Wùyuán lǜchá

Wùyuán Lǜchá (Wùyuán lǜchá, 婺源绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Wuyuan (婺源县) esifundeni sase-Shangrao enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseJiangxi. Akulona itiye elilodwa, kodwa igama elivikelwe phezu komndeni wonke: izinga lesifundazwe lifaka phakathi amatiye “adumile” akhethekile, i-Wuyuan Mingmei ne-Wuyuan Tegong, kanye ne-Chunmee ecwengiwe ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Leli gama livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2008; izidingo zokuvikelwa ze-CNIPA zango-2025 ziphikisana nezinga lesifundazwe emaphuzwini amaningana.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá): isigaba siqanjwe egameni, ubuchwepheshe ngokwezinga buwukulungisa, ukusonga, nokomisa.
Isigaba: Igama lesifunda elivikelwe: ngokwezinga “amatiye adumile e-Wulü” (婺绿名茶) kanye “namatiye acwengiwe e-Wulü” (婺绿精制茶).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Jiangxi (江西, Jiāngxī), isifunda sase-Shangrao (上饶, Shàngráo), isifunda sase-Wuyuan (婺源, Wùyuán).
Indawo evikelwe: Indawo yamanje yokuphatha yesifunda sase-Wuyuan. Lokhu kuchazwa yisimemezelo seNational Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) No. 640 kanye nezinga lesifundazwe; uhlu lwezigodi kanye nezixhumanisi alukho kunoma yimuphi wemibhalo, izinga linamathisela imephu kuphela.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Uhlaka oluqondile alutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Imibhalo yasendulo. Ihovisi le-China e-European Union ekwethulweni komkhiqizo licaphuna umugqa we-”Classic of Tea” (茶经) ka-Lu Yu: “歙州茶生于婺源山谷” “itiye lase-Shezhou limila ezigodini zase-Wuyuan”. Ukushicilelwa okufanayo kubhala ukuthi “Umlando we-Song” ubala itiye lase-Wuyuan i-Xieyuan (谢源茶) phakathi kwamatiye ayisithupha “angenakuqhathaniswa” (绝品) ezwe, futhi ngesikhathi se-Ming ne-Qing itiye eliluhlaza lase-Wuyuan lalithunyelwa enkantolo njengentela.
- Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Ngokushicilelwa okufanayo, itiye eliluhlaza lase-Wuyuan lafinyelela emakethe yangaphandle kakade ngekhulu le-18: ngesikhathi sika-Qianlong lathunyelwa eNgilandi, futhi ngesikhathi sika-Xianfeng izinkampani ezine zetiye zase-Wuyuan, phakathi kwazo i-”Yu Dechang” (俞德昌), zathumela e-Hong Kong amabhokisi ezinkulungwane ambalwa etiye eliluhlaza.
- 2008. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo No. 122 yathatha i-Wuyuan Lücha ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Irejista yemikhiqizo yezolimo. Leli gama lifakwe futhi kuhlu lwezimpawu zendawo zemikhiqizo yezolimo ye-Ministry of Agriculture ngaphansi kwenombolo AGI00242, kusukela emakhulwini okuqala erejista.
- 2013 kanye no-2024. Izinga lokuqala lesifundazwe, i-DB36/T 752-2013, lathathelwa indawo yi-DB36/T 752-2024, eshicilelwe ngomhla ka-26 Mashi 2024 futhi esebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Septhemba 2024. Uhlobo olusha lwengeze izidingo zekhwalithi futhi lwacacisa izinkomba ze-physicochemical.
- Isivumelwano ne-European Union. I-Wuyuan Lücha ifakiwe emakhulwini okuqala amagama ase-China avikelwe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano se-China ne-European Union ngezimpawu zendawo. Ngokwemininingwane yokwethulwa, itiye lidayiswa emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-60.
- 2025. Isimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 640 (umugqa 627) saqaphela i-Wuyuan Lücha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; umfakisicelo nguhulumeni wesifunda sase-Wuyuan. Izidingo zokuvikelwa ezigunyaziwe zathatha indawo yesigaba nesithasiselo sekhwalithi esivela esimemezelweni sango-2008.
Igama: “Wuyuan” (婺源) igama lesifunda, “lücha” (绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza. Igama lomlando lokuhweba liyi-”Wulü” (婺绿, wùlǜ), ngokohlamvu lokuqala lwesifunda.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Wuyuan ngokomlando yayiyingxenye yesifunda sase-Huizhou, futhi i-”Wulü” ima ohlwini lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle eduze kwe-Anhui Tunlü (屯绿).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Imibhalo emibili ibiza izinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngokwezinga, izinhlobo eziyinhloko yinhlanganisela yendawo yase-Wuyuan (婺源群体种, Wùyuán qúntǐzhǒng) kanye nama-clones atholakala kuyona: i-Shangmeizhou (上梅州, Shàngméizhōu), i-Gancha No. 2 (赣茶2号, Gànchá 2) kanye ne-Wulü No. 1 (婺绿1号, Wùlǜ 1), kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezifanele. Izidingo zokuvikelwa ze-CNIPA zango-2025 zibala i-Shangmeizhou (lapha 上梅洲), i-Zhangke No. 1 (鄣科1号, Zhāngkē 1), i-Wucha No. 1, 2, 34 no-43 (婺茶, Wùchá) kanye ne-Shangxizao (上溪早, Shàngxīzǎo), “nezinye”; ayikho inhlanganisela yendawo kulolu hlu.
Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ngokwezinga lamatiye akhethekile, ingxenye yamahlumela adingekayo eqabungeni elisha imi kanje:

Uhlobo	Ibanga	Isidingo seqabunga elisha
Wuyuan Mingmei	Gongpin (贡品)	Amahlumela awodwa angaphezu kuka-80%
Wuyuan Mingmei	Zhenpin (珍品)	Ihlumela kanye nehlumela elineqabunga elilodwa angaphezu kuka-80%
Wuyuan Tegong	Ibanga eliphezulu (特级)	Ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa noma amabili angaphezu kuka-60%
Wuyuan Tegong	Ibanga lokuqala (一级)	Ihlumela elinamacembe amabili noma amathathu angaphezu kuka-60%

Izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-Chunmee: Amahlumela athambile asentwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla.
Ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA: Ihlumela, ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa, amabili noma amathathu, kuye ngokuthi yiliphi itiye elenziwayo.
Isikhathi sokuvuna: Azikho izinsuku eziqondile ezingeni noma ezidingweni ze-CNIPA.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokulima

Isifunda: Enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Jiangxi. Ihovisi le-China e-European Union lichaza isifunda njengesizungezwe izintaba i-Huaiyushan (怀玉山) ne-Huangshan (黄山), ngesimo sezulu esipholile, imvula eningi kanye nenkungu.
Izinga lehlathi: Ngokushicilelwa okufanayo, amahlathi amboza u-82,64% wendawo.
Inhlabathi: Izinga lidinga inhlabathi ene-acidity pH 4,5–6,5, ungqimba olujulile lwenhlabathi kanye ne-organic matter engaphansi kuka-1,0%. Izidingo ze-CNIPA zifana nge-pH ne-organic matter, ungqimba alungaphansi kuka-0,3 m, ithambeka elingaphezu kuka-35°.
Ukuphakama kokukhula: Izidingo zokuvikelwa ze-CNIPA zithi kuphela “ngaphezu kuka-100 m”; akukho mininingwane enembile emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukutshala: Ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA, kusetshenziswa izithombo ezisikwayo, azikho ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingama-2500 nge-mu ngomugqa owodwa kanye nezingu-5000 ngemigqa emibili.
Izivande ezijwayelekile neziphilayo: Kumkhiqizo ngamunye izinga lisho imithethonqubo yaso yesifundazwe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe buchazwa yizinga, futhi lokhu kuyincazelo ye-Wuyuan Lücha ngokuqondile, hhayi uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba. I-Mingmei ne-Tegong:

Ukunwetshwa kweqabunga elisha (摊青, tānqīng).
Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng) nokupholisa.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukuthosa kwesibili (炒二青, chǎo èrqīng): Ukuthosa i-workpiece nokuqondisa intambo (炒坯、理条), bese kupholiswa.
Ukuthosa kwesithathu (炒三青, chǎo sānqīng): Ukunikeza isimo, bese kupholiswa.
Ukomisa okuphelele (足干, zúgān) eziko noma ebhodweni.

Ubuchwepheshe obufanayo, nokukhethwa nokupakishwa ekugcineni, bubhalwe ezidingweni zokuvikelwa ze-CNIPA zango-2025.

I-Chunmee yenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili: ukucubungula okuyinhloko okufanayo kunikeza i-maocha ethosiwe (炒青毛茶), bese kulandela ukucwenga: ukuhlukanisa ngamaseyizi, ukususa iziqu, ukupepeta, ukuhlukanisa ngombala, ukomisa okwengeziwe nokuthuthukisa umbala, nokuhlanganisa amabheji (匀堆, yúnduī).

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic

Izinga libeka ukubukeka kohlobo ngalunye nebanga ngalinye. Ngezansi ibanga eliphezulu le-Wuyuan Mingmei.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisongekile kancane, “njengeshiya”, lincane futhi liminyene, linoboya obumhlophe obubonakala kahle, liluhlaza okothamlilo futhi licwebezela, lilingana futhi lihlanzekile (微弯似眉，细紧，白毫显露，嫩绿润，匀净).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izinga alilichazi; akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokumnika: Lithambile noma linezimbali, lihlala isikhathi eside (嫩香或花香持久).
Ukunambitheka: Kusha futhi kuvuselela (鲜爽).
Umbala wokumnika: Uluhlaza okothamlilo, uhlanzekile futhi ukhanyayo (嫩绿清亮).
Izindiza zetiye (iqabunga elidliwe): Lithambile, lilingana, liyaphila, linamahlumela abonakalayo (嫩匀鲜活，显芽).

I-Wuyuan Tegong yebanga lokuqala inuka kahle noma inuka nge-chestnut (清香或栗香), ukumnika kwayo kuphuzi nokuhlaza. I-Chunmee yebanga eliphezulu ineqabunga eliminyene nelincane elinamathiphu acijile, liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (细紧显锋苗，绿润起霜), nephunga elithambile elihlala isikhathi eside nokunambitheka okusha nokugcwele.

Izidingo ze-CNIPA zango-2025 zihlukanisa itiye ngendlela ehlukile: i-Mingmei, ibanga eliphezulu, ibanga lokuqala kanye ne-Chunmee, futhi zichaza i-Mingmei ngamagama azo: ukusonga okuncane okuminyene okunamahlumela agcwele, umbala oluhlaza okothamlilo onokucwebezela okunamafutha, iphunga eliphakeme nelihlala isikhathi eside, ukunambitheka okusha nokumnandi okulandelayo, ukumnika okusobala nokuluhlaza okothamlilo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izinga lango-2024 libeka imingcele elandelayo. Lezi yizindinganiso, hhayi izilinganiso zeqembu elithile.

Inkomba	Mingmei ne-Tegong	Chunmee
Umswakama	ungaphezu kuka-7,0%	ungaphezu kuka-7,0%
Izingcezu ezincane nothuli	kungaphezu kuka-1,0%	kungaphezu kuka-1,0%
Umlotha ophelele	ungaphezu kuka-6,5%	ungaphezu kuka-7,0%
Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini	azikho ngaphansi kuka-38%	azikho ngaphansi kuka-36%
Ama-polyphenols etiye	azikho ngaphansi kuka-13%	azikho ngaphansi kuka-13%

Izidingo ze-CNIPA zango-2025 zithambile: kwi-Mingmei, ebangeni eliphezulu nelokuqala, umlotha ufinyelela ku-7,0%, izinto ezincibilikayo kusukela ku-36,0%, ku-Chunmee kusukela ku-34,0%, izingcezu ezincane zifinyelela ku-1,5%; umswakama ungu-6,5% ekuphumeni efektri futhi u-7,0–7,5% lapho udayiswa. Ama-polyphenols awekho lapho. Imithombo evulekile ayisho ukuthi yimuphi umbhalo obaluleke kakhulu emakethe.

Azikho izilinganiso zama-amino acid ne-caffeine emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Wuyuan Mingmei ne-Tegong: 80–85 °C, 3 g nge-150 ml, ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe; ukumnika kokuqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60, ukuphindwe kabili noma kathathu ngokushiya ingxenye yokumnika.
Chunmee: 85 °C, ukumnika kokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba: ekupakisheni okuvalekile, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga, kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka. Izinga lidinga indawo yokugcina ehlanzekile, eyomile, epholile nengenaphunga futhi linquma ukugcinwa ezingeni eliphansi lokushisa ngokomthethonqubo womkhakha i-NY/T 3913.

10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa

Akukho mininingwane yezintengo emithonjeni etholakele. Igama lilodwa, kodwa izinto zokusetshenziswa zihlukile: kusukela kumahlumela awodwa e-Mingmei gongpin kuya eqabungeni lasehlobo nelasekwindla le-Chunmee.

Uzitholela kanjani izinsiza ezingezona ezangempela:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: umkhiqizi wase-Wuyuan ulithola ngemva kokuhlolwa esifundeni nasesifundazweni nokugunyazwa yi-CNIPA.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Wuyuan.
- Qhathanisa uhlobo nebanga ekupakisheni nokubukeka kweqabunga.

11. Amaqiniso Ajabulisayo

Igama elilodwa elivikelwe lihlanganisa kokubili itiye lamahlumela awodwa kanye ne-Chunmee ecwengiwe, izinga eliyibiza ngesiNgisi ngokuthi “Chunmee tea”.
Ibanga eliphezulu le-Mingmei ngokwezinga libizwa nge-”gongpin” (贡品), igama elifanayo nentela ethunyelwa enkantolo.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye

Wuyuan Xian Zhi (婺源仙枝): Itiye lesifunda esifanayo, elichazwe kuhlu lwemibhalo; izinga lango-2024 alilibizi, kodwa uhlu lwalo lwezinhlobo luvulekile (等, “nezinye”).
Tunlü (屯绿): Itiye eliluhlaza elithunyelwa ngaphandle lase-Anhui lesifunda sangaphambili sase-Huizhou.
Yaoli Nenrui (瑶里嫩蕊): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane sase-Jingdezhen enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe esifanayo.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Wuyuan Lücha igama elivikelwe lomndeni wonke wamatiye aluhlaza esifunda: i-Wuyuan Mingmei elisongwe kancane, njengeshiya, elivela emahlumela, i-Wuyuan Tegong eminyene, kanye ne-Chunmee ecwengiwe ethunyelwa ngaphandle. Izinga lango-2024 lichaza uhlobo ngalunye ngamabanga, izidingo ze-CNIPA zango-2025 zichaza ngendlela yazo, futhi izinhlobo zazo nemingcele ayihambisani; igama elithi “Wulü” likhumbuza ngokuthunyelwa kwangaphandle kwetiye lase-Wuyuan kudala.