Qiāndǎo yínzhēn

Qiāndǎo yínzhēn (Qiāndǎo yínzhēn, 千岛银珍) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa singano wochokera ku mzinda wa Jiàndé (建德市) mumzinda wa Hángzhōu, m’chigawo cha Zhèjiāng. Dzinalo limatanthauza “chuma chasiliva cha zilumba chikwi”: Jiàndé ali pafupi ndi nyanja ya Qiāndǎohú, “nyanja ya zilumba chikwi”, nkhokwe yamadzi pa mtsinje wa Xīn’ānjiāng. Tiyi amapangidwa kuchokera ku masamba amodzi okha; tsamba limakhala lowongoka ngati singano, lobiriwira mofewa, ndipo pambuyo pophika masamba amayima molunjika mu kapu. Pa 24 December 2010, Qiāndǎo yínzhēn adakhala malonda oyamba a Hángzhōu ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication cha unduna wa zaulimi, pambuyo pake adalowa m’ndandanda wa Pangano la China–EU la chitetezo cha zolemba za malo ndipo mu 2025 adavomerezedwa ndi CNIPA ngati malonda a geographical indication.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wa singano (针形, zhēnxíng).
• Gulu: Agricultural geographical indication (2010), ndandanda wa Pangano la China–EU, geographical indication ya CNIPA (2025).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhèjiāng (浙江, Zhèjiāng), mzinda wa Hángzhōu (杭州, Hángzhōu), mzinda wa Jiàndé (建德, Jiàndé). Dera malinga ndi chikalata cha CNIPA 2025 ndi “dera lalikulu m’mphepete mwa Xīn’ānjiāng” mkati mwa Jiàndé: matauni 16, m’midzi ndi m’magawo ang’onoang’ono (街道), midzi 84. Ena mwa otchulidwa ndi matauni a Lǐjiā (李家镇), Shòuchāng (寿昌镇), Méichéng (梅城镇) ndi Qiántán (乾潭镇). Wopempha ndi boma la mzinda wa Jiàndé.
• Zolumikizira za geographical: Malinga ndi chikalata, 118°53′46″–119°45′51″ E ndi 29°12′20″–29°46′27″ N; mzinda wa Jiàndé uli pafupi ndi 29.5° N ndi 119.3° E.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • “Xìchá” wa Jiàndé. Wopanga amachokera Qiāndǎo yínzhēn ku 建德细茶 wakale, “tiyi wabwino” wa Jiàndé.
  • Dzina. Malinga ndi wopanga, dzina “Qiāndǎo yínzhēn” tiyi adalandira mu 1982, kuti agwiritse ntchito kutchuka kwa nyanja. Sindinawone umboni wa tsikulo.
  • Mphotho. Malinga ndi wopanga ndi mabuku ofotokoza, adalandira golide pa mpikisano wa “中国名茶” wa Shanghai International Tea Culture Festival (2009) ndi golide pa Zhejiang Agricultural Exhibition kwa zaka zisanu zotsatizana, kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2014.
  • 2010. 24 December, kulembetsa agricultural GI ya unduna wa zaulimi, yoyamba ku Hángzhōu (malinga ndi zolemba, chidziwitso cha unduna wa zaulimi No. 1517). Wopempha ndi tiyi cooperative “Qiāndǎo yínzhēn” wa mzinda wa Jiàndé.
  • Pangano la China–EU. Potengera agricultural GI, dzina lidalowa m’ndandanda wa pangano la chitetezo; malinga ndi zomwe tinali nazo, limatetezedwa ku EU ngati PGI. Sindinayang’anenso momwe zilili pano.
  • 2025. CNIPA ndi chidziwitso No. 625 (chosindikizidwa pa 14 April 2025) idavomereza Qiāndǎo yínzhēn ngati malonda a geographical indication, ndi zofunika pa dera, mitundu, kukolola, ukadaulo ndi khalidwe.
• Dzina:
  • “Qiāndǎo” (千岛, qiāndǎo) ndi “zilumba chikwi”, potengera nyanja ya Qiāndǎohú.
  • “Yínzhēn” (银珍, yínzhēn) ndi “chuma chasiliva”. Malinga ndi wopanga, m’zaka za 1960–1970 m’mphepete mwa Xīn’ānjiāng tiyi ankatchedwa “银针茶”, “singano yasiliva”; dzina latsopano linasunga kumveka koma limalembedwa mosiyana. Sikuyenera kusokonezedwa ndi “yínzhēn” ya tiyi woyera kapena wachikasu.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi wopanga, mu 2000 tiyi adalowa mu “tiyi khumi otchuka a Hángzhōu”, mu 2008 mu “zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri za Hángzhōu”; Jiàndé amatcha tiyi woyamba ku China “dera la tiyi wa organic”.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi chikalata cha 2025, 鸠坑 (jiūkēng), 浙农117 (Zhènóng 117) ndi mitundu ina ya tiyi wobiriwira ya masamba amphamvu ndi ubweya wochepa kapena wopanda (芽壮型、少茸毛或无茸毛).
• Kukolola: Malinga ndi chikalata, kuyambira pakati pa March mpaka koyambirira kwa May.
• Muyezo wa kukolola: Masamba amodzi okha (单芽), othyoledwa ndi dzanja ndi kayendedwe kokwera (提手采摘).
• Kusiyana m’mafotokozedwe: Mafotokozedwe ena amati zopangira ndi masamba amodzi ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri osatseguka pang’ono, pomwe pambuyo pake amasankha masamba okha, ndipo amapereka ziwerengero kuyambira “opitilira 500,000” mpaka “mamilioni angapo” a mphukira pa kilogalamu ya tiyi wouma. Chikalata chimangonena za masamba amodzi okha; ziwerengero sizinatsimikizidwe.
• Kulima: Malinga ndi chikalata, kufalitsa ndi cuttings ndi osachepera matani 15 a feteleza wa organic wovunda pa hekitala pachaka.

4. Terroir ndi Zochitika za Kulima

• Dera: Kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Zhèjiāng, chigwa cha Xīn’ānjiāng pafupi ndi nyanja ya Qiāndǎohú. Mafotokozedwe ena amanena za “mitsinje itatu ndi nyanja imodzi” (三江一湖), Xīn’ānjiāng, Fùchūnjiāng, Lánjiāng ndi Qiāndǎohú.
• Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi chikalata, 300–600 m.
• Dothi: Malinga ndi chikalata, dothi lofiira lachikasu ndi mitundu yake, makulidwe a wosanjikiza osachepera 80 cm, organic matter osachepera 1.0%, pH 4.0–5.5; kwa madzi apansi, “地下水位≥100 cm”.
• Nyengo: Subtropical yachinyezi. Sipatidwe zambiri zenizeni za minda m’magwero opezeka.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Ukadaulo umayendetsedwa ndi chikalata cha CNIPA 2025: kufalitsa → kukonza → kuwongola ndi kupanga mawonekedwe → kuwongolanso → kusankha → kutenthetsa kwa fungo.

1. Kufalitsa (摊青, tānqīng): Wosanjikiza wosapitirira 2 cm, maola 6–12, mpaka masamba afewe, fungo loyera liwonekere, ndipo chinyezi chitsike mpaka pafupifupi 70%.
2. Kukonza (杀青, shāqīng): Pafupifupi 300 °C, mphindi 1.5–2, mpaka mtundu wakuda wobiriwira, popanda fungo la udzu; tsamba limakhala losalala ndipo silimasweka popindika.
3. Kuwongola ndi kupanga mawonekedwe (紧条定形, jǐntiáo dìngxíng): Pafupifupi 100 °C, mphindi 8–10, mpaka tiyi akhale singano zowongoka, zosamata ndi chinyezi cha pafupifupi 50%.
4. Kuwongolanso (复理, fùlǐ): Pafupifupi 100 °C, mphindi 8–10, mpaka chinyezi cha pafupifupi 10%: singano zimakhala zothina, zowongoka, zosalala pokhudza ndipo zimasweka popindika.
5. Kusankha (整理, zhěnglǐ): Kusefa kudzera mu sieve yayikulu ndi yaying’ono kuti alekanitse zidutswa, ndi kupeta kuchotsa zidutswa za masamba.
6. Kutenthetsa kwa fungo (提香, tíxiāng): Kumaliza mu mbiya (辉锅, huīguō) mpaka singano zothina, zowongoka kapena zopindika pang’ono, zolemera zosalala za mtundu wobiriwira wonyezimira; chinyezi chosapitirira 6%.

Kupotoza (揉捻) sikuli mu mndandanda: mawonekedwe a singano amaperekedwa ndi kupanga mawonekedwe ndi kuwongola.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Malinga ndi chikalata cha CNIPA 2025:

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lowongoka ngati singano (挺直似针), lobiriwira mofewa ndi latsopano (色泽嫩绿鲜活).
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero opezeka.
• Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Lokwera komanso lodzaza (香高浓郁).
• Kukoma: Kwatsopano komanso kofewa, ndi kukoma kokhala m’kamwa (鲜醇回甘).
• Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wobiriwira mofewa komanso wowala (汤色嫩绿明亮).
• Masamba ophikidwa: Chikalata sichifotokoza; buku lina limati, lobiriwira, lowala, latsopano (绿明亮、鲜活).
• Mu kapu: Pambuyo pophika masamba “amapachikidwa” mu kapu molunjika (悬垂玉立于杯中) izi zalembedwa mu chikalata ngati gawo la maonekedwe.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Chikalata cha CNIPA 2025 chimapereka zofunikira ziwiri:

• Ma amino acid: osachepera 2.0%.
• Polyphenols a tiyi: 9–10%.

Palibe njira yoyezera kapena kufotokoza za kachipatala kakang’ono ka polyphenols mu chikalata. Palibe deta ya caffeine m’magwero opezeka.

8. Kuphika

Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira wa singano.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150–200 ml.
• Chida: Kapu yayitali yagalasi, pokhapokha momwe mungawonere singano zikuyima.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsa kapu.
  2. Tsani gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a madzi, ikani tiyi ndipo siyani masamba anyowe kwa masekondi 20–30.
  3. Onjezani madzi mpaka pamwamba.
  4. Pakadutsa mphindi 1–2 singano zimayima ndikutsika, ndiye mutha kumwa.
  5. Mwani, kusiya gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu la madzi a tiyi.
  6. Onjezani madzi; kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya gulu. Mu phukusi lotsekedwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero opezeka.

• Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication kapena chizindikiro cha agricultural GI.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku Jiàndé, kudera la m’mphepete mwa Xīn’ānjiāng.
  • Tsamba ndi masamba amodzi okha mu mawonekedwe a singano yowongoka yobiriwira mofewa; mu kapu masamba amayima molunjika.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

• Qiāndǎo yínzhēn ndi malonda oyamba a Hángzhōu okhala ndi agricultural GI ya unduna wa zaulimi.
• Nyanja yomwe idapatsa tiyi dzina lake ndi nkhokwe yamadzi yopangidwa ndi damu pa mtsinje wa Xīn’ānjiāng; zilumba chikwi ndi nsonga za mapiri omira.
• Dzina 银珍 limamveka ngati 银针, “singano yasiliva”; malinga ndi wopanga, tiyi ankatchedwa choncho mpaka 1982.
• Nthano yomwe wopanga amafotokoza imachokera ku masamba omwe anawala pamapiri pafupi ndi Xīn’ānjiāng, “ngati ngale zasiliva”.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina

• Qiāndǎo yùyè (千岛玉叶): Tiyi wina wa nyanja yomweyo, wophwathika, monga lóngjǐng.
• Jiàndé bāochá (建德苞茶): Agricultural GI yoyandikana ya mzinda womwewo (2020).
• Jūnshān yínzhēn (君山银针): Komanso masamba omwe amayima mu kapu, koma a mtundu wachikasu komanso ochokera kudera lina, nyanja ya Dòngtíng hú ku Húnán.
• Xīhú lóngjǐng (西湖龙井): Tiyi wamkulu wa Hángzhōu; wophwathika, osati wa singano.

Pomaliza:

Qiāndǎo yínzhēn ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa singano wochokera ku Jiàndé pafupi ndi nyanja ya zilumba chikwi. Malinga ndi chikalata cha 2025 ndi masamba amodzi okha ochokera m’minda pa 300–600 m, kupanga singano popanda kupotoza, tsamba lobiriwira mofewa ndi madzi a tiyi, fungo lokwera lodzaza, kukoma kofewa ndi kukoma kokhala m’kamwa komanso masamba omwe amayima mu kapu. Agricultural GI yoyamba ya Hángzhōu, dzina lochokera ku ndandanda wa Pangano la China–EU ndi malonda a geographical indication a CNIPA.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• MOFCOM 中欧协定附录III (中国注册)

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero