Pǔ'ān gǔshù lǜ

Ithiyela eliluhlaza elivela engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuizhou, ephuma emakethe ngaphambi kwanoma yimaphi amanye amathiyela amaningi eChina futhi incike eqoqweni lemvelo eliyingqayizivele lezihlahla zetiye ezindala — Pǔ’ān gǔshù lǜ (普安古树绿) ihlanganisa izindikimba ezimbili: “umsuka wasendulo” kanye “nokuvunwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi”.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nomsuka

• Uhlobo: itiye eliluhlaza (elingavutshiwe).
• Isigaba: ingeyesigaba samathiyela aluhlaza aseChina futhi, njenganoma iliphi itiye eliluhlaza, ilandela imithetho ejwayelekile yalesi sigaba mayelana nezinto ezingavuthiwe, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokungabikho kokuvutshelwa.
• Umsuka: Isifunda sasePu’an (普安县) esifundeni esizibusayo saseQianxinan Buyei and Miao (黔西南) entshonalanga yesifundazwe saseGuizhou. Isifunda sezintaba saseYunnan-Guizhou Plateau.
• Izinga: Alilungile ukunikeza inombolo ye-GB/T kazwelonke “eqanjwe ngegama” ethile yalesi sitayela sesifunda — le nkombandlela imiswa ngokuyinhloko ngomsuka wendawo (Pu’an, Guizhou) kanye nezimpawu zezinto ezingavuthiwe (izihlahla zasendulo, ukuvunwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi), hhayi ngezinga lomkhiqizo elaziwa kabanzi elisezingeni “lamatiye ayishumi” aziwayo.
• Ingxenye Yomkhiqizo: emaphakathi kuya phezulu — akuwona umkhiqizo omningi othenjisiwe, kodwa futhi akuyona into eyiqoqo elilodwa.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ngaphakathi kwegama elifanayo: “gushu” (古树, okuvela ezihlahleni ezindala) kanye “nokuphangwa” (早茶) — lezi yizinto ezigxile ezintweni ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezingafani. Owokuqala ugcizelela umsuka wezinto ezingavuthiwe, owesibili — ukuvuthwa kwekhalenda kwangaphambi kwesikhathi.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Amandla amasiko asePu’an asekujuleni komlando wetiye wendawo. Isikhundla “somngcele wezihlahla zetiye zasendulo” (古茶树之乡) sincike eqoqweni lemvelo lamandulo letiye elilondoloziwe lapha kanye nezitshalo ezindala; yilokhu kuxhumana “nezimpande” zesitshalo setiye okwakha ubunikazi bendawo kanye nohlobo lomkhiqizo.

Isisekelo sesibili wukuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ekhalendeni letiye laseChina, iPu’an iba ngomunye wabahlinzeki bokuqala betiye eliluhlaza lasentwasahlobo: “itiye langaphambi kwesikhathi” (早茶) lapha akulona ilebula lokuthengisa, kodwa inzuzo yangempela yokuncintisana, lapho amaqoqo okuqala etholakala emakethe kanti izindawo zakudala zasempumalanga zisazovuka. Leli “tiye langaphambi kwesikhathi” — liyinkomba yokuphumelela kwezomnotho kanye nedumela lesifunda, elibeka ezingeni elilodwa nezikhungo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ezifana neYibin eSichuan. Emnothweni wendawo, inhlanganisela “yakudala neyokuqala” ibe yisisekelo sephrofayli eyaziwayo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Esisekelweni sePu’an Gushu Lü kunemithombo emibili yezinto ezingavuthiwe exhunyiwe:

• sìqiú gǔchá (四球古茶) — okokusebenza kwetiye lendawo lasendulo, okunikeze le nkombandlela igama layo futhi okubonisa iqoqo lemvelo elindala, “lasendle” ngomsuka lwalo.
• Izinhlobo zendawo (群体种) — izitshalo zendabuko ezihlwanyelwe ngembewu, ezihlukene ngokwezakhi zofuzo futhi ezijwayele kahle izimo zendawo.

Okokusebenza okunjalo kubaluleke ngenxa yokungalingani kwako: amaqabunga avela ezihlahleni ezindala kanye nasezinhlobonhlobeni zembewu anikeza ukugxilisa okujulile, okunothe kanye nephunga eliyinkimbinkimbi, ngokungafani nephrofayli elinganayo kodwa “eyisicaba” yama-clone.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Indawo: isifunda sezintaba saseYunnan-Guizhou Plateau esinenhlanganisela yeGuizhou eseningizimu yendawo ephansi, ukuphakama okuphawulekayo, inkungu evamile kanye nokukhanya okusakazekile — izimo zakudala zokukhula kancane, okunephunga leqabunga letiye.
• Iqoqo Lemvelo: isici esibalulekile sasePu’an — idumela layo “njengomngcele wezihlahla zetiye zasendulo” (古茶树之乡). Lapha, iqoqo lemvelo lakudala letiye lilondolozwe, futhi ukuncika ezihlahleni ezindala kanye nasezinhlobonhlobo zendawo yikho okuhlukanisa leli tiye emigqeni yamathafa yamasimu ezindawo ezingomakhelwane eGuizhou.
• Ifenoloji: ngenxa yobusika obufudumele kanye nokufudumala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, iPu’an ithathwa njengenye yezifunda zetiye zokuqala eChina — ukuvunwa kokuqala kwasentwasahlobo kuqala ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunaseningi yezindawo ezaziwayo zetiye eliluhlaza.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ngokuma, iPu’an Gushu Lü iyitiye eliluhlaza eliyimicu (条形): amaqabunga asongwe abe “yintambo” ende, hhayi amapuleti ayisicaba futhi hhayi amabhola asongwe, okuyizimpawu zezinye izitayela zaseGuizhou.

Ukucubungula kuhamba ngohlelo oluluhlaza (olungavutshiwe) ngezindlela ezimbili zokugcina ezingaba khona:

• Ukugazinga ngepani (炒青, chǎoqīng) — ukumiswa nokomiswa epanini/emgqonyeni oshisayo, okunikeza iphunga eliminyene “elishisiwe-elimoshana”.
• Ukweyiswa/ukubhakwa (烘青, hōngqīng) — iphrofayli ethambile, “eluhlaza okusha” futhi enezimbali-utshani.

Umqondo ojwayelekile wetiye eliluhlaza uyagcinwa: ukuvunwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, ukumiswa okuyimpoqo kokuhlaza (杀青, shāqīng) ukuze kumiswe ukufiphala, ukunikeza ukuma okuyimicu ngokusonga kanye nokwenza kome. Inhlanganisela yokugazinga kanye/noma ukubhaka ivumela umkhiqizi ukuthi alinganisele phakathi kokujula “okugazingiwe” nokukhanya “okusha”.

Njengoba izinto ezingavuthiwe zifaka iqabunga elivela ezihlahleni ezindala nasezinhlobonhlobo zembewu, kudinga umsebenzi oqikelelayo: iqabunga elinjalo alifani kangako kunelo le-clone, futhi ikhwalithi incike kakhulu ekuhleleni ngesandla kanye nokulawula okunembile kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokumiswa.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic

Iphrofayli yePu’an Gushu Lü inqunywa yinhlanganisela yokuvunwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi okuthambile kanye neqoqo lemvelo “elidala”:

• Iqabunga elomile — liyimicu, liluhlaza okumnyama.
• Ukugxilisa — okusha nokuhlanzekile, ngenothi eliphezulu elinotshani-nezimbali ezingxenyeni ezibhakiwe kanye nokunambitheka okugqamile kwe-moshana nokugazingiwe kwezinye ezigazingiwe.
• Umzimba: ngenxa yezinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ezihlahleni ezindala, umzimba wokugxilisa uzwakala uminyene futhi uzinzile kakhudlwana kunamathiyela aluhlaza alula amasimu endawo efanayo.

9. Ukwenza Itiye (Ukugxilisa)

Izincomo zokugxilisa — zijwayelekile ngetiye eliluhlaza lekhwalithi:

• Amanzi — acishe abe ngu-80 – 85 °C, hhayi amanzi abilayo, ukuze kungashiswa iqabunga langaphambi kwesikhathi elithambile.
• Isitsha — ingilazi ewubuhlalu noma i-gaiwan, okuvumela ukubuka ukuvuleka kweqabunga eliyimicu.
• Izilinganiso — cishe amagremu angu-3 nge-150 ml.
• Ukugxilisa Kokuqala — okufushane; okokusebenza kwangaphambi kwesikhathi okuthambile “kunikela” kahle ngisho nasekugxiliseni kokuqala.

10. Ukugcina

Njengawo wonke amathiyela aluhlaza, inani eliyinhloko — wubusha: ukuphuza iPu’an Gushu Lü kufanele kwenziwe isencane, phakathi nenkathi yamanje, ukugcine esitsheni esivaleka ngci kude nokukhanya, ukushisa kanye namaphunga angaphandle.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ukuze ungangaphambanisi iPu’an Gushu Lü namanye amathiyela aluhlaza aseGuizhou angomakhelwane, kufanele ubheke izimpawu ezimbalwa:

• Ukuma. IPu’an — iyitiye eliyimicu (条形). Lokhu kuyalihlukanisa neqabunga eliyisicaba, elibushelelezi leMeitan Cuiya (湄潭翠芽), kuma-”zinawana zokudoba” ezisontekile kancane zeDuyun Maojian (都匀毛尖) futhi ikakhulukazi kuma-”mabhola” acindezelwe eLeishan Yinqiu (雷山银球茶).
• Umsuka Wezinto Ezingavuthiwe. Ukugcizelela ku-”gushu” (okuvela ezihlahleni ezindala) nasezinhlobonhlobo zendawo, kanye nokukhuluma nge-sìqiú gǔchá (四球古茶) — kuwumaka oqondile wePu’an.
• Isizini. Ukuvuthwa okugcizelelwe kwangaphambi kwesikhathi (“okungaphambili kakhulu entwasahlobo”) — kuyisici esiyi-sayini; amaqoqo atholakala ekuthengisweni ngaphambi kakhulu kwesikhathi.
• Iphrofayli. Ngokungafani nokuma “kwe-zinc-selenium” kweFenggang (凤冈锌硒茶) noma iqabunga “elimhlophe” le-albino leZheng’an Baicha (正安白茶), iPu’an ithengiswa ngomqondo weqoqo lemvelo lasendulo kanye nokugxilisa okuminyene, okusha.

Inhlanganisela “yokuma okuyimicu + izinto ezingavuthiwe ezindala/zembewu + ukuvunwa kwangaphambi kakhulu kwesikhathi + umsuka wasePu’an (黔西南)” iyisiginesha ethembekile yaleli tiye.