsamba lopangidwa): Lofewa, lofanana, limatseguka ngati duwa, lobiriwira lonyezimira (嫩匀成朵，绿亮).
Njira yodziwika — «兰花形、甜兰香、甘鲜味»: maonekedwe a orchid, fungo lokoma la orchid, kukoma kotsekemera kwatsopano.
Tsamba la tiyi lofotokoza limalo limapereka magawo «特级», «一级», «二级» ndi kufotokoza kosiyana — tsamba lokhuthala mu ubweya wa siliva, lobiriwira lachikasu — ndipo pamenepo limatchula tsambalo kukhala «lopyapyala ndi lopindika». Tsambalo silitchula gwero loyambirira; limasiyana ndi zofunikira za chitetezo.
7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala
Zofunikira za physicochemical za chitetezo:
| Chizindikiro | Muyezo |
|---|---|
| Amino acid | osachepera 3 % |
| Tiyi polyphenols | 18–25 % |
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | osachepera 38 % |
| Phulusa lonse | osapitirira 6.5 % |
Caffeine ndi zizindikiro zina sizitchulidwa m’zofunikira.
8. Kupanga Tiyi
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Chotengera: Kapu yagalasi — imaonetsa mmene tsamba limatsegukira ngati duwa.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsa kapu, ikani tiyi, tsanulira madzi kumbali ya kapu.
- Kupanga koyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
- Imwani, kusiya gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a madzi, ndipo wonjezerani — kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu. M’paketi yotsekedwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga
Mtsogoleri wa fakitale ya Xiachen anauza nyuzipepala kuti poyamba malonda ake Lanxi Maofeng anali pafupifupi 100 yuan pa jin (500 g), ndipo mu 2025 — kuposa 700 yuan. Malinga ndi nkhani yomweyo, mzindawu uli ndi 23,000 mu wa minda ya tiyi, mtengo wa malonda ndi 85 miliyoni yuan.
- Mmene mungapewere zonyenga:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication: ufulu wake umaperekedwa ndi State Intellectual Property Office mwa kuperekedwa kwa bungwe la chigawo.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku Lanxi.
- Tsamba — lowongoka, laubweya, lobiriwira lonyezimira; madzi a tiyi — obiriwira ofewa ndi owala; fungo — la orchid ndi kutsekemera.
11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- Mu 2025 Lanxi Maofeng analandira golide pa «All-China Tour of Zhejiang Green Tea» ku Taiyuan — chaka chachitatu motsatizana, malinga ndi nyuzipepala, — ndi udindo wa «mfumu ya tiyi» pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira pa mpikisano woyamba wa tiyi wa Jinhua.
- Kuchokera pa tiyiyu, ku Lanxi amapanga tiyi atsopano onunkhira — jasmine ndi gardenia maofeng.
12. Kufanizira ndi Tiyi Ena
- Huangshan Maofeng (黄山毛峰): Maofeng wotchuka wa chigawo cha Anhui; malinga ndi nkhani, monga chitsanzo chake anapanga gulu loyamba la Lanxi.
- Huangshi Xi Maofeng (黄石溪毛峰): Maofeng wa Anhui wochokera kuphiri la Jiuhuashan — mtundu womwewo wa dzina, chigawo china.
- Wuyang Chunyu (武阳春雨): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo cha Wuyi m’chigawo chomwecho cha Jinhua.
- Pan’an Yunfeng (磐安云峰): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo cha Pan’an m’chigawo cha Jinhua.
Pomaliza:
Lanxi Maofeng ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa pakati pa Zhejiang wokhala ndi zofunikira za chitetezo zatsatanetsatane zomwe ndi zosowa kwa tiyi wa m’deralo: mitundu inayi, nthaka, kudula, kuthyola mpaka masamba awiri, kuwotcha ndi tsache la bamboo m’potolo yopendekeka ndi njira ya maonekedwe — maonekedwe a orchid, fungo lokoma la orchid, kukoma kotsekemera kwatsopano. Nkhani ya mphatso ya 1972 imakhalabe nkhani, pamene tiyiyo weniweni walembedwa mwalamulo.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero