Zǐyún chūnchá

Zǐyún chūnchá (Zǐyún chūnchá, 紫云春茶) — «itiye lasentwasahlobo laseZiyun», itiye eliluhlaza laseZiyun-Miao-Buyi Autonomous County (紫云苗族布依族自治县) esifundeni sasedolobheni i-Anshun esifundazweni saseGuizhou. Kusukela ngomhla ka-4 Januwari 2023 livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo ngokwesimemezelo se-China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) No. 512. Izidingo zokuvikelwa zichaza izinhlobo ezimbili — ephansi nephothiwe — kanye nokukhiwa kusenesikhathi, kusukela ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-April. Igama elithi «entwasahlobo» egameni likhuluma ngesizini, hhayi ngebanga.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye neMvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Umbhalo wokuvikela awusho igama lalesi sigaba, kodwa zombili izikimu zawo — ukulungisa ku-180–250 °C, ukubumba nokumisa ngaphandle kwesigaba se-oxidation — lokhu ubuchwepheshe betiye eliluhlaza.
Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo (2023) ezinhlotsheni ezimbili: itiye eliphansi (扁形茶, biǎnxíng chá) nephothiwe (卷曲形茶, juǎnqūxíng chá).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), isifunda sedolobha i-Anshun (安顺, Ānshùn), i-Ziyun-Miao-Buyi Autonomous County; umfakisicelo — uhulumeni wesifunda.
Indawo yokuvikelwa: Amayunithi ayi-11 esifunda emingceleni yamanje: amadolobhana i-Bayang (坝羊镇), i-Bandang (板当镇), i-Maoying (猫营镇), i-Getuhe (格凸河镇), i-Houchang (猴场镇), i-Zongdi (宗地镇) ne-Daying (大营镇), izindawo zasedolobheni i-Songshan (松山街道) ne-Wufeng (五峰街道), izigodi i-Baishiyan (白石岩乡) ne-Sidazhai (四大寨乡).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Azikho ezidingweni zokuvikelwa.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando: Ayikho imibhalo yakudala ephathekayo yetiye laseZiyun etholakala emithonjeni; umlando wemboni yamuva nje kuphela owaziwayo.
- 2010. Ngokusho kwabaphathi bedolobhana i-Bayang, itiye laba imboni ehamba phambili yedolobhana («Jingji Ribao», 2023).
- 2014. Inkampani i-«Tuhongpo» (土红坡茶业) yathola isitifiketi se-organic futhi yangena ohlelweni lomkhiqizo we-«Guicha» (贵茶); ngokwemininingwane yabaphathi base-Anshun, yatshala ama-mu angama-500 ezinsimu ze-organic.
- 2023, 4 Januwari. I-CNIPA ngesimemezelo No. 512 yathatha itiye ngaphansi kokuvikelwa ngemva kokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe kwesicelo; kuso kwaLeso simemezelo — ama-noodle avela esifundazweni saseHebei.
- 2024. Abaphathi bokubheka imakethe base-Anshun bagunyaza ngomhla ka-21 Okthoba amazinga amabili kamasipala — izidingo zekhwalithi (DB5204/T 12-2024) kanye nemithetho yobuchwepheshe yokucubungula (DB5204/T 13-2024); womabili asebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Disemba 2024.
Ukungaboni ngasolinye emithonjeni: Abaphathi base-Anshun (2024) babhala ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwanikezwa yi-General Administration of Quality Supervision (质监总局). Umbhalo wokuqala awukufakazeli lokhu: ukuvikelwa kwamenyezelwa yi-CNIPA ngo-2023.
Igama: 紫云 (Zǐyún, «ifu elinsomi») — igama lesifunda; 春茶 (chūnchá) — «itiye lasentwasahlobo».
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda siyindawo yokuzimela yabantu baseMiao nabaseBuyi. Ngokwe-«Jingji Ribao», sisendaweni yokuguguleka kwe-karst emngceleni we-Yunnan, i-Guangxi ne-Guizhou; abaphathi baseBayang bathi imboni yetiye yedolobhana yasebenza kokubili ekuhlaziyeni indawo nasemalini yabalimi. Ayikho imininingwane ngamasiko etiye abantu baseMiao nabaseBuyi etholakala emithonjeni.

3. Incazelo ye-Botanical kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Cultivar: Umbhalo uvumela inani lendawo (当地群体种) kanye nezinhlobo ezifanele izimo zendawo; azikho izinhlobo eziqondile eziqanjwe.
Isikhathi sokukha: Kusukela ngezinsuku eziyishumi zokuqala zikaFebhuwari kuze kube yizinsuku eziyishumi zokugcina zika-April; izinto zokusetshenziswa zicutshungulwa ngamaqoqo njengoba kukhiwa.
Izinga lokukha: Kusukela ngeqhubu elilodwa kuya eqhubsheni elinamaqabunga amabili (单芽至一芽二叶).
Ngokomkhuba: Ngokombiko we-«Renmin Wang» ovela e-Bayang, ngomhla ka-14 Mashi 2023 kwakuwusuku lwesithathu lokukha; ensimini eqashwe ngumthengisi waseZhejiang, iqhuba elineqabunga elilodwa lalemukelwa ngama-yuan angama-25 nge-jin.

4. I-Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Ukuphakama kokutshala: 900–1600 m — ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa.
Umhlabathi: Ophuzi (黄壤) no-brown-yellow (黄棕壤), i-pH 4.5–6.5; ungqimba ongekho ngaphansi kuka-40 cm, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-1.0 %.
Isimo sezulu: Abaphathi baseBayang babiza idolobhana ngokuthi indawo yezintaba eziphakeme, inkungu evamile kanye nezinsuku ezimbalwa zelanga. Abaphathi base-Anshun babhala ngesifunda sonke: entwasahlobo kufudumala ngokushesha futhi amaqhuba avuka kusenesikhathi, ekwindla umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinga lokushisa lasemini nelasebusuku.
Ihlathi: Ngokwamazwi omholi wesifunda (2023), ukumbozwa kwehlathi kungu-68.63 %.
Izindlela zokulima ngokombhalo: Izitshalo ezimbili emgodini ngamunye (ezibuthakathaka — ezintathu), kungabi ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-45 ngehektha. Ekwindla emigodini ejule ngo-30 cm kufakwa amakhilogremu ayi-15,000–30,000 omquba noma amakhilogremu ayi-3,000–6,000 womanyolo we-organic ngehektha; ukuvundisa okwengeziwe — cishe amakhilogremu ayi-7,500 omquba obolile noma amakhilogremu ayi-1,500 womanyolo we-organic.
Isilinganiso: Ngokwe-«Jingji Ribao» (Julayi 2023), edolobhaneni elilodwa i-Bayang kunezinkulungwane ezingama-41 zama-mu ezinsimu, ibhande letiye elingamakhilomitha angama-40 ubude kanye namathani ayi-1,500 etiye ngonyaka; inani lomkhiqizo lidlule ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyi-150. Idolobhana linesicoco sesifundazwe se-«demonstration park ye-ecological tea».

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Umbhalo wokuvikelwa unikeza izikimu ezimbili ezinamapharamitha.

Itiye eliphansi:

Ukuvutshelwa (摊放, tānfàng): Ngongqimba luka-2–5 cm, amahora ayi-6–12, kuze kube yiqabunga elithambile elimnyama elinephunga le-herbaceous elibuthakathaka; umswakama 65–70 %.
Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): 180–220 °C, kuze kube umbala oluhlaza omnyama ngaphandle kwemiphetho eshile; umswakama 60–65 %. Bese kuphola nokulinganisa umswakama.
Ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo): 120–150 °C, imizuzu emi-2–5; umswakama 40–50 %.
Ukucindezela kube phansi (压扁, yābiǎn): 120–150 °C, kuze kube umbala we-emerald; umswakama 10–15 %.
Ukususa uboya nokupholisha iphunga (脱毫、提香): 60–80 °C; umswakama 6–8 %.
Ukumisa (干燥, gānzào): Ngezikhathi ezi-2–3, kuze kube umswakama ongengaphezu kuka-6.5 %.

Itiye eliphothiwe:

Ukuvutshelwa: Ngongqimba luka-5–10 cm, amahora ama-4–6; umswakama 65–70 %.
Ukulungisa: 200–250 °C; umswakama 60–65 %. Bese kuphola.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Imizuzu engama-25–45, kuze kube yilapho u-80–90 % weqabunga usongwe waba imichilo; bese kuhlukaniswa izigaxa.
Ukumisa kokuqala (脱水): 90–110 °C; umswakama 45–50 %.
Ukubumba nokukhipha uboya (做形、提毫): 70–75 °C; umswakama 10–15 %.
Ukupholisha iphunga (提香, tíxiāng): 90–105 °C, ungqimba luka-5–8 cm, amahora ayi-1.5–2; umswakama ongekho ngaphezu kuka-7 %.
Ukumisa: Ngezikhathi ezi-2–3, kuze kube umswakama ongengaphezu kuka-6.5 %.

6. Izici ze-Organoleptic

Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa, ngokwehlukana kwesakhiwo ngasinye.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Eliphansi — liphansi futhi liqondile, libushelelezi, lilingana, lizacile, linemikhawulo ecijile, liluhlaza okotshani. Eliphothiwe — lisongwe ngokuqinile, lizacile, liphothwe njenge-«snail» (卷曲如螺), linamaqhuba abonakalayo, liluhlaza ngokunothe.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alichazwanga ngokwehlukana nelaphunga lomuncu embhalweni.
Iphunga lomuncu: Eliphansi — lincane futhi lihlala njalo (嫩香持久). Eliphothiwe — linenothi le-chestnut, liphakeme futhi lihlala njalo (带栗香，香高持久).
Ukunambitheka: Eliphansi — lihlanzekile, lisha futhi livuselelayo. Eliphothiwe — lisha futhi lithambile, linokunambitheka okumnandi okuvuselelayo (鲜醇，回味甘爽).
Umbala womuncu: Eliphansi — uluhlaza okotshani, ugqamile. Eliphothiwe — uphuzi-luhlaza, ugqamile.
Iqabunga elitheliwe: Eliphansi — lincane, likhuluphele, livuleka njenge-«mbali» (成朵). Eliphothiwe — luhlaza-phuzi, ligqamile.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izindinganiso zezidingo zokuvikelwa:

Isilinganiso	Isidingo
Umswakama	ungabi ngaphezu kuka-7.0 %
Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilika emanzini	zingabi ngaphansi kuka-38.0 %
Umlotha ophelele	ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.0 %
I-fiber eluhlaza	ingabi ngaphezu kuka-14.0 %
I-Theanine	ingabi ngaphansi kuka-8.0 g/kg
Ama-amino acid akhululekile ngokuguqulwa kwe-theanine	angabi ngaphansi kuka-4.0 %

Lezi yimingcele, hhayi imiphumela yokuhlaziya kwamaqoqo. Ayikho imininingwane nge-polyphenols ne-caffeine embhalweni.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza isitsha, faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni kodonga.
2. Umuncu wokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
3. Shiya ingxenye yomuncu bese wengeza; ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; kungcono ukusebenzisa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye nezomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo yetiye eselilungile etholakala emithonjeni.

Ungazigwema kanjani izomgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu olusemthethweni lwesikhombi sendawo: luvunyelwa ngabaphathi bengqondo yaseGuizhou ngesicelo esidlula esifundeni, ngokubhaliswa ku-CNIPA.
- Hlola ukuthi itiye livela kwelinye lamayunithi ayi-11 esifunda.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka nenye yezinhlobo ezimbili: iqabunga eliphansi eliluhlaza okotshani noma ama-«snail» aluhlaza aqinile anenothi ye-chestnut.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Umbhalo uvumela ukukhiwa kusukela ngezinsuku eziyishumi zokuqala zikaFebhuwari, kodwa entwasahlobo ebandayo ka-2023, ngokombiko ovela e-Bayang, ngomhla ka-14 Mashi kwakuwusuku lwesithathu kuphela lokukha.
Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kuvikelwa ubuchwepheshe obubili obunezinga lokushisa elihlukile lokulungisa: 180–220 °C ngetiye eliphansi kanye no-200–250 °C ngetiye eliphothiwe.
Esimemezelweni esisodwa netiye, ama-noodle aseHebei athathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza aseGuizhou

Pùbù Máofēng (瀑布毛峰): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Anshun; ngokwe-athikili ye-encyclopedia, isifunda saseZiyun singaphakathi kwendawo yaso.
Ānshùn Pùbù Lǜchá (安顺瀑布绿茶): Umkhiqizo wesifunda wetiye eliluhlaza lase-Anshun — izinga eliphezulu kunesifunda.
Méitán Cuìyá (湄潭翠芽): Itiye eliluhlaza eliphansi enyakatho yesifundazwe; ngokwesakhiwo lisondele eZiyun Chuncha ephansi.
Dōuyún Máojiān (都匀毛尖): Itiye eliluhlaza eliphothiwe eningizimu yeGuizhou; lisondele ohlotsheni oluphothiwe.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Ziyun Chuncha igama elisha elingenamlando obhaliwe, kodwa linombhalo wokuvikelwa onemininingwane: izinsimu ku-900–1600 m, ukukhiwa kusukela ngoFebhuwari kanye nobuchwepheshe obubili — iqabunga eliphansi eliluhlaza okotshani elinephunga elincane elihlala isikhathi eside kanye nama-«snail» aqinile anenothi ye-chestnut. Eshalofini lihlukaniswa ngophawu lwesikhombi sendawo kanye nemvelaphi yalo emadolobhaneni ayishumi nanye nasezigodini zesifunda se-karst.