Datian Gaoshan Cha (Dàtián gāoshān chá, 大田高山茶) ndi “tii wa kumapiri a Datian”, dzina lotetezedwa la tii la chigawo cha Datian (大田县) m’zinda wa Sanming m’chigawo chapakati cha Fujian. Pansi pa dzina limodzi pali magulu awiri: wulong ndi tii wofiira. Dera lonse ndi chigawo chonse, popanda malire a kutalika, ngakhale, malinga ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo za 2012, minda yoposa 600 m yoposa 90% ili pa 800–1200 m.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Palibe gulu limodzi. Zofunikira za chitetezo zimalongosola wulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) ndi tii wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), okhala ndi luso losiyana ndi maonekedwe osiyana.
- Gulu: Dzina lachigawo lotetezedwa; “wamapiri” (高山, gāoshān) ndi liwu lachibadwidwe, osati mtundu kapena gulu.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), mzinda wa Sanming (三明, Sānmíng), chigawo cha Datian (大田, Dàtián).
- Dera la chitetezo: Chigawo chonse ndi maboma 19, matauni ndi minda, kuchokera ku Pingshan (屏山) ndi Jiyang (济阳) mpaka Shipai (石牌) ndi Dongfeng (东风).
- Zogwirizira za geographic: 117°29′–118°03′ E, 25°29′–26°10′ N malinga ndi chidziwitso cha CNIPA.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Zolemba zoyambirira. Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2021 pa portal ya “Fujian Daily”, ulimi wa tii m’chigawochi umachokera ku chaka chachiwiri cha Longxing (隆兴) cha m’zaka za Southern Song, ndiko kuti kuyambira 1164. Momwemonso: mbiri ya chigawo cha 1611 imatchula kale malonda a tii. Sindinaone zolemba zoyambirira.
- Mitundu ya ku Taiwan. Malinga ndi nkhani yomweyo, kumapeto kwa 1995 chigawo chinabweretsa Jin Xuan (金萱), Qingxin Damao (青心大冇) ndi Ruanzhi Wulong (软枝乌龙); nkhani ya corpus yokhudza Datian Mei Ren Cha imayika chiyambi ku 1998–1999, masikuwa amasiyana.
- 2012. Chizindikiro cha geographic chaulimi. Portal yowunikira yomwe idasindikiza zofunikira zaukadaulo imatchula chidziwitso cha Unduna wa Zaulimi No. 1813 cha pa 3 August 2012; sindinachiyeretse ndi gwero loyambirira. Wosunga satifiketi ndi Datian County Tea Society (大田县茶叶学会).
- 2017. Malinga ndi mndandanda wachigawo wa zizindikiro, chizindikiro cha satifiketi No. 20158090 chinalembetsedwa pa 14 September 2017; wosunga ndi Datian County Tea Association (大田县茶叶协会), katundu ndi “tii”. Malinga ndi nkhani ya “Fujian Daily” ya 2021, Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Zinthu Zakumidzi udawonetsa dzinali ndi udindo wa chitsanzo cha dziko la chizindikiro cha geographic chaulimi (国家级农产品地理标志示范样板).
- 2025. State Intellectual Property Office ya China (CNIPA) ndi chidziwitso No. 640 cha pa 16 July idazindikira zinthu 1409 zokhala ndi zizindikiro za geographic; Datian Gaoshan Cha ndi mzere 546, wopempha ndi yemweyo Tea Society. Zowonjezera zachiwiri zimapereka zofunikira: mitundu, dothi, kukolola, luso ndi maonekedwe.
- Dzina: 大田 ndi dzina la chigawo, kwenikweni “munda waukulu”; 高山茶 (gāoshān chá) ndi “tii wamapiri”.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi “Fujian Daily”, Datian ali ndi udindo wa “kwawo kwa tii wamapiri wa China” (中国高山茶之乡) ndipo amadzitcha chigawo chokha chokhala ndi udindo wotere. Chizindikiro chachikulu cha chigawochi ndi “tii wa okongola” Datian Mei Ren Cha (大田美人茶).
3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mitundu / Mitundu yobzalidwa: Zofunikira za CNIPA zimatchula “mitundu yatsopano yapamwamba”: Jin Guanyin (金观音, jīnguānyīn), Tie Guanyin (铁观音, tiěguānyīn), Yuemingxiang (悦茗香, yuèmíngxiāng), Dangui (丹桂, dānguì) ndi Taicha No. 12 (台茶12号, táichá shí’èr hào), lomwe ndi dzina lolembetsa la mtundu wa ku Taiwan wa Jin Xuan.
- Kufunika kwa mtundu: Wobzalidwa mwa clone, wokhazikika, wosinthidwa ndi nyengo yakomweko ndipo woyenera gulu lake la tii.
- Muyezo wa kukolola: Kukolola mosamalitsa chomera, m’magulu ndi kangapo; malinga ndi muyezo amathyola nsonga zazing’ono (嫩芽梢) malinga ndi zofunikira za wulong kapena tii wofiira; malinga ndi zofunikira za 2012, pamanja kapena ndi lumo laling’ono.
- Nthawi ya kukolola: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe apezeka.
4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Pakati pa Fujian, kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Daiyunshan (戴云山). Malinga ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo za 2012, pamwamba pa 1000 m pali 175, wapamwamba kwambiri ndi Daxianfeng (大仙峰), 1553 m.
- Kutalika kwa minda: Momwemonso: minda yoposa 600 m ndi 66,000 mu, mwa iyo yoposa 90% ili pa 800–1200 m.
- Nyengo: Ya subtropical monsoon. Kutentha kwapachaka kwapakati ndi 15.3–19.6 °C, mvula ndi 1491.7–1809.6 mm pachaka, nthawi yopanda chisanu ndi yoposa masiku 275, kuwala kwa dzuwa pafupifupi maola 1723.8 pachaka.
- Dothi: Zofunikira za CNIPA: dothi lofiira lotsekeka, lofiira lachikasu ndi lachikasu, lolimba kwambiri, lotsetsereka pansi pa 25°, pH 4.8–6.1, zinthu zamoyo 0.6–2.5%. Malinga ndi zofunikira za 2012, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi kuli dothi lofiira, kumwera chakum’mawa kuli lachikasu-lofiira ndi lachikasu, makulidwe ake nthawi zambiri amaposa mita imodzi.
- Feteleza: Makamaka zinthu zachilengedwe zowola, feteleza wopangidwa ndi wothandizira.
5. Luso la Kupanga
Zofunikira zimapereka ndondomeko ya ntchito za gulu lililonse, koma popanda magawo: kutentha, nthawi ndi chinyezi mulibe.
- Wulong:
- Tsamba latsopano.
- Kufota padzuwa (晒青, shàiqīng).
- Kugwedeza ndi kusunga tsamba (做青, zuòqīng), mu ndondomeko ya wulong iyi ndi gawo la oxidation pang’ono.
- Kuletsa (杀青, shāqīng).
- Kupanga mawonekedwe (做形, zuòxíng).
- Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān).
- Tii wofiira:
- Tsamba latsopano.
- Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo).
- Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Kupesa, ndiko kuti oxidation (发酵, fājiào).
- Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān).
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
Maonekedwe aperekedwa ndi zofunikira za CNIPA 2025; amagwirizana ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo za 2012.
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Wulong ndi wopindika mwamphamvu ndi wolemera, mtundu wobiriwira wakuda ndi wonyezimira (外形紧结、重实；色泽乌绿、油润). Wofiira ndi mizere yopindika mwamphamvu (条索紧结).
- Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana m’magwero omwe apezeka.
- Fungo la madzi: Wulong ndi lapamwamba, loyera komanso lalitali, lokhala ndi fungo lowonekera la maluwa (香气清高悠长，花香显). Wofiira ndi lapamwamba komanso lakuthwa (香气高锐).
- Kukoma: Wulong ndi wolemera komanso wandiweyani, wokhala ndi kumva kokoma kotsitsimula pambuyo pake (滋味浓厚甘爽), ndi “kugwirizana kwa mapiri” (高山茶韵) komanso kupirira kuponya kambiri. Wofiira ndi wotsekemera, watsopano komanso wotsitsimula (滋味甘甜鲜爽).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wofiira ndi wachikasu-golide, wowala (汤色金黄明亮). Kwa wulong zofunikira sizitchula mtundu; mu tebulo la mitundu ya 2012 umasintha kuchokera ku chikasu chobiriwira ndi chowala pamtundu wapamwamba (绿黄、明亮) mpaka chikasu chowala pachitatu ndi chikasu-lalanje pachinayi.
- Pansi pa tii (tsamba lopangidwa): Wulong ndi waminofu, wofewa, wonyezimira (叶底肥厚软亮). Wofiira ndi wofatsa, wofiira kwambiri komanso wofanana (叶底嫩艳匀红).
Malinga ndi zofunikira za 2012 wulong amagawidwa m’magulu asanu, wofiira m’magulu anayi. Gulu lapamwamba la wofiira pamenepo ndi mizere yofewa yopyapyala yokhala ndi tsitsi lagolide (肥嫩紧细、毫显；茸毛金黄) ndi madzi ofiira owala (红艳), zomwe zikusemphana ndi madzi “achikasu-golide” a kufotokozera kwakukulu; zolemba sizifotokoza izi.
7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala
Zizindikiro za physicochemical siziperekedwa ndi zofunikira za CNIPA kapena zofunikira zaukadaulo za 2012. Pachitetezo zofunikira za CNIPA zimatchula mfundo za boma zonse, pamene zofunikira za 2012 zimazitchula mwachindunji: GB 2762 zinthu zoipitsa, GB 2763 zotsalira za mankhwala. Palibe deta ina yokhudza kapangidwe m’magwero omwe apezeka.
8. Kupanga
Mchitidwe wa gulu: magawo amadalira mtundu wa tii womwe uli m’manja.
- Wulong: 95–100 °C, 5–7 g pa gaiwan 100–110 ml, kutsuka mwachangu, kuponya koyamba masekondi 15–20 ndikuwonjezera pang’onopang’ono, kutulutsa kasanu ndi kasanu ndi katatu.
- Tii wofiira: 90–95 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kuponya koyamba pafupifupi mphindi imodzi, gaiwan kapena teapot yadothi, kuponya kangapo ndikuwonjezera nthawi.
9. Kusunga
Mchitidwe wa gulu. Wulong wokhala ndi fungo lamaluwa muzosindikizidwa bwino, pamalo ozizira amdima, popanda chinyezi ndi fungo. Tii wofiira pamalo owuma amdima pa kutentha kwa chipinda, muzotengera zolimba.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonama
Palibe deta yamtengo m’magwero omwe apezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha geographic kapena chizindikiro cha satifiketi No. 20158090; wopanga ali kuchokera ku chigawo cha Datian.
- Kumbukirani kuti “wamapiri” papaketi popanda dzina la chigawo sichitsimikizira kalikonse: 高山茶 ndi liwu lachibadwidwe.
- Yerekezerani maonekedwe: wulong ndi tsamba lolemera lobiriwira lakuda lonyezimira ndi fungo lamaluwa; wofiira ndi mizere yothina ndi fungo lokoma lapamwamba.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Pakati pa mitundu m’zofunikira pali Taicha No. 12, ndiko kuti Jin Xuan wa ku Taiwan: tii wamapiri wa Datian umadaliranso zinthu za ku Taiwan.
- “Tii wa okongola” (大田美人茶), chizindikiro chachikulu cha chigawo, sichitchulidwa m’zofunikira za Datian Gaoshan Cha: ndi chizindikiro chadera chosiyana chokhala ndi miyezo yake yamagulu.
- Malinga ndi deta ya chigawo mu zofunikira zaukadaulo, mu 2009 chinapanga matani 3600 a tii; malinga ndi “Fujian Daily”, mu 2019 matani 12,800 a tii wosaphika (干毛茶, gān máochá).
12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tii Zina
- Shouning Gaoshan Cha (寿宁高山茶): Nayenso ndi tii “wamapiri” wotetezedwa wa ku Fujian, koma dera ndi midzi yokha yoposa 500 m, ndipo magulu ndi ofiira ndi obiriwira.
- Datian Mei Ren Cha (大田美人茶): Wulong wokhala ndi oxidation yambiri wa chigawo chomwecho, “tii wa okongola”; chizindikiro chosiyana, sichinafotokozedwe m’zofunikira za tii wamapiri.
- Tie Guanyin (铁观音): Wulong wa chigawo cha Anxi; ku Datian ndi umodzi mwa mitundu.
- Gao Shan Cha (高山茶): Lingaliro lachibadwidwe la tii wa minda yamapiri, mu corpus ndi nkhani yowunikira.
Pomaliza:
Datian Gaoshan Cha ndi dzina la chigawo chonse, pansi pake pali wulong ndi tii wofiira. Zolemba ndi zatsatanetsatane za malo: minda makamaka pa 800–1200 m, dothi lofiira ndi lachikasu la acidic, mitundu yobzalidwa mwa clone kuchokera ku Jin Guanyin mpaka Taicha No. 12 ya ku Taiwan, komanso za maonekedwe: fungo lamaluwa la wulong, kukoma kokoma kotsitsimula kwa tii wofiira. Ziwerengero za kapangidwe ndi magawo a kukonza mulibe.
Magwero
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero