Shòuníng gāoshān chá

Shòuníng gāoshān chá (Shòuníng gāoshān chá, 寿宁高山茶) ndi tiyi wa m’mapiri a ku Shouning, dzina lotetezedwa la tiyi wa chigawo cha Shouning (寿宁县) m’boma la Ningde kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Fujian. Pansi pa dzina limodzi pali tiyi wofiira ndi tiyi wobiriwira. Chofunika kwambiri mwa iwo ndi malire: dera lagawidwa malinga ndi kutalika, ndipo limangophatikiza midzi yomwe ili pamwamba pa 500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Mawu oti “wam’mapiri” pano ndi lamulo. Dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha malo kuyambira 2014.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Palibe gulu limodzi. Zofunikira za CNIPA za 2025 zimagawa malinga ndi luso kukhala tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá) ndi tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá); momwemonso amamufotokozera Fujian Green Food Development Center (福建绿色食品发展中心).
Gulu: Dzina lotetezedwa la dera, logwirizana ndi kutalika kwa minda.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), boma la Ningde (宁德, Níngdé), chigawo cha Shouning (寿宁, Shòuníng).
Malo otetezedwa: Midzi ndi madera 190 oyendetsedwa bwino pamwamba pa 500 m m’matauni 14 ndi m’midzi ya chigawocho, mwa iwo Nanyang (南阳), Zhuguanlong (竹管垅) ndi Qingyuan (清源). Mudzi wa mzinda womwewo womwe uli pansi pa 500 m sunaphatikizidwe. Sindinaone mndandanda wathunthu wa midzi.
Ma coordinates a geographical: Mu chilengezo cha 2014 mwalembedwa “119°22′–119°73′ E, 27°16′–27°65′ N”. Mphindi sizingapose 59, choncho 119°73′ ndi 27°65′ ndi zolakwika zolembedwa. Zikuoneka kuti zina mwa manambala ndi magawo a degree (119.73° ndi pafupifupi 119°44′, 27.65° ndi pafupifupi 27°39′), koma uku ndiko kuwerenga, osati deta yochokera ku gwero loyambirira.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Féng Mènglóng. Wolemba wa nthawi ya Ming, Féng Mènglóng (冯梦龙), malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa reference, anali mkulu wa chigawo cha Shouning kuyambira 1634 ndipo analemba kufotokozera kwa chigawo “Shòuníng dài zhì” (《寿宁待志》). Fujian Green Food Center akutchula mzere wake wokhudza tiyi wakomweko: “九峰山上紫茶殊，香漫甘回嫩厚舒” pa phiri la Jiufengshan tiyi wofiirira ndi wapadera: fungo limafalikira, kutsekemera kumabwerera, tsamba limakhala lofewa komanso lolimba.
- 2014. Unduna wa Zaulimi wa China, ndi chilengezo No. 2136 cha pa 28 July, unalembetsa Shouning Gaoshan Cha ngati chizindikiro cha geographical cha zaulimi. Wopempha anali Shouning County Tea Industry Association (寿宁县茶业协会); nambala ya zofunikira za kuyang’anira mtundu ndi AGI2014-02-1467.
- 2018. Malinga ndi mndandanda wa zizindikiro za chigawo, pa 28 October chizindikiro cha certification “寿宁高山茶” No. 22780112 cha bungwe lomwelo chinalembedwa, chinthu chake ndi “tiyi”. Kuyambira 2012 palinso chizindikiro “寿宁高山乌龙茶” (No. 9883861, chinthu chake ndi oolong).
- 2025. State Intellectual Property Office ya China (CNIPA), ndi chilengezo No. 640 cha pa 16 July, idazindikira zinthu 1409 zokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical; Shouning Gaoshan Cha ndi mzere 563. Ndime yachiwiri ndi zofunikira za chitetezo, kuchokera pamenepo datayi ya magawo 3, 5, 6 ndi 7 idatengedwa.
Dzina: 寿宁 ndi dzina la chigawo; 高山茶 (gāoshān chá) ndi “tiyi wa m’mapiri”, mawu odziwika; pano awerengedwa mwalamulo mpaka midzi yoposa 500 m.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Pakati pa maulemu a chigawochi, Fujian Green Food Center amatchula “kwawo kwa tiyi wodziwika wa China” (中国名茶之乡); satchula chaka chomwe adalandira.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zipangizo

Mitundu / Cultivars: Zofunikira za CNIPA za 2025 zimalola mitundu ya m’deralo yochokera ku mbewu (原生有性群体种) ndi mitundu yoyenera tiyi ameneyu, ndipo amatchula monga chitsanzo tiyi wam’mapiri wa “cai cha” (高山群体菜茶, gāoshān qúntǐ càichá) ndi mitundu ya mzere wa “Fúyún” (福云品系, Fúyún pǐnxì).
Mikhalidwe ya malo: Kutalika koposa 500 m, kutsetsereka kochepera 25°, mtunda wochokera ku misewu yayikulu woposa 500 m, malinganso ndi zofunikira.
Mulingo wa kututa: Kututa m’magulu ndi kangapo, malinga ndi mulingo wovomerezeka amathyola nsonga zofewa (嫩芽梢). Njira yake ndi yamanja (提手采) kapena kudula ndi makina.
Nthawi ya kututa: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe adapezeka.

4. Terroir ndi Zinthu Zomwe Amalima

Dera: Kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Fujian, malo amapiri a Mindong (闽东).
Kutalika: Malinga ndi Fujian Green Food Center, m’chigawochi pali maekala opitilira 600,000 a malo amapiri pa kutalika kwa 500-1200 m, pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa iwo ali pamwamba pa 800 m.
Nyengo: Kutentha kwapachaka 13-19 °C, kuwala kwa dzuwa koposa maola 1760 pachaka, mvula yoposa 1911 mm, deta ya bungwe lomwelo.
Dothi: Pakati pa dothi lamapiri la chigawochi, lalikulu kwambiri ndi lachikasu ndi lofiira, organic matter yawo ndi 2-3%; acidity ya minda yambiri ndi pH 5.0-5.5. M’chigawochi mwapezeka maekala 582,000 a dothi lolemera ndi selenium, ndi maekala 400,000 a dothi lolemera ndi zinc.

5. Luso la Kupanga

Zofunikira za CNIPA za 2025 zimayika ndondomeko ya magwiridwe antchito a magulu onse awiri, koma popanda miyeso.

Tiyi wofiira:
1. Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo) padzuwa kapena ndi kutenthetsa.
2. Kukwinya (揉捻, róuniǎn).
3. Fermentation, kutanthauza oxidation (发酵, fājiào).
4. Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào).
5. Kusankha (拣剔, jiǎntī).
6. Kuwotha (烘焙, hōngbèi).
Tiyi wobiriwira:
1. Kusunga tsamba latsopano (摊放, tānfàng).
2. Kuyimitsa (杀青, shāqīng).
3. Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào).
4. Kusankha (拣剔, jiǎntī).

Kukwinya mu ndondomeko ya tiyi wobiriwira sikunatchulidwe, ngakhale mawonekedwe mwa zofunikira zomwezo ndi mizere yokwinya molimba; malemba sakufotokoza izi.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Mawonekedwe a magulu onse awiri aperekedwa ndi zofunikira za CNIPA za 2025; kufotokozera komweko kumaperekedwanso ndi Fujian Green Food Center.

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Wofiira ndi mizere yokwinya molimba, yakuda-buluu ndi chinyezimiro (条索紧结、色乌润). Wobiriwira ndi mizere yokwinya molimba, yobiriwira ndi chinyezimiro, yokhala ndi tsitsi lowoneka m’mbali (条索紧结，色泽绿润，锋毫显).
Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana m’magwero omwe adapezeka.
Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Wofiira ndi watsopano komanso wolemera, wokhala ndi fungo la maluwa ndi zipatso (香气鲜浓，带有花果香). Wobiriwira ndi fungo la tsamba lofewa kapena la mtedza wa chestnut (带嫩香或栗香).
Kukoma: Wofiira ndi wolemera komanso wofewa (滋味浓醇), wokhala ndi “kuyimbidwa kwa mapiri” (高山韵). Wobiriwira ndi wolemera komanso watsopano (滋味浓爽), wokhala ndi “kukoma kwa mapiri” fungo loyera, kufewa koyera ndi kutsitsimuka koyera (清香、清醇、清爽的高山风味).
Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wofiira ndi wofiira komanso wowala (汤色红亮). Wobiriwira ndi wachikasu-wobiriwira, wowonekera bwino komanso wowala (汤色黄绿明亮).
Tsamba la tiyi (pambuyo pomwetsa): Wofiira ndi wamtundu komanso wofewa, wofiira komanso wowala (叶底肥嫩、红亮). Kwa wobiriwira palibe kufotokozera.

7. Zomwe Zili mu Chemical

Zofunikira za CNIPA za 2025 zimayika miyeso ya physicochemical ya gulu lililonse:

Chizindikiro	Tiyi wobiriwira	Tiyi wofiira
Zosungunuka m’madzi	osachepera 34 %	osachepera 30 %
Polyphenols a tiyi	18–36 %	sanakhazikitsidwe
Theaflavins	—	0,5–1,5 %
Thearubigins	—	5,5–27 %
Amino acids, okwanira	2–4 %	2–4 %
Caffeine	2–4 %	2–4 %
Chinyezi	osaposa 7 %	osaposa 7 %
Phulusa	osaposa 6,5 %	osaposa 6,5 %

Izi ndi miyeso yokhazikika, osati kuyeza kwa gulu linalake. Fujian Green Food Center akulemba kuti zinthu zothandiza mu tiyi wam’mapiri wakomweko ndi pafupifupi katatu kuposa mu tiyi wa minda ya m’munsi, koma sapereka manambala kapena njira; sindikuvomereza izi ngati zoona.

8. Zopindulitsa

Palibe deta yotsimikizika yokhudza zotsatira za tiyi ameneyu. Selenium ndi zinc m’dothi ndi chizindikiro cha terroir, osati katundu wotsimikizika wa tiyi: ndili m’tsamba silinayezedwe ndi gwero lililonse lomwe linali lotseguka kwa ine.

9. Kupanga tiyi

Mchitidwe wa gulu, miyeso imadalira mtundu wa tiyi yemwe ali pansi pa dzina limeneli m’manja.

Tiyi wofiira: 90–95 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kuthira koyamba pafupifupi mphindi imodzi, gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain, kuthira kangapo ndikuwonjezera nthawi.
Tiyi wobiriwira: 80–85 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kuthira koyamba masekondi 40-60, kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan, kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.

10. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu. Tiyi wobiriwira m’chikwama chotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo, kumwa mkati mwa chaka. Wofiira pamalo owuma amdima pa kutentha kwa chipinda, m’chikwama cholimba, kutali ndi fungo.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe adapezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha geographical indication kapena chizindikiro cha certification No. 22780112; wopanga ndi wa ku Shouning County.
- Kumbukirani kuti “wam’mapiri” pa phukusi popanda dzina la chigawo sichimatsimikizira kalikonse: 高山茶 ndi mawu odziwika.
- Fananizani mawonekedwe ndi zofunikira: wofiira ndi mizere yakuda-buluu ndi madzi ofiira owala, wobiriwira ndi mizere yobiriwira ndi tsitsi ndi madzi achikasu-wobiriwira.

12. Zosangalatsa

Zolakwika za coordinates (119°73′ ndi 27°65′) zilipo kale mu chilengezo cha unduna cha 2014 ndipo zidasamukira ku zolembedwa za 2025.
Pafupi ndi dzina limeneli pali chizindikiro chosiyana “寿宁高山乌龙茶” “oolong wam’mapiri wa Shouning”, ngakhale zofunikira za 2025 sizitchula oolong.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina

Dàtián gāoshān chá (大田高山茶): Tiyi wotetezedwa wa “wam’mapiri” wa ku Fujian, koma dera lake ndi chigawo chonse cha Datian popanda malire a kutalika, ndipo magulu ake ndi oolong ndi tiyi wofiira.
Gāo Shān Chá (高山茶): Lingaliro lodziwika, mu corpus pali nkhani yowunikira; ku Shouning mawu omwewo akuchepetsedwa ku dera lokhala ndi malire.
Tǎnyáng gōng fu (坦洋工夫): Tiyi wofiira wa mudzi wa Tanyang m’boma la Fuan, m’boma lomwelo la Ningde.

Pomaliza:

Shouning Gaoshan Cha ndi dzina limene “wam’mapiri” lakhala malire alamulo: amateteza tiyi wa midzi 190 yoposa 500 m. Pansi pake pali tiyi wofiira wokhala ndi fungo la maluwa ndi zipatso ndi wobiriwira wokhala ndi fungo la chestnut. Zofunikira za chitetezo zimatchula mitundu monga mtundu wa m’deralo ndi mzere wa “Fuyun”, zimaika ndondomeko za zochita ndi miyeso ya physicochemical ya magulu onse awiri, koma sizitchula miyeso ya kukonza kapena nthawi ya kututa.