Beichuan Taizi Cha (Běichuān táizǐ chá, 北川苔子茶) itiye eliluhlaza lase-Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County (北川羌族自治县) kumasipala wedolobha iMianyang enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSichuan Basin. Igama linikezwe isihlahla setiye sendawo, ngokwezincwadi zesifundazwe, esaziwa lapha kusukela ngezikhathi zeTang neSong. Umkhiqizo uvikilwe njengophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2009; izinga laseMianyang lango-2022 lilichaza njengetiye eliluhlaza elinezimo ezimbili, isicaba nesigoqekile.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá): umkhiqizo uchazwe kanjalo ezingeni i-DB5107/T 99-2022.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSichuan; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2009).
- Izimo: Itiye elisicaba (扁形茶, biǎnxíng chá) neligoqekile (卷曲形茶, juǎnqūxíng chá).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), umasipala wedolobha iMianyang (绵阳, Miányáng), iBeichuan Qiang Autonomous County (北川, Běichuān).
- Indawo evikilwe: Igunyazwe isimemezelo seGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) sango-2009 No. 107. Izinga lango-2022 lichaza indawo efanayo ngezindawo eziyisishiyagalolunye zamanje zesifunda: amadolobhana iQushan, iLeigu, iTongquan, iChenjiaba, iGuixi, iYuli kanye nezifunda iXuanping, iDuguan, iBaini. Isimemezelo sango-2009 sasibiza izindawo eziyishumi nanye; umehluko ekubalweni angikawuhloli.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane yasendulo. Umbutho wabashushisi wesifunda embhalweni wango-2025 ubhala ukuthi ngeTang itiye lalapha laliyintela, futhi uhlobanisa izindawo ezizungezile iBeichuan namuhla ne-«Chaming eliluhlaza» (绿昌明) elivela enkondlweni ka-Bai Juyi ethi «春尽日»: «渴尝一碗绿昌明» — «ngomile ngiphuza indebe ye-Changming eliluhlaza». Awunikezi imithombo yokuqala.
- 1975. Ngokwe-«Sichuan Online», emithambekeni baqala ukwakha amasimu etiye ngamatshe.
- 2008–2009. Ukuzamazama komhlaba komhla ziyi-12 kuNhlaba wezi-2008 kwacishe kwawumisa umkhiqizo wetiye; ngo-2009, ngesikhathi sokululama, kwaqala ukwakhiwa amadlelandawonye. Ngaso leso sikhathi i-AQSIQ ngesimemezelo No. 107 yathi iBeichuan Taizi Cha ingaphansi kovikelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- 2020. Kusukela ngo-Okthoba kunesimiso sesifunda sokuvikela izihlahla ezindala ze-北川苔子茶.
- 2022. I-Mianyang Market Supervision Administration yashicilela ngomhla zingama-24 kuNdasa izinga elithi DB5107/T 99-2022 «地理标志产品 北川苔子茶»; laqala ukusebenza ngomhla lu-1 kuNhlangulana.
- 2023. I-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs yafaka uhlelo lwaseBeichuan Taizi Cha lokutshala okuxubile (复合栽培系统) engxenyeni yesikhombisa yamagugu ezolimo abalulekile e-China; ngoJanuwari 2025, ngokwe-«Sichuan Online», lwangena ohlwini lokuqala lwaseChina lohlelo lwe-FAO lwamagugu ezolimo.
- 2026. I-CNIPA yanikeza amabhizinisi ilungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu olukhethekile.
- Igama: «Beichuan» (北川) yigama lesifunda; «taizi cha» (苔子茶) yigama lesihlahla sendawo. Ngokwe-Central People’s Radio (2026), igama linikezwe ngokubukeka kwegatsha: amajoyinti amade namagatsha anejusi afana neziqu zemifino i-菜苔 (càitái).
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Uhlelo lwamagugu ukutshala okuxubile: ngokwe-«Sichuan Online», phakathi kwemigqa ebanzi yezihlahla ezindala batshala amazambane, ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya nemifino. Isisho esithi «大禹门前树，千年苔子茶» — «isihlahla phambi kwesango lika-Yu Omkhulu, i-taizi cha yeminyaka eyinkulungwane» sibhalwe yi-Central People’s Radio.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: Indawo yendawo yezitshalo ze-苔子茶. Umbutho wabashushisi wesifunda uyichaza njengegatsha elakhula isikhathi eside kusukela ezihlahleni zetiye zasendle: imelana namakhaza, ineqabunga eliqinile neqabunga eliwugqinsi. Izihlahla ezindala, ngokombhalo ofanayo, ziningi esifundeni, ezindala kakhulu zineminyaka engaphezu kuka-700; i-Central People’s Radio (2026) ithi zingaphezu kuka-1100.
- Izinhlobo ezivunyelwe ngezinga: Indawo yendawo, indawo ye-鸠坑 (Jiūkēng) kanye nezinhlobo ezincane neziphakathi zamaqabunga ezifana ne-名山213 (Míngshān 213) ne-福选9号 (Fúxuǎn 9). Igama elithi 苔子茶 ngezinga alidingi ukuthi izinto zisuselwe kuphela esihlahleni sendawo.
- Izikhathi zokuvuna: Kusukela ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ekupheleni kukaJuni; iqabunga eliphelele likhishwa ngaphambi kweQingming, amahlumela anamaqabunga ngaphambi kweGuyu.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Ngametiye asicaba, iqabunga eliphelele; ngamagoqekile, kusukela eqabungeni elilodwa kuya emaqabungeni amabili avulekayo. Bahlwitha ngokuphakamisa isandla (提手采), bengaphinci futhi bengahlubuli.
4. Terroir nezici zokutshala
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwezinga, ku-650–1500 m. Umbutho wabashushisi wesifunda ubhala ngamahlathi ku-1000–1800 m; umehluko angikawuxazululi.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwezinga, isimo sezulu esinomswakama se-subtropical monsoon sase-basin: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi ngu-15.6 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingama-286, imvula ingu-1287.5 mm, ukukhanya kwelanga kungamahora angama-902.2 ngonyaka.
- Inhlabathi: Kukhona kakhulu amatshe, bese kuba yinhlabathi evundlile novunjelayo, inamathambo amaningi; i-pH ingu-4.5–6.5. Izinga lidinga ungqimba lwenhlabathi ephuzi olungaphansi kuka-50 cm ne-organic hhayi ngaphansi kuka-1.5%.
- Ukutshala: Ezizungezile izinga lidinga ukutshala imigqa yamahlathi yokuvikela, emasimini kube nezihlahla ezinethunzi.
- Ubukhulu: Ngokwe-«Sichuan Online», ngoNovemba 2022, kunamasimu etiye angaphezu kuka-90,000 mu.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izinga libeka izinhlelo ezimbili zobuchwepheshe, ngokwesimo setiye.
- Itiye elisicaba: ukubuna (摊放, tānfàng) → ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng) → ukuqondisa iqabunga (理条, lǐtiáo) → ukushisisa iphunga (提香, tíxiāng) → ukuhlunga (筛选, shāixuǎn) → ukupakisha.
- Itiye eligoqekile: ukubuna → ukulungisa → ukusonga (捻揉, niǎnróu) → ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān) → ukomisa ebhodweni nokushisisa iphunga (炒干提香, chǎogān tíxiāng) → ukuhlunga → ukupakisha.
Ukomisa kwetiye eligoqekile ngokwezinga:
- Ukomisa kokuqala: 110–130 °C, cishe imizuzu emi-4 kuya kweyi-7.
- Ukomisa kancane: Izinga lokushisa lebhodwe lehliswa cishe ku-80 °C bese koma kuze kube umswakama ucishe ube ngu-10%.
- Ukomisa ngokushisisa: 120–130 °C, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga seliphuka libe impushana lapho licindezelwa ngeminwe.
Ngetiye elisicaba izinga alinikezi imingcele.
6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa
Izimfuneko zezinga le-DB5107/T 99-2022 zezimo ezimbili.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Elisicaba, liqondile, lilinganile, liphuzi-luhlaza futhi licwebezela (扁直，黄绿、有光泽). Eligoqekile, lisongwe ngokuqinile, linezihloko ezibonakalayo, liluhlaza futhi limanzi licwebezela (紧结卷曲、显锋苗，绿润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alikachazwa ezingeni; ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomunwe: Elisicaba, liphakeme futhi lihlala njalo (香高持久). Eligoqekile, lihlanzekile futhi lihlala njalo (清香持久).
- Ukunambitha: Elisicaba, lisha futhi lithambile (鲜醇). Eligoqekile, lithambile, ligcwele, libuya kamnandi (醇厚回甘).
- Umbala womunwe: Elisicaba, ukuphuzi okuncane futhi kukhanya (嫩黄明亮). Eligoqekile, ukuluhlaza okuncane futhi kukhanya (嫩绿明亮).
- Isitsha setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Elisicaba, amaqabunga aphelele, aphuzi-luhlaza futhi akhanya (全芽、黄绿明亮). Eligoqekile, amaqabunga anamahlumela avuleka njengembali, aluhlaza futhi acwebezela (芽叶成朵、绿亮).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izimfuneko zezinga ngamakhemikhali ethiyeni eliphelele (ingxenye ngobuningi):
| Isilinganiso | Imfuneko |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | hhayi ngaphezu kuka-6.5% |
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | hhayi ngaphansi kuka-40.0% |
| Ama-polyphenol | hhayi ngaphansi kuka-13.0% |
| Ama-catechin | hhayi ngaphansi kuka-8.0% |
| Ama-amino acid amahhala | hhayi ngaphansi kuka-3.0% |
| I-caffeine | hhayi ngaphansi kuka-4.0% |
| Umlotha ophelele | hhayi ngaphezu kuka-7.5% |
| Izinsalela ezincane | hhayi ngaphezu kuka-1.0% |
Lezi yizindinganiso eziphansi, hhayi izilinganiso zetiye elithile; izinombolo ziqinisekiswe ngesithombe samakhasi.
8. Ukwenza Itiye
Umkhuba wekilasi wetiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C; ngetiye elisicaba elivela emaqabungeni aphelele, eduze no-80 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi yegilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo: Shisisa isitsha, thela amanzi odongeni, umunwe wokuqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60, uphuze ushiya ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yomunwe, bese uthelela amanzi; ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Izinga lidinga indawo yokugcina epholile, eyomile futhi ehlanzekile ngaphandle kwephunga elingaziwa; isikhathi sokuphila asikho ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-18. Ekhaya, umkhuba wekilasi: ukupakisha okuvalekile, isiqandisi ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya nomswakama; kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa
Ayikho imininingwane yezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda saseBeichuan.
- Khumbula ukuthi igama aliqinisekisi izinto ezivela ezihlahleni ezindala.
- Ngokombutho wabashushisi wesifunda (2025), kukhona itiye elithengwe kwezinye izindawo lipakishwe njenge-«北川苔子茶».
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Igama elilodwa linezimo ezimbili ezibukeka ngendlela ehlukile: itiye elisicaba elivela emaqabungeni aphelele elinombala ophuzi kanye neligoqekile elinombala oluhlaza.
- I-caffeine izinga liyivimbela phansi, hhayi ngaphansi kuka-4.0%.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aseSichuan
- Emei Zhuyeqing (峨眉竹叶青): Itiye elisicaba lentaba i-Emei; kuBeichuan Taizi Cha uhlobo olusicaba lungolunye kuphela kwezimbili.
- Mengding Ganlu (蒙顶甘露): Itiye eligoqekile lentaba iMengdingshan, umakhelwane oseduze ngokubukeka kohlobo olugoqukile.
- Guosheng Cha (国胜茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni laseningizimu yesifundazwe elinophawu lwendawo.
- Dazhu Baicha (大竹白茶): Itiye lasempumalanga yeSichuan elivela kuhlobo olukhanyayo lwamaqabunga olufikileyo i-白叶一号, icala eliphambene: lapho imboni yokufika encane, lapha indawo yendawo endala yezitshalo.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Beichuan Taizi Cha itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda samaQiang enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSichuan, eliqanjwe ngesihlahla sendawo esinezibonelo ezineminyaka eminingi. Izinga lango-2022 lichaza izimo ezimbili: elisicaba elivela emaqabungeni aphelele elinombala ophuzi oncane kanye neligoqekile elinephunga elihlanzekile nokubuyela okumnandi. Ukuvikela kusukela ngo-2009, isimiso sezihlahla ezindala kanye nesimo samagugu ezolimo zivikela kokubili isihlahla uqobo kanye nomnotho osizungezile.
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