I-Yaoli Nenrui (Yáolǐ nènruǐ, 瑶里嫩蕊) itiye eliluhlaza ledolobhana lase-Yaoli esifundeni sase-Fuliang (浮梁县) ngaphansi kwedolobha lase-Jingdezhen enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Jiangxi. I-Yaoli iyidolobhana elisezintabeni emngceleni ne-Anhui, elibizwa ngokuthi umsuka we-porcelain yase-Jingdezhen. Igama elithi “Nenrui” elisho “iqhakaza elincane elithambile” libekwa emibhalweni eyireferensi phakathi kwamatiye amadala ase-Fuliang, aziwa kusukela ngesikhathi seTang Dynasty. Kusukela ngo-2008 i-Yaoli Nenrui ivikelwe njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo (geographical indication), futhi umbhalo wayo unezinhlaka eziningi: izinhlobo, indawo, indinganiso yokukha, ubuchwepheshe obunamazinga okushisa kanye nezindinganiso ze-physicochemical.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingabiliswanga. Isigaba asishiwongo ngqo embhalweni, kodwa ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswayo obufana nokuqinisa epanini, ukugoqa, ukuqondisa, ukomisa, kanye nokubukeka (ama-curls aqondile anoboya, iqabunga eliluhlaza ngokuthambile, uketshezi olukhanyayo) kungolwetiye oluluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Jiangxi; umkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo (2008).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Jiangxi (江西, Jiāngxī), idolobha lase-Jingdezhen (景德镇, Jǐngdézhèn), isifunda sase-Fuliang (浮梁县, Fúliáng xiàn), idolobhana lase-Yaoli (瑶里镇, Yáolǐ zhèn).
- Indawo evikelwe: Indawo yamanje yokuphatha yedolobhana lase-Yaoli ngokwesicelo sikahulumeni wesifunda sase-Fuliang sango-2008.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-29.5° N no-117.6° E.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Itiye lase-Fuliang ngenkathi ye-Tang Dynasty. I-Yaoli isesifundeni sase-Fuliang, lapho ukuhweba kwetiye kwaziwa kusukela ngesikhathi se-Tang Dynasty. Umbhalo we-geographical survey i-“Yuanhe Junxian Tuzhi” (《元和郡县图志》) ubhala ukuthi i-Fuliang yayinikela ngonyaka ngetiye elingamathani ayizigidi eziyisikhombisa (驮) kanye nentela yezinhlamvu zemali ezingaba ngu-150,000; ukuthi lokhu kwakuyingxenye engakanani yetiye lonke lombuso, ababhali banamuhla balinganisela ngokuhlukile. Ngo-816 u-Bai Juyi e-“Song of the Pipa” (《琵琶行》) wakhuluma ngomthengisi owayeye e-Fuliang eyothenga itiye.
- Amagama amadala. Imibhalo eyireferensi ibala i-“Xianzhi” (仙芝), i-“Nenrui” (嫩蕊), i-“Fuhe” (福合) kanye ne-“Luhe” (禄合) njengamatiye ase-Fuliang aziwa kusukela ngesikhathi seTang Dynasty; ngokwale mibhalo, aqhubeka nge-Song, Yuan, Ming kanye ne-Qing futhi aba yintela yasebukhosini. I-Yaoli Nenrui yamanje inegama elidala; abukho ubufakazi bokuqhubeka kobuchwepheshe.
- 2008. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo No. 77 sango-1 July 2008 yavikela i-Yaoli Nenrui njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo. Ngesimemezelo esifanayo kwavikelwa, phakathi kokunye, i-baijiu 酒鬼酒 kanye namapentshisi 秦安蜜桃.
- 2025. Esikhungweni sikahulumeni sezindinganiso kubhalwe indinganiso yendawo ye-Yaoli Nenrui; umbhalo wayo awuvulekanga emithonjeni etholakele.
- Igama:
- “Yaoli” (瑶里) yigama ledolobhana.
- “Nenrui” (嫩蕊, nènruǐ) lisho “iqhakaza elincane elithambile,” “ingqikithi ethambile”: umfanekiso wegqumshana leqabunga.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: E-Yaoli kuhlala ndawonye imisebenzi emibili emidala yesifunda i-Fuliang: i-porcelain kanye netiye. Idolobhana libhekwa njengomsuka we-porcelain yase-Jingdezhen, kanti esifundeni esifanayo, eduze kwedolobhana lase-Ehu, kukhona idolobhana lase-Gaolin (高岭), okuvela kulo igama elithi “kaolin.”
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / I-Cultivar: Ngokombhalo — 浮梁槠叶种 (Fúliáng zhūyè zhǒng), uhlobo lwendawo lwase-Fuliang, kanye ne-迎霜 (yíngshuāng), 浙农113 kanye ne-浙农117 “nezinye.” Izithombo zisetshenziswa kuphela ngendlela ye-vegetative, kusuka ezingxenyeni (扦插, qiānchā).
- Ukukha: Ngokombhalo — entwasahlobo, ngokukha ngesandla (手工提采).
- Indinganiso yokukha: Ngokombhalo — kusuka kugqumshana elilodwa kuye egqumshaneni elineqabunga elilodwa (一芽至一芽一叶); igqumshana liphelele, lisha, lithambile futhi lihlanzekile. Ibanga eliphakeme kakhulu (特级) — igqumshana noma igqumshana elineqabunga elisanda kuvuleka; ibanga lokuqala (一级) — kusuka egqumshaneni elineqabunga elisanda kuvuleka kuye egqumshaneni elineqabunga elilodwa.
- Amabanga ngokwezikhathi zokukha: Incwadi eyireferensi ihlukanisa itiye ngezikhathi zokukha ibe 谷雨尖 (gǔyǔ jiān) — ukukha kwasekuqaleni kakhulu, cishe ngesikhathi se-Guyu ngasekupheleni kuka-April (ezinye izincazelo zikubeka ekukheni ngaphambi kwe-Guyu, ezinye ekuqaleni kwalesi sikhathi), — kanye nokulandelayo 细茶 (“itiye elicolekile”) kanye 粗茶 (“itiye elimahhadlahhadla”). Embhalweni wesikhombi sendawo lawa mabanga awekho.
- Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Iqabunga elisha lihanjiswa esitsheni esihlanzekile, esinomoya owenele, lingacindezelwanga, futhi ligcinwa lisha.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: I-Yaoli iyidolobhana elisezintabeni enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifunda sase-Fuliang, emngceleni nesifundazwe sase-Anhui.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokombhalo — hhayi ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-400.
- Inhlabathi: I-acidic, i-pH 4.5–6.5. I-sandy loam eyakhiwe ngokuguguleka kwe-red soil, i-clay shale ne-granite. Ungqimba lwenhlabathi — hhayi ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-0.3, izinto eziphilayo — hhayi ngaphansi kuka-1.0%.
- Ukwakheka komhlaba: Umthambeka wezindawo — ngaphansi kuka-35%.
- Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo ngokombhalo: Kutshalwa kusukela ngo-December kuya ku-February, kungabi ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingu-2500 nge-mu (667 m²) uma kutshalwe umugqa owodwa kanye nezingu-5000 uma kutshalwe imigqa emibili. Izinsimu ezindala zithenwa ngokuvamile kabili ngonyaka. Umquba — ikakhulukazi i-organic, hhayi ngaphezu kwe-1000 kg nge-mu ngonyaka.
- Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane eqondile yezinsimu zase-Yaoli emithonjeni etholakele.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ngokombhalo wesikhombi sendawo ukulandelana kwalezi zigaba: ukwahlukanisa amaqabunga amasha → ukukhetha → ukuqinisa → ukugoqa → ukuqondisa → ukomisa → ukupakisha nokugcina.
- Ukwahlukanisa (摊放 — tānfàng): Iqabunga lilaliswa ngongqimba luka-1.5–3 cm.
- Ukukhetha (挑选 — tiāoxuǎn): Iqabunga liyakhethwa; umbhalo awunikezi imininingwane.
- Ukuqinisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Epanini ezingeni lokushisa elisuka ku-180 kuya ku-150 °C — kuze kube yilapho lonke iqabunga liqinisiwe ngokulinganayo nangokuphelele (杀匀杀透).
- Ukugoqa (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ngokomthetho othi “kancane — kakhulu — kancane” (轻—重—轻).
- Ukuqondisa (理条 — lǐtiáo): Kuze kuvele uboya besiliva (银毫显露) nokoma cishe 70% (七成干).
- Ukomisa (烘干 — hōnggān): Izinga lokushisa le-oven lisuka ku-80 kuya ku-60 °C, kuze kube umswakama ngaphansi kuka-6%.
- Ukupakisha nokugcina: Itiye lipakishwa ngamabanga futhi lifakwa ekugcineni okubandayo (入库冷藏保鲜).
6. Izici Zokuzwa
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ama-curls aminyene, aqondile, alinganayo futhi aluhlaza (条索紧直匀绿); umbala uluhlaza ngokuthambile, uboya bubonakala (嫩绿显毫). Ngokombhalo, elangeni iqabunga likhanya njenge-jade (在阳光下通透似玉).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Umbhalo awulichazi ngokwehlukene; ayikho imininingwane etholakalayo.
- Iphunga loketshezi: Liphakeme, lide futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, linethoni ye-orchid (香气高长持久，呈兰花香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuthambile, kunokubuya okumnandi (鲜醇回甜).
- Umbala woketshezi: Ukhanyayo futhi ucwebezela (汤色清澈透亮).
- Amaqabunga asetshenzisiwe: Aluhlaza ngokuthambile, alinganayo (叶底嫩绿匀齐).
Nge-谷雨尖 incwadi eyireferensi yengeza: ama-curls aminyene futhi acolekile, aluhlaza ngokuthambile, anoboya obumhlophe; iphunga lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, uketshezi lukhanyayo, ukunambitheka kusha futhi kuthambile.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Umbhalo ubeka izindinganiso ezimbili: izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini (水浸出物) — hhayi ngaphansi kuka-36%, ama-amino acid — hhayi ngaphansi kuka-3.5%. Umswakama ngemva kokomisa ungaphansi kuka-6%. Ayikho imininingwane nge-polyphenols ne-caffeine yaleli tiye emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukuphisa
Inqubo evamile yetiye eliluhlaza. Ayikho imiyalelo ehlukile embhalweni.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyelayo — lapho amagqumshana aqondile abonakala emi emanzini, — noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Thela amanzi amancane, vumela iqabunga livuleke imizuzwana engu-20–30.
- Geleza amanzi; uketshezi lokuqala — imizuzu emi-1–2.
- Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yoketshezi.
- Phinda ukuthela kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Inqubo evamile yetiye eliluhlaza. Esikhwameni esivalekile, efrijini ngo-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga. Umbhalo ngokwawo ubeka ukuthi itiye eliqediwe kufanele ligcinwe endaweni ebandayo. Leli yitiye lesizini, alidingi ukukhuliswa.
10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa
Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele. Ngetiye eliluhlaza ngokuvamile kubiza kakhulu ukukha kwasekuqaleni nokuthambile; kwe-Yaoli Nenrui lokhu akuqinisekiswanga ngemininingwane.
- Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu lwesikhombi sendawo esikhwameni.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi usedolobhaneni lase-Yaoli: indawo evikelwe yilona kuphela.
- Iqabunga — liqondile, liminyene, lilinganayo, liluhlaza ngokuthambile, linoboya; ekukhanyeni — “linjenge-jade.”
- Iphunga loketshezi — liphakeme futhi lide, linethoni ye-orchid.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- Igama elithi “Nenrui” lisohlwini lwamatiye amadala ase-Fuliang kanye no-“Xianzhi,” “Fuhe” kanye no-“Luhe.”
- Indawo evikelwe yidolobhana elilodwa kuphela, hhayi isifunda sonke.
- Umbhalo unikeza iphrofayili yezinga lokushisa lezigaba ezimbili — ukuqinisa (180 → 150 °C) kanye nokomisa (80 → 60 °C).
- Igama elithi “kaolin” livela edolobhaneni lase-Gaolin esifundeni esifanayo sase-Fuliang.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza
- I-Fuliang Cha (浮梁茶): Igama lesifunda elivikelwe, elikhiqiza kokubili itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza; i-Yaoli Nenrui yigama eliyimfihlo ledolobhana elilodwa ngaphakathi kwe-Fuliang.
- I-Fuyao Xianzhi (浮瑶仙芝): Elinye itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Fuliang elinegama laso; “Xianzhi” nalo liyigama elisohlwini lwamatiye amadala ase-Fuliang.
- I-Huangshan Maofeng (黄山毛峰): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifundazwe esingumakhelwane i-Anhui. Iqabunga le-maofeng aliqondiswa libe yizinti eziqondile njenge-Yaoli Nenrui: isimo salo siwulimi oluncane olugobile lwe-sparrow.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Yaoli Nenrui itiye eliluhlaza ledolobhana elilodwa elinegama elidala lase-Fuliang kanye nombhalo onezinhlaka eziningi: izinhlobo ezine, ukuphakama okusuka ku-400 m, igqumshana noma igqumshana elineqabunga elilodwa elikhiwa ngesandla, ukuqinisa kusuka ku-180 kuya ku-150 °C, ukuqondisa kuze kube noboya besiliva, hhayi ngaphansi kuka-3.5% ama-amino acid. Enkomishini lokhu kungamagqumshana aqondile aluhlaza ngokuthambile, iphunga le-orchid eliphakeme kanye nokunambitheka okusha nokumnandi — itiye lasemaphandleni e-porcelain yase-Jiangxi.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo