Gǔlìn niúpí chá

I-Gǔlìn Niúpí Chá (Gǔlìn niúpí chá, 古蔺牛皮茶) itiye lesifunda saseGulin (古蔺县) emkhandlwini wedolobha iLuzhou eningizimu yesifundazwe saseSichuan kanye nohlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla setiye olufanayo. Igama elithi «Niúpí» (牛皮) lisho ukuthi «isikhumba senkomo»: igama linikezwe ngeqabunga elikhulu eliwugqinsi, hhayi ngesigaba setiye. Uhlobo luvela emfuleni iJiaozi Gou (椒子沟) eduze kwedolobhana laseZaolin (枣林村) elokishini laseGulin futhi ngo-1985 lwaqashelwa njengohlobo lwendawo lwesifundazwe. Igama livikelwe wuphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo (geographical certification mark) — ohlwini lwalezi zimpawu zaseSichuan ngoMashi 2018 selivele likhona. Isigaba asiqanjwanga ngophawu.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Akunqunyelwe: umqulu wophawu onesigaba angikawuboni. Incazelo yereferensi yohlobo ithi lufaneleka itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu; iziphathimandla zaseLuzhou zibiza i-«牛皮茶» ngokuthi kokubili uhlobo kanye negama letiye elenziwe, kepha isigaba abasisho.
• Isigaba: Itiye lohlobo lwendawo lwaseningizimu yeSichuan; uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), umkhandlu wedolobha iLuzhou (泸州, Lúzhōu), isifunda saseGulin (古蔺, Gǔlìn). Ikhaya lohlobo — umfula iJiaozi Gou eduze kwedolobhana laseZaolin (枣林村) elokishini laseGulin (古蔺镇).
• Indawo yophawu: Uhlu lwaseSichuan lukhomba isifunda saseGulin njengendawo yokuphatha yomnini wophawu; umngcele wezomthetho wendawo uchazwa yizinga leqembu, umbhalo walo engingakawuboni.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: IGulin icishe ibe ngu-28.0° enyakatho kanye no-105.8° empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Umqulu womlando. Iziphathimandla zaseLuzhou kanye nezindaba zesifunda zango-2017 zicaphuna umqulu wesifunda «古蔺县志»: «牛皮茶，曾为贡茶» — leli tiye «lake laba itiye lentela». Ukuthi lanikelwa nini futhi kubani, akushiwongo kucaphuno.
  • 1985. Ikhomishana yezifundazwe yezinhlobo zezitshalo zasemapulazini yaliqashela njengohlobo lwendawo lwesifundazwe saseSichuan.
  • 2014. Ikolishi lezengadi laseNyuvesi Yezolimo YaseSichuan lashicilela ephephandabeni i-«作物学报» (2014, No. 12) ucwaningo lohlobo: izitshalo ezingu-76 ezivela emiphakathini eyisikhombisa, ukwakheka, i-biochemistry, nezimpawu ze-ISSR.
  • Uphawu. Ohlwini lwezimpawu zezindawo zaseSichuan ngoMashi 2018, iGǔlìn Niúpí Chá isivele ikhona; incazelo yereferensi ithi unyaka wokubhaliswa — ngu-2017. Inombolo yophawu nomnikazi angikutholanga.
  • 2021. Ngokombiko wangomhla zingama-28 kuNhlaba, uphiko lwesifunda lokuqondisa imakethe lwenze ukuhlolwa kwamazinga eqembu ezimpawu ezimbili zesifunda — «地理标志证明商标 古蔺面» (ama-noodle) kanye ne-«地理标志证明商标 古蔺牛皮茶». Amazinga achaza indawo, izidingo zekhwalithi, imithetho yokulawula, ukumaka nokupakisha; kwakuhlelwa ukuwethula ngemva kokushicilelwa endaweni kazwelonke. Ukuthi izinga laphuma yini, angikutholanga.
• Igama: 古蔺 — igama lesifunda, 牛皮 — «isikhumba senkomo», 茶 — itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-athikili ka-2014 ibiza iGǔlìn Niúpí Chá njengomthombo okhethekile wesihlahla setiye eSichuan futhi ixwayisa ukuthi indawo yabantu iyancipha ngenxa yesomiso nokungenelela komuntu. Ngokwezindaba zesifunda zango-2017, isisebenzi sophiko lwezamahlathi zesifunda sathola izihlahla ezindala zalolu hlobo ezindaweni eziningana zesifunda futhi salinganisela ubudala beziningi emakhulwini eminyaka; ukuhlolwa okuzimele angikutholanga.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Ngokwe-athikili yereferensi ngohlobo, ngaphandle uma kushiwongo ngenye indlela.

• Uhlobo lwesihlahla: Inani lembewu (有性系), isihlahla esincane, esinamaqabunga aphakathi, isikhathi esiphakathi, i-diploid. I-athikili ka-2014 icacisa ukuthi: emiphakathini yaseJiaozi Gou kugcwele izihlahla ezincane, kodwa emiphakathini emihlanu kweyisikhombisa kukhona nezihlahla ezincane noma izihlahla.
• Isihlahla: Side kakhulu, umqhele unwebekile, amagatsha ayivelakancane, amaqabunga ahleli cishe ngokuvundlile.
• Iqabunga: Liyi-elliptic noma liyi-elliptic elide, liluhlaza okotshani obumnyama, licwebezela, ingaphezulu livuvukele kancane, amazinyo ajulile futhi ayivelakancane, iqabunga liwugqinsi — yilapho igama livela khona.
• Amahlumela: Ubulelesi buphakathi; amahlumela ayikhulu e-«hlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amathathu» anesisindo cishe sama-61.0 g. Ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo kuqala ngezinsuku ezingu-7–10 ngaphambi kwezinye izinhlobo zendawo; amahlumela makhulu.
• Imbali nembewu: I-corolla icishe ibe ngu-2.9 cm, amacembe ayisishiyagalombili, insika ihlukaniswe kathathu; imbewu icishe ibe ngu-1.4 cm.
• Ukuqina: Ukumelana nesomiso kuphakeme kakhulu, ukuthela kuphakathi.
• Ukusatshalaliswa: Ngokwe-athikili ka-2014 — kuphela iJiaozi Gou nezintaba namagquma azungezile; izitshalo lapho ikakhulukazi zasendle nezingaphandle.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Iningizimu yeSichuan; ngokwe-athikili ka-2014, isifunda sisekuguqukeleni ukusuka emgodini waseSichuan kuya ethafeni laseGuizhou.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: I-athikili ka-2014: umnyombo wesibalo — ihlathi laseJiaozi Gou ku-900–1100 m, yonke indawo — cishe u-20 km² ku-800–1200 m. Iziphathimandla zaseLuzhou: isizinda setiye — izindawo zaseBaisha Po (白沙坡), Jiaozi Gou kanye neFengyuan Po (凤元坡) ku-600–1200 m.
• Isimo sezulu: Ngokwe-athikili ka-2014 — ihlobo liyashisa, ubusika bubandza, imvula incane uma kuqhathaniswa, ehlobo kuvame isomiso. Iziphathimandla zaseLuzhou, ngokuphambene, zibhala ngemvula eningi.
• Inhlabathi: Imininingwane ngokwakheka nezilinganiso ze-acidity ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izikhathi zokuvuna: Ngokwamazwi omkhandi wetiye wendawo ezindabeni zango-2017, ngenxa yokuphakama leli tiye livunwa ngezinsuku ezingaphezu kweshumi ngemuva kwesikhathi kunasendaweni ephansi; incazelo yereferensi ethi «ngezinsuku ezingu-7–10 ngaphambi» — ukuqhathanisa nemiphakathi engomakhelwane.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umbhalo onobuchwepheshe bophawu angikawuboni; izinga leqembu lango-2021, ngokombiko wesifunda, kufanele lihlele nokucubungula, kodwa umbhalo walo awukho.

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwezigaba, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye: okuluhlaza — ukuqedwa, ukusonteka, ukomiswa; okubomvu — ukubuna, ukusonteka, i-oxidation, ukomiswa. Ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo kanye neziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswa kwiGǔlìn Niúpí Chá, akushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Izincazelo — zivela ku-athikili yereferensi nasemazwini ommeleli wenkampani yendawo ezindabeni zango-2017; isigaba abasibizi, futhi akusona sidingo sophawu.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Licinene, ligobe kancane, liluhlaza, linobulelesi obumhlophe obuningi (紧致微曲，白毫嵌绿).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshwala obusetshenziselwa ukuphuza: Linephunga le-castnut (栗香) — zonke izincazelo ezitholakele ziyalisho.
• Ukunambitheka: Lithambile futhi eligcwele, linokunambitheka okumnandi ngemva; itiye limelana nokuthelwa kaningi (醇厚回甘，耐冲泡).
• Umbala wotshwala: Ngokwe-athikili yereferensi — uhlanzekile futhi ucwebezela; ezindabeni zango-2017 — uphuzi futhi ucwebezela (汤色黄亮).
• Isizinda setiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Ngokwe-athikili yereferensi — lilingana, liphuzi-luhlaza, licwebezela; ezindabeni zango-2017 — liluhlaza okotshani obuthambile.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

I-athikili yereferensi inikeza amasethi amabili ezinombolo, futhi awaqondani:

Isilinganiso	Amahlumela entwasahlobo e-«hlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amabili», isampula elomile	«Iqabunga elisha», ngokwencwadi ethi «Itiye laseSichuan» (《四川茶叶》)
Ama-polyphenol	25.1 %	29.27 %
I-caffeine	4.5 %	4.15 %
Ama-amino acid	cishe u-2.1 %	akukho mininingwane
Izinto ezikhishwayo	akukho mininingwane	45.17 %

Alikho isethi elisho unyaka noma indlela yokuhlaziya. I-athikili ka-2014 yanikeza emigudwini eyisikhombisa ukwahluka kwama-polyphenol emahlumeleni entwasahlobo ku-22.57–30.17 %. Lena imininingwane ngempahla eluhlaza yohlobo, hhayi ngetiye elenziwe.

8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye

Umkhuba wesigaba — imingcele incike ekutheni yiliphi itiye elivela kulolu hlobo osandleni sakho.

• Okuluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukuthela kokuqala imizuzwana engu-40–60, ingilazi noma i-gaiwan, ukuphindwa kabili noma kathathu.
• Okubomvu: 90–95 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukuthela kokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa, i-gaiwan noma itiye le-porcelain, ukuphindwa kaningana ngokwelula isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Itiye eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Okubomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, ephaketheni eliminyene, kude namaphunga.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhohlisi

Imininingwane ngentengo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ungazigwema kanjani imikhohlisi:
  • Funa uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo lwe-«古蔺牛皮茶».
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseGulin.
  • Khumbula ukuthi i-«牛皮茶» akulona igama eliyingqayizivele: endabeni ngesifunda saseYunnan iBangdong (邦东乡), elinye lamafomu etiye lasendle lendawo libizwa ngalo. Lesi esinye isitshalo futhi esinye isifunda.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Igama letiye linikezwe iqabunga: «isikhumba senkomo» — umfanekiso weqabunga eliwugqinsi neliqinile.
• Ngokwencwadi ethi «Itiye laseSichuan», ecashunwa yiziphathimandla zaseLuzhou, isivuno salolu hlobo siphezulu ngo-36.49 % kunezinye izinhlobo.
• Izinga lophawu lwetiye lahlolwa ndawonye nezinga lama-noodle aseGulin.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye

• IJunlian Hong Cha (筠连红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseYibin eningizimu yeSichuan, futhi elakhelwe ohlotsheni lwendawo — iZaobai Jian (早白尖).
• IYibin Zao Cha (宜宾早茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasekuqaleni laseYibin eningizimu yeSichuan.
• IBeichuan Taizi Cha (北川苔子茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yomgodi waseSichuan, futhi eliqanjwe ngesihlahla setiye sendawo.

Ekuphetheni:

IGǔlìn Niúpí Chá — ngaphambi kwakho konke uhlobo: inani lembewu elineqabunga eliwugqinsi elimnyama-luhlaza, elasendle nelingaphandle emfuleni iJiaozi Gou, elaqashelwa yisifundazwe ngo-1985. Ngaphansi kwegama laso kubhaliswe uphawu lwezindawo, kodwa ukuthi yiliphi itiye elivikelayo — okuluhlaza, okubomvu noma kokubili — akushiwongo emibhalweni etholakele. Izincazelo zihlangana ephungeni le-castnut, ukunambitheka okugcwele nokuqina ekuthelweni; kuze kube semibhalweni yezinga leqembu, lokhu kungcono kakhulu okukhona.