Měnghǎi Dà'ān chá

IMenghai Da’an Cha (Měnghǎi Dà’ān chá, 勐海大安茶) wuphawu lwendawo lwetiye lekomidi lesifunda laseDa’an (大安) endaweni yaseMengsong (勐宋乡) esifundeni saseMenghai (勐海县) eSifundazweni Esizimele SaseXishuangbanna Dai, esifundazweni saseYunnan. IMengsong ingesinye sezifunda ezindala kakhulu zetiye eMenghai: izingadi eziyishumi nanye ezindala ezizungeze intaba iHuazhu Liangzi, indawo ephakeme kakhulu yaseXishuangbanna. Ezincazelweni zohwebo igama laseDa’an uqobo kanye nedolobhana laseMansiliang lekomidi lamaLahu livame ukuvela ukudlula amanye. Ukuthi uphawu luhlanganisa iliphi ibanga letiye, akushiwongo emibhalweni etholakele.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nendabuko

• Uhlobo: Akubhalwanga embhalweni wophawu. Izingadi ezindala zaseMenghai ziwumthombo weqabunga elikhulu le-puer, kodwa ngetiye elibomvu nelimhlophe kwenziwa ngalo lelo qabunga elifanayo; ukuthi yimuphi umkhiqizo ohlanganiswa wuphawu, irekhodi alisho. Izincazelo zokunambitheka ezitholakele zimayelana ne-puer eluhlaza (生茶, shēngchá).
• Isigaba: Uphawu lwendawo lwekomidi lesifunda lesifunda saseMenghai, uphawu lweqoqo noma lokuqinisekisa.
• Indabuko: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda esizimele saseXishuangbanna Dai, isifunda saseMenghai (勐海县, Měnghǎi Xiàn), indawo yaseMengsong (勐宋乡, Měngsòng Xiāng), ikomidi lesifunda laseDa’an (大安村委会). Ikomidi lihlanganisa amadolobhana ayisishiyagalolunye (村民小组) ngaphansi kwamagama amahlanu: iShang Da’an (上大安, “iDa’an elingenhla,” amaqembu amabili), iXia Da’an (下大安, “iDa’an elingezansi,” amaqembu amane), iManxilongdai (曼西龙傣), iManxilongla (曼西龙拉) kanye neManxiliang (曼西良).
• Omakhelwane: Amakomidi ezifunda aseSanmai (三迈) empumalanga, eManmai (曼迈) eningizimu, eBanlong (蚌龙) entshonalanga nasenyakatho.
• Indawo yophawu: Uhlu lwesifundazwe lusho kuphela isifunda nesifunda, lokhu kungukuhlobana kokuphatha komnikazi wophawu; umngcele ongokomthetho wendawo angizange ngiwuhlole, futhi umngcele wekomidi njengendawo yophawu awuqinisekiswanga emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Azikho izixhumanisi eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • AmaLahu nabafiki. Abantu bomdabu baseMengsong, ngokusho kwezincazelo, bangamaLahu; izingadi ezindala zesifunda ikakhulu zatshalwa yibo, futhi imizana yabo emidala iseduze kwalezo zingadi. Abafiki abangamaHan, ngokusho kwencazelo eyodwa, baqala ukufika eMengsong ngasekupheleni koZalo lwe-Qing; ngo-1931 abantu abavela eYiwu bavula isitolo setiye lapha. Incwadi eyodwa yohwebo ikubiza ngoDa’an ngokwakhe ngokuthi idolobhana lamaBulang, lokhu kungqubuzana nesithombe esijwayelekile sesifunda samaLahu, futhi angikwazanga ukukuqinisekisa.
  • 2012–2014. Isikhungo sesifunda sokunakekela ubuchwepheshe bemboni yetiye (勐海县茶叶技术服务中心) safaka isicelo sophawu oluphahlile lokuqinisekisa “勐海茶” ngo-2012; lwabhaliswa ngo-2014.
  • Ngaphambi kuka-2019. Uphawu “勐海大安茶” lwabhaliswa: uhlu lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu zohwebo zendawo zaseYunnan lwango-28 Disemba 2019 lubala olayini wama-225, eduze kophawu oluphahlile “勐海茶” kanye nezinye izimpawu eziyishumi nane zezintaba namadolobhana esifunda (abezindaba ngo-2022 babhala ngeziyishumi nesithupha). Inombolo yokubhalisa, umnikazi, unyaka kanye nesigaba somkhiqizo akuzange kushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele; ukuthi uphawu lusasebenza njengamanje, akufakazelwanga.
• Igama: “Menghai” (勐海) yigama lesifunda; “Da’an” (大安) yigama lekomidi lesifunda, ngokwezinhlamvu “ukuthula okukhulu,” nakuba imvelaphi yegama lendawo ingachazwanga emithonjeni etholakele; “cha” (茶, chá) itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IMengsong yesifunda saseMenghai ibizwa nge”Mgengsong omkhulu” (大勐宋) ngokwehlukile edolobhaneni elinegama elifanayo eJinghong, “iMengsong encane”. Ezohwebo zibiza iDa’an phakathi “kwamadolobhana ayisikhombisa aseMengsong” (勐宋七寨) kanye neBaotang, iNaka kanye neDamanyue.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

• Uhlobo / I-Cultivar: Akushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele. Izincazelo ezijwayelekile zaseMengsong zisho ukuthi iqabunga likhulu futhi linoboya; ngeManxiiliang kuthiwa imiqumbe lapho mikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, kanti iqabunga elikhulu kunawo wonke uma selivulekile lifinyelela ku-15 cm.
• Ubudala bezihlahla: Ezingadini ezindala zaseMengsong izincazelo zinika iminyaka eyikhulu kuya kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa noma amakhulu amabili kuya kwamakhulu ayisithupha; endala kunazo zonke kuthiwa yingadi yaseBaotang Laozhai, iminyaka engama-500–700. Azikho izilinganiso eziqondile ngeDa’an.
• Izinhlobo zezingadi: Ngokwencazelo, eduze kwedolobhana laseManxiiliang kukhona ama-mu angaphezu kwama-400 (cishe amahektha angama-27) wezingadi zezihlahla ezindala kanye nama-mu angaphezu kwe-1,000 (cishe amahektha angama-67) wetiye elisemagqumeni (台地茶, táidìchá).
• Ukuvunwa: Izikhathi azishiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Alizange linikezwe emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Ayikho imithetho yophawu emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Ngokwencazelo eyodwa, ingadi yaseDa’an ilele engxenyeni emaphakathi yeMengsong, kanti iManxiiliang iseningizimu-mpumalanga. IMengsong empumalanga inqamula iJinghong, eningizimu inqamula indawo yaseGelanhe, bese ngaphesheya komfula iLiushahe ibheke eNannuoshan. Izingadi ezindala zesifunda zizungeze intaba iHuazhu Liangzi (滑竹梁子), indawo ephakeme kakhulu yaseXishuangbanna, engama-2429 m; intaba ithinta izindawo zamakomidi ezifunda amahlanu, kuhlanganise neDa’an.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: KweMengsong, 1 500–1 800 m; ukuphakama okuyinkomba kwekomidi laseDa’an kungu-1 698 m. Idolobhana laseManxiiliang, ohlangothini olusentshonalanga lweHuazhu Liangzi eduze komkhawulo oseningizimu, licishe libe 1 880 m ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba (okunye okushicilelwe kwezohwebo kunika u-1 756 m).
• Isimo sezulu: KweMengsong kunikezwa izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile elicishe libe ngu-18 °C. Imininingwane eyinkomba yekomidi laseDa’an ingu-17 °C kanye nemvula engaba ngu-1 480 mm ngonyaka, kwelaseManxiiliang ingu-17 °C no-1 500 mm.
• Inhlabathi: Izincazelo zaseMengsong zisho ukuthi inhlabathi ubukhulu becala ibomvu (红壤); eManxiiliang, ngokwencazelo, ifana neyaseNaka.
• Ububanzi bendawo: Ngokwencazelo, ikomidi laseDa’an linama-mu angaba ngu-7 000 (cishe amahektha angama-470) wezingadi zetiye, ezindala nezisencane kuhlanganiswe. Izingadi ezindala kuyo yonke iMengsong izincazelo zibala cishe ama-mu angama-3 800; okukodwa okushicilelwe kwezohwebo kunika iDa’an uqobo ama-mu ayi-1 300, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yalelo nani.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe obumiswe uphawu abuchazwanga emithonjeni etholakele. NgeManxiiliang kushiwo kuphela ukuthi itiye lapho licutshungulwa ngesandla ngamaLahu. Isikimu esijwayelekile sebanga le-puer eluhlaza ngokwezinga elijwayelekile i-GB/T 22111-2008, hhayi incazelo yetiye laseDa’an ngokuqondile: iqabunga elisha liyanekwa (摊放, tānfàng), liqiniswe ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), lisongwe (揉捻, róuniǎn), kuhlukaniswe izigaxa bese komiswa elangeni (日光干燥, rìguāng gānzào). Umphumela “yimpahla eluhlaza yelanga” (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá); nge-puer eluhlaza iyahlelwa, ishaywe umusi, icindezelwe futhi yomiswe, ngaphandle kokuvutshelwa kwenqwaba (渥堆, wòduī).

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Ngaphansi kwegama elithi Da’an kutholakale incazelo eyodwa yezohwebo; ezinye zimayelana nedolobhana laseManxiiliang, eliyingxenye yekomidi, kanye naseMengsong iyonke. Akukho ukunambitha kwaselebhu okusekela lezo zincazelo.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Incazelo ejwayelekile yaseMengsong: ukusongeka kukhulu, kunoboya obubonakalayo. NgeManxiiliang kuthiwa ukusongeka kungaba okuqinile noma okuxekethile, futhi imiqumbe mikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ejwayelekile yaseMengsong ikubiza ngokuthi kusha, kuluhlaza (青香).
• Iphunga lokuncelisa: EManxiiliang, liphakeme futhi lihlukile, limnandi, linezimbali, linothi loqalo olusha (青竹香).
• Ukunambitheka: EManxiiliang, ubuhlungu obukhanyayo, ukubabayo okuncane, ukukhiqizwa kwamathe okuqinile, ubumnandi obubuyayo obucacile nobude (回甘, huígān). Incazelo ngaphansi kwegama elithi Da’an iveza isimilo esehlukile: ukunambitheka okugcwele, “okunamandla” nobuhlungu obubonakalayo nokubabayo, ubumnandi obubuyayo obunamandla nokuphola emphinjeni.
• Umbala wokuncelisa: EManxiiliang azikho izincazelo. Incazelo ejwayelekile yaseMengsong isho ukuthi ukuncelisa kusagolide futhi kukhanya; incazelo yomakhelwane iBaotang, kuphuzi okujiyile futhi kusobala.
• Iqabunga lasemuva (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Incazelo ejwayelekile yaseMengsong: lithambile, lintofontofo futhi lilingana.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane yamakhemikhali etholakalayo ngetiye laseDa’an emithonjeni etholakele. Njengenkomba, lokhu kuyindinganiso yebanga hhayi isilinganiso: izinga elijwayelekile i-GB/T 22111-2008 lifuna i-puer eluhlaza okungenani libe nama-polyphenol angama-28,0% kanye nezinto ezincibilikayo emanzini ezingama-35,0% lapho umswakama ungekho ngaphezu kwe-13,0%.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba webanga, owe-puer eluhlaza, okunguyena okushiwo yizincazelo ezitholakele; itiye elibomvu noma elimhlophe elivela eqabungeni elifanayo liphiswa ngenye indlela.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
• Inani letiye: 5–7 g nge-100 ml.
• Isitsha: I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma i-teapot yobumba.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha bese ufaka itiye.
  2. Geza iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo imizuzwana emi-5–10 bese uyachithwa.
  3. Ukuncelisa kokuqala, imizuzwana eyi-10–15, kuthelwe ngesihlungi.
  4. Ukuphinda ukuthela ngokungeza isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba webanga. Indawo eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya omuhle engenaphunga nokukhanya okuqondile, kusetshenziswa ukugoqwa kwephepha noma ibhokisi. I-puer eluhlaza livumela ukuguga isikhathi eside, ngokuhamba kweminyaka ukubukeka nokunambitheka kwalo kuyashintsha.

10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa

Awekho amanani entengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhwabanisa:
  • Hlola uphawu “勐海大安茶” nokuthi umkhiqizi usebenza esifundeni saseMenghai. Uphawu alusho lutho ngebanga letiye noma ubudala bezihlahla.
  • Amagama athi “古树” (izihlahla ezindala) ayisimemezelo somthengisi: eManxiiliang kuphela kunezingadi ezisemagqumeni ezingaphezu kwe-mu eyinkulungwane.
  • Ungadidanisi “iMengsong enkulu” yaseMenghai ne”Mengsong encane” yaseJinghong.

11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

• Igama elithi Manmai esifundeni liphethwe okungenani izindawo ezintathu: ikomidi lesifunda elingumakhelwane noDa’an eMengsong, idolobhana lentaba iHekai, kanye nedolobhana lesifunda iBada.
• IManxiiliang ilele endaweni engamakhilomitha amane ukusuka ekomidini lesifunda namakhilomitha ayi-12 ukusuka enkabeni yendawo.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namatiye Angomakhelwane

• INaka (那卡): Idolobhana lamaLahu leMengsong elifanayo, igama layo elidume kakhulu; iDa’an neManxiiliang angamanye amadolobhana esifunda esifanayo.
• I-Huazhuliangzi shengcha (滑竹梁子生茶): I-puer eluhlaza elivela entabeni ezungezwe yizingadi zaseMengsong, kuhlanganise nezingadi zaseDa’an.
• INannuoshan (南糯山): Indawo enkulu yetiye ngaphesheya komfula iLiushahe.

Ekuphetheni:

IMenghai Da’an Cha wuphawu lwetiye lwengxenye emaphakathi ye “Mengsong enkulu,” isifunda samaLahu esizungeze intaba ephakeme kakhulu yaseXishuangbanna. NgeDa’an uqobo izincazelo zimbalwa, futhi azivumelani: okuwukuphela kwencazelo etholakele ngaphansi kwaleli gama ikhuluma ngetiye elinamandla, elibabayo, kanti izincazelo zedolobhana layo iManxiiliang ekuphakameni okungaba ngu-1 880 m zikhuluma ngephunga likaqalo, ubuhlungu obuthambile nobumnandi obude. Uphawu luqinisekisa igama lendawo, kodwa hhayi ibanga letiye noma ubudala bezihlahla.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• GB/T 22111-2008

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo