I-Baiyun Chunhao (Báiyún chūnháo, 白云春毫) itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni saseLujiang (庐江县) ngaphansi kukamasipala waseHefei esifundazweni sase-Anhui, livela ezintabeni zamagquma aseDabieshan; ekuhunyushweni okuchazayo lisho ukuthi “uboya bentwasahlobo bamafu amhlophe”. Amagama athi “mhlophe” kanye “noboya” awalenzi itiye elimhlophe: igama, ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, lihlanganisa igama lesigodlo sezindela esidala i-Baiyun’an (白云庵) eduze kwezingadi noboya obumhlophe beqabunga. Ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, itiye lakhula ngo-1985–1987 lisuka ku-“Ergujian Maofeng” (二姑尖毛峰) wendawo; kukhona nolunye uhlobo lwendaba (isigaba 2). Izidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ziwuchaza ngefomula ethi “ufana nomsila wenkonjane, iphunga elimsulwa line-orchid” (形似燕尾、清香带兰). Leli gama livikelwe uphawu lwendawo lwezolimo kusukela ngo-2017 kanye nokuqashelwa komkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2025.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Ubuchwepheshe ngokwezidingo — buluhlaza (isigaba 5). Incwadi yezethenjwa ilibeka emtini wetiye oqondile wokugazinga epanini (炒青, chǎoqīng).
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza laseDabieshan eliqondile, elicishe libe yisicaba; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), umasipala waseHefei (合肥, Héféi), isifunda saseLujiang (庐江, Lújiāng).
- Indawo evikelwe: Izintaba i-Ergujian (二姑尖), i-Baihuazhai (百花寨), i-Laoheshang (老和尚), i-Changchun, i-Madian, i-Hudong, i-Gaojian nezinye emagqumeni aseDabieshan (大别山, Dàbiéshān) — sezizonke izigodi ezingama-45 emalokishini ayi-16, kakhulu emalokishini aseTangchi (汤池镇), eWanshan (万山镇), eKetan (柯坦镇), eLongqiao (龙桥镇) naseFanshan (矾山镇). Umfakisicelo — Inhlangano Yetiye yesifunda saseLujiang (庐江县茶叶协会).
- Indawo enhle kakhulu: Incwadi yezethenjwa ibheka itiye elingcono kakhulu njengelivela entabeni i-Ergujian eduze kwesigodi sasendulo saseGuoshu (果树); idolobhana laseGuoshu lingena endaweni njengengxenye yelokishi laseTangchi.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 30°58′06″–31°33′17″ N, 117°01′12″–117°33′18″ E (imingcele yendawo evikelwe).
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Ukuqala kweRiphabhuliki. Ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, esifundeni kwakunama-mu etiye angaba ngu-5000 ezivande kanye nezindlu zokuhweba zamatiye eziyi-149.
- Ngo-1984 — uhlobo lwendaba lukaChen Chuan. Ingosi yokuqeqesha yeqembu ibhala ukuthi uprofesa wase-Anhui Agricultural University u-Chen Chuan (陈椽), obizwa ngokuthi “umhlakaniphi wetiye” wesimanje, ngokumenywa yiziphathimandla zesifunda wakha itiye elidumile laseLujiang elithi “白云春毫”.
- Ngo-1985–1987 — uhlobo lwendaba lwendawo. Ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, ngo-1985 imboni yetiye yaseLujiang yaseGuoshu yaqala ukukhiqizwa kwesilingo “Ergujian Maofeng” (Èrgūjiān máofēng); ngoDisemba 1986 ikomidi lesifunda lesayensi lafaka isicelo kukomidi lesifundazwe sohlaka lwesihloko sokuthuthukisa leli tiye, futhi isihloko samukelwa; kusukela ngo-Ephreli 1987 kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kwesilingo okusemthethweni ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zezivande zase-Ergujian, umsebenzi endaweni wawuqondiswa wumnyango wetiye we-Anhui Agricultural University, futhi itiye laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi “白云春毫”.
- Ngo-1987 — uhlobo lwendaba lwesifunda lwango-2026. Impahla yomnyango wokukhangisa wesifunda, eyashicilelwa yiXinhua (新华网) ngo-2026, ibhala ukuthi owandulelayo kwakungu-“Ergujian Maofeng”, futhi ngo-1987 itiye lakhiwa ngu-Chen Chuan ngeminyaka emithathu yokusebenza. Iqhaza eliqondile lika-Chen Chuan nosuku lokudalwa ngokwemithombo etholakele akunakunqunywa: izinhlobo zendaba ziyehluka.
- Ngo-1988. Itiye laqashelwa njengetiye elidumile lesifundazwe sase-Anhui.
- Ngo-1989. Ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, ngoJulayi itiye lathola isiqu setiye elidumile elisezingeni lomnyango.
- Ngo-1995. Ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, ngoDisemba — indondo yegolide yoMbukiso Wezolimo WaseChina Wesibili.
- Ngo-2008. Ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, indondo yegolide yoMbukiso Wetiye Wesithathu Wase-Anhui.
- Ngo-2016–2017. Ngokwempahla yesifunda ku-“The Paper” (澎湃新闻), ngo-2016 itiye ladlula ekuhlolweni kophawu lwendawo lwezolimo futhi lathola umklomelo wokuqala womncintiswano we-“Zhongcha Bei” (中茶杯), kanti isitifiketi salithola ngo-2017; incwadi yezethenjwa ibeka ukubhaliswa koMnyango Wezolimo ngomhla ka-20 Ephreli 2017, kanti ingosi yezokuvakasha ibeka umklomelo we-“Zhongcha Bei” onyakeni ka-2015.
- Ngo-2024. Ngokombiko wengosi yezindaba yase-Anhui iZhongan Zaixian, ngalo nyaka uhlobo lwemikhiqizo lwaba neminyaka engamashumi amane selokhu lwasungulwa — lokhu kuhambisana no-1984 ohlotsheni lwendaba lukaChen Chuan. Ukuvulwa kwenkathi yeshumi nesithupha yesiko letiye nezokuvakasha lwe-“Baiyun Chunhao” kwakuhlelelwe umhla ka-6 Ephreli e-“Tea Valley of a Hundred Flowers” (百花茶谷) elokishini laseTangchi.
- 9 Juni 2025. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lempahla yobunikazi (CNIPA) ngesimemezelo esinguNombolo 632 lamukela njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imiklomelo: I-“The Paper” ibala, ngaphandle kweminyaka, igolide lombukiso wezolimo waseChina kanye noMbukiso Womhlaba eShanghai kanye nesiqu “senkosi yetiye” embukisweni wetiye wesifundazwe. Umbiko wango-2024, futhi ngaphandle kweminyaka, ubiza iziqu ezithi “amatiye ayishumi abalulekile ohlobo lwemikhiqizo yesifundazwe sase-Anhui” (安徽省十大品牌名茶), “uphawu lokuhweba olwaziwayo lwesifundazwe sase-Anhui”, “amabhrendi ayishumi adumile etiye lase-Anhui” (中国徽茶十大著名品牌) kanye “ngebhrendi yetiye ephezulu yeDelta yaseYangtze”.
- Igama: “Baiyun” (白云) — “amafu amhlophe”: ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, kuhlonishwa isigodlo sezindela i-Baiyun’an namafu ngaphezu kwezivande; “chun” (春) — “intwasahlobo”; “hao” (毫) — uboya emiqulwini.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Manje lolu wuphawu oluvamile lwesifunda. Ngokwe-“The Paper”, ngo-2020 zonke izivande zetiye zesifunda zazithatha ama-mu angaba ngu-100 000 emalokishini ayisishiyagalombili; ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, eyavezwa ngo-2024, — ama-mu angu-98.7 enkulungwane, amabhizinisi etiye acishe abe yikhulu.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo: Izidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo zibala iLongjing 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng 43), iZhonghuang No. 3 (中黄3号, Zhōnghuáng 3), iGuyuchun (谷雨春, Gǔyǔchūn) nezinye.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Kuvunwa futhi kucutshungulwa ngoMashi–Ephreli.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokwencwadi yetiye, ezingeni eliphezulu (特级) — umqulu oneqabunga elilodwa kuphela elivulekile, ezingeni lokuqala (一级) — umqulu oneqabunga elilodwa noma amabili anjalo.
- Ukutshala nokunakekela: Ngokwezidingo — ukutshala kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuMashi, ngokutshala imigqa emibili — cishe izihlahla ezingu-4000 nge-mu; umquba ophilayo — umquba wezingulube nezinkukhu osewubolile, cishe amakhilogremu angu-1500 nge-mu.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Amagquma aseDabieshan esifundeni saseLujiang.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwezidingo — ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-1200, imithambeka engaphezu kuka-25°.
- Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo esinamandla emvula esingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo; ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, ngokwesilinganiso ngonyaka kungu-16.4 °C, imvula engu-1009.2 mm, amahora elanga angu-1760.1 kanye nezinsuku ezingama-253 ezingenasithwathwa.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa — insundu ephuzi (黄棕壤), eneasidi noma eneasidi encane, i-pH 5.0–5.5. Izidingo zibanzi: i-pH 4.5–6.5, izinto eziphilayo 1.2–2.2 %, i-phosphorus eguqukayo cishe 6–10 mg/kg, i-potassium eshintshanayo 60–100 mg/kg, ukujula kwenhlabathi kusukela kumasentimitha angama-60, ngaphandle kongqimba oqinile.
- Isilinganiso: Ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa, indawo evikelwe — amahektha angu-10 000, umkhiqizo wonyaka — amathani angama-330; unyaka walezi zibalo awubekiwe.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo zibeka lolu chungechunge olulandelayo:
- Ukubuna kweqabunga elisha (摊青, tānqīng).
- Ukuhlukanisa amaqabunga ngezinga (分级, fēnjí).
- Ukulungisa ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa ukufiphala.
- Ukupholisa (摊放冷却, tānfàng lěngquè).
- Ukubunjwa ngokugazinga ngokucindezela (炒压做形, chǎo yā zuòxíng): Iqabunga lenziwa liqonde futhi licishe libe yisicaba.
- Ukuphumula (摊放, tānfàng).
- Ukomisa kokuqala (初烘, chūhōng).
- Ukomisa kabusha (复烘, fùhōng).
- Ukomisa okuphelele (足烘, zúhōng).
- Ukukhetha (拣剔, jiǎntī) nokupakisha.
Amazinga okushisa nezikhathi zokusebenza awatholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba
Ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Liminyene, liqondile, lizacile, licishe libe yisicaba, lisesimweni somsila wenkonjane; umbala uluhlaza, ucwebezela ngomswakama, nokuluhlaza okujulile okufihlekile (紧直挺秀微扁呈燕尾形，色泽绿润隐翠). Incwadi yezethenjwa ibhala ngendlela ehlukile: licolekile futhi lithambile, linoboya obubonakalayo, lufana nolimi lukandlunkulu (细嫩显毫……形似雀舌).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lotshala: Limsulwa futhi lihlala njalo, linothi ecacile ye-orchid (清香持久显兰香). Incwadi yezethenjwa ilibiza ngokuthi lithambile futhi lihlala njalo (嫩香持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuthambile, okumnandi nokuqabulayo (鲜醇甘爽).
- Umbala wotshala: Uluhlaza othambile futhi ukhanya (嫩绿明亮); ngokwencwadi yezethenjwa — uluhlaza ojulile futhi obala.
- Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga elenziwe): Lithambile, lihlaza ngokuphuzi futhi likhanya (嫩黄绿明亮); incwadi yezethenjwa yengeza ukuthi imiqulu iyalingana futhi iphelele.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zomzimba namakhemikhali zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo:
| Isikali | Izinga |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 % |
| Imvuthuluka nothuli | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1.5 % |
| Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini | okungenani 34.0 % |
Incwadi yezethenjwa iveza ukuhlaziywa kwetiye eliqediwe, okwenziwa wumnyango wetiye we-Anhui Agricultural University: izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini 43.52 %, ama-polyphenol 29.27 %, ama-amino acid 5.69 (iyunithi emthonjeni ayibekiwe), i-caffeine 3.87 %; unyaka wokuhlaziya nesampula akubekiwe.
8. Ukwenza Itiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: amagremu ama-3 ngama-milliliter angu-150.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi ebonisa ngale noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni kodonga.
- Ukumnika kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiye ingxenye eyodwa kokuthathu yotshala.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphinda kuthelwa kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephasini elivalekile nelingabonisi, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga angaphandle. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nezinto Zomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukwazi ukugwema izinto zomgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: ilungelo lalo ligunyazwa yi-CNIPA, uhlu lwabavunyelwe luyashicilelwa.
- Hlola ukuthi itiye livela endaweni evikelwe yesifunda saseLujiang.
- Iqabunga — liqondile, licishe libe yisicaba, liluhlaza futhi licwebezela, hhayi eligoqiwe.
- Ungakholelwa emakhasini lapho iBaiyun Chunhao ibizwa ngetiye laseFujian noma itiye elimhlophe: lokhu kuphikisana nemibhalo yokuvikela.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ngokwezincwadi zezethenjwa nangombiko wesifunda, igama leli tiye lanikezwa isigodlo sezindela esidala i-Baiyun’an endaweni yetiye kanye noboya obumhlophe beqabunga; ngaphambilini itiye lalibizwa ngokuthi “Ergujian Maofeng”.
- Umbhalo wokuvikela nencwadi yezethenjwa zichaza isimo seqabunga ngendlela ehlukile: njengomsila wenkonjane nanjengolimi lukandlunkulu.
- Ngokwe-“The Paper”, iLujiang iyindawo yokuzalwa kaWang Kuicheng (王魁成), umdali weTaiping Houkui.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ase-Anhui
- IHuangshan Maofeng (黄山毛峰): Nayo iqhathaniswa nolimi lukandlunkulu, kodwa leli itiye laseningizimu yesifundazwe, eduze kweHuangshan.
- IShucheng Xiaolanhua (舒城小兰花): Itiye eliluhlaza lasemithambekeni esempumalanga yeDabieshan, elaziwa ngephunga le-orchid.
- IYuexi Cuilan (岳西翠兰): Itiye eliluhlaza laseDabieshan, nalo elakhiwa ngawo-1980.
- ITaiping Houkui (太平猴魁): Itiye eliyisicaba elinamaqabunga amakhulu “elibukhali” laseningizimu yesifundazwe; umdali walo, ngokwe-“The Paper”, — ungowokuzalwa eLujiang.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Baiyun Chunhao itiye eliluhlaza lamagquma aseDabieshan aseLujiang: iqabunga eliqondile, elicishe libe yisicaba elinoboya obumhlophe, utshala obuluhlaza obuthambile, ukunambitheka okusha okuthambile kanye nephunga elimsulwa elihlala njalo elinothi ye-orchid. Igama lalo livela esigodlweni sezindela i-Baiyun’an nakuboya obumhlophe, owandulelayo — “Ergujian Maofeng” wendawo, ukuvikelwa — kusukela ngo-2017 nango-2025.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo