Dàtián gāoshān chá

Datian Gaoshan Cha (Dàtián gāoshān chá, 大田高山茶) — «itiye lasezintabeni laseDatian», igama lezinga elivikelwe letiye lesifunda saseDatian (大田县) esifundeni sedolobha saseSanming enkabeni yesifundazwe saseFujian. Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kunezigaba ezimbili — iwulong netiye elibomvu. Indawo — isifunda sonke, ngaphandle komngcele wokuphakama, nakuba, ngokwemithetho yezobuchwepheshe ka-2012, izingadi ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-600, ngaphezu kuka-90% zilele phakathi kwamamitha angu-800 kuya kwangu-1200.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Alukho uhla olulodwa. Izidingo zokuvikela zichaza iwulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) netiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — ezinobuchwepheshe obuhlukile nokubukeka okuhlukile.
Isigaba: Igama lesifunda elivikelwe lesifunda; «elisezintabeni» (高山, gāoshān) — yigama elijwayelekile, hhayi uhlobo futhi hhayi isigaba.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), isifunda sedolobha saseSanming (三明, Sānmíng), isifunda saseDatian (大田, Dàtián).
Indawo evikelwe: Isifunda sonke — amadolobhana angu-19, amadolobha namapulazi, kusukela ePingshan (屏山) naseJiyang (济阳) kuya eShipai (石牌) naseDongfeng (东风).
Izixhumanisi zokuma: 117°29′–118°03′ E, 25°29′–26°10′ N — ngokwesimemezelo se-CNIPA.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Imibhalo yakuqala. Ngokoshicilelo lwango-2021 kusango le-«Fujian Daily», ukutshalwa kwetiye esifundeni kungalandelelwa kusukela ngonyaka wesibili weLongxing (隆兴) wenkathi yeNingizimu Song, okungukuthi kusukela ngo-1164. Futhi lapho: umlando wesifunda wango-1611 usuvele ukhuluma ngokuhweba kwetiye. Imithombo yokuqala angiyibonanga.
- Izinhlobo zaseTaiwan. Ngokoshicilelo olufanayo, ngasekupheleni kuka-1995 isifunda sangenisa iJin Xuan (金萱), iQingxin Damao (青心大冇) kanye neRuanzhi Oolong (软枝乌龙); i-athikili yomnyango mayelana neDatian Mei Ren Cha ibeka ukuqala kuka-1998–1999 — izinsuku azivumelani.
- 2012. Isibonakaliso sokuma kwezolimo esivikelwe. Isango lesethenjwa, elikopishe izidingo zobuchwepheshe, libhekisela esimemezelweni soMnyango Wezolimo No. 1813 samhla zi-3 kuNcwaba 2012; angikawuqhathanisi nomthombo wokuqala. Umnikazi wesitifiketi — Inhlangano Yetiye Yesifunda SaseDatian (大田县茶叶学会).
- 2017. Ngokohlu lwezibonakaliso lwesifundazwe, uphawu lwesitifiketi No. 20158090 lubhaliswe mhla ziyi-14 kuMandulo 2017; umnikazi — Inhlangano Yetiye Yesifunda SaseDatian (大田县茶叶协会), umkhiqizo — «itiye». Ngokoshicilelo lwe-«Fujian Daily» lwango-2021, umnyango wezolimo nezindaba zasemaphandleni wahlonipha igama ngesiqu sesibonelo sikazwelonke sesibonakaliso sokuma kwezolimo esivikelwe (国家级农产品地理标志示范样板).
- 2025. Ihhovisi likazwelonke lobuhlakani bempahla yaseChina (CNIPA) ngesimemezelo No. 640 samhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi laqinisekisa imikhiqizo engu-1409 enezibonakaliso zokuma; iDatian Gaoshan Cha — umugqa 546, umfakisicelo — yileyo Nhlangano Yetiye efanayo. Isithasiselo sesibili sibeka izidingo: izinhlobo, inhlabathi, ukuvuna, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokubukeka.
Igama: 大田 — igama lesifunda, ngokwezwi nezwi «insimu enkulu»; 高山茶 (gāoshān chá) — «itiye lasezintabeni».
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwe-«Fujian Daily», iDatian inesiqu «sezwe lokuzalwa letiye lasezintabeni laseChina» (中国高山茶之乡) futhi izibiza ngokuthi iyona kuphela isifunda esinesiqu esinjalo. Ibhrendi eyinhloko yesifunda — «itiye likanokusho» i-Datian Mei Ren Cha (大田美人茶).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izidingo ze-CNIPA zisho «izinhlobo ezintsha zekhwalithi ephezulu»: iJin Guanyin (金观音, jīnguānyīn), i-Tie Guanyin (铁观音, tiěguānyīn), i-Yuemingxiang (悦茗香, yuèmíngxiāng), iDangui (丹桂, dānguì) kanye neTaicha No. 12 (台茶12号, táichá shí’èr hào) — leli yigama lokubhalisa lohlobo lwaseTaiwan iJin Xuan.
Isidingo sohlobo: Ikloni, ezinzile, evumelana nesimo sezulu sendawo futhi efanele isigaba sayo setiye.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ukuvuna ngokugcina isihlahla, ngamaqoqo nangezikhathi eziningi; ngokwezinga kukhiwa amahlumela aphezulu athambile (嫩芽梢) — ngaphansi kwezidingo zewulong noma zetiye elibomvu; ngokwemibandela ka-2012 — ngokukha ngesandla noma ngesikelo esincane.
Izikhathi zokuvuna: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Enkabeni yeFujian, umthambeka osentshonalanga wengxenye emaphakathi yochungechunge lweziNtaba zaseDaiyunshan (戴云山). Ngokwezidingo zobuchwepheshe zika-2012, iziqongo ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-1000 zingu-175, esiphakeme kakhulu — iDaxianfeng (大仙峰), amamitha angu-1553.
Ukuphakama kwezingadi: Futhi lapho: izingadi ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-600 — izinkulungwane ezingu-66 zama-mu, kuzo ngaphezu kuka-90% zisezingeni lamamitha angu-800–1200.
Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo esimaphakathi se-monsoon. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elimaphakathi — 15.3–19.6 °C, imvula — amamilimitha angu-1491.7–1809.6 ngonyaka, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa — izinsuku ezingaphezu kuka-275, ukukhanya kwelanga ngokwesilinganiso amahora angu-1723.8 ngonyaka.
Inhlabathi: Izidingo ze-CNIPA: inhlabathi ebomvu ekwazi ukudlula amanzi, inhlabathi ephuzi-ebomvu nephuzi, iphrofayili ejulile, umthambeka ongaphansi kuka-25°, i-pH 4.8–6.1, izinto eziphilayo 0.6–2.5 %. Ngokwemibandela ka-2012, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda kunenhlabathi ebomvu, eningizimu-mpumalanga — inhlabathi ephuzi-ebomvu nephuzi, ukujiya kongqimba kuvame ukuba ngaphezu kwemitha.
Umquba: Ikakhulukazi umquba ophilayo obolile, umquba ohlanganisiwe — ngokusekelayo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zibeka uchungechunge lwemisebenzi yesigaba ngasinye, kodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele — amazinga okushisa, isikhathi nomswakama awekho kuzo.

Iwulong:
1. Iqabunga elisha.
2. Ukubuna elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng).
3. Ukunyakazisa nokubamba iqabunga (做青, zuòqīng) — ohlelweni olujwayelekile lwewulong lesi yisigaba sokwenziwa kwe-oxidation ingxenye.
4. Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng).
5. Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng).
6. Ukumisa (烘干, hōnggān).
Itiye elibomvu:
1. Iqabunga elisha.
2. Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo).
3. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
4. Ukuvutshelwa, okungukuthi i-oxidation (发酵, fājiào).
5. Ukumisa (烘干, hōnggān).

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Ukubukeka kubekwe yizidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025; kuyavumelana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zika-2012.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Iwulong — lisongwe ngokuqinile futhi linesisindo, umbala uluhlaza okotshani omnyama ngokucwebezela okunamafutha (外形紧结、重实；色泽乌绿、油润). Elibomvu — imicu esongwe ngokuqinile (条索紧结).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholiwe.
Iphunga lotshwala: Iwulong — liphakeme, lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, linephunga lezimbali elicacile (香气清高悠长，花香显). Elibomvu — liphakeme futhi libukhali (香气高锐).
Ukunambitheka: Iwulong — kunothile futhi kuminyene, kunokunambitheka okumnandi nokusha ngemva kokugwinya (滋味浓厚甘爽), «ngezwelo lasezintabeni» (高山茶韵) nokumelana nokuchitheka okuningi. Elibomvu — kumnandi, kusha futhi kuvuselelayo (滋味甘甜鲜爽).
Umbala wotshwala: Elibomvu — ophuzi osagolide, ogqamile (汤色金黄明亮). Kwewulong izidingo aziwusho umbala; kulelo thebula lezinhlobo lika-2012 uyashintsha kusukela kokuphuzi okuluhlaza okotshani nokugqamile kuhlobo oluphezulu kakhulu (绿黄、明亮) kuya kokuphuzi okukhanyayo kweyesithathu nokuphuzi okusawolintshi kweyesine.
Izingxenye zetiye ezisetshenzisiwe: Iwulong — inyama, ithambile, icwebezelayo (叶底肥厚软亮). Elibomvu — elithambile, elibomvu ngokugqamile nelilinganayo (叶底嫩艳匀红).

Ngokwemibandela ka-2012 iwulong ihlukaniswe ngezilinganiso ezinhlanu, elibomvu — ngezine. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lelobomvu lapho — imicu emincane enamanothi anegolide (肥嫩紧细、毫显；茸毛金黄) notshwala obubomvu ngokugqamile (红艳), okungahambisani nokubukeka «okuphuzi osagolide» kwencazelo ejwayelekile; imibhalo ayikuchazi lokhu.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Azikho izinkomba zomzimba namakhemikhali ezibekwe yizidingo ze-CNIPA noma yizidingo zobuchwepheshe zika-2012. Ngokuphepha izidingo ze-CNIPA zibhekisela ezinkambisweni zikahulumeni sezizonke, kanti imibandela ka-2012 izibiza ngqo: i-GB 2762 — okungcolisayo, i-GB 2763 — izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane. Ayikho eminye imininingwane ngokwakheka emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba — imingcele incike ekutheni yiliphi itiye ngaphansi kwaleli gama osandleni sakho.

Iwulong: 95–100 °C, amagremu angu-5–7 kugaiwan engu-100–110 ml, ukugeza okusheshayo, ukuchitheka kokuqala imizuzwana engu-15–20 ngokwanda kancane kancane, ukuthelwa okuyisithupha kuya kweyisishiyagalombili.
Itiye elibomvu: 90–95 °C, amagremu angu-3 ku-150 ml, ukumnika kokuqala cishe iminithi elilodwa, igaiwan noma itishu le-porcelain, ukuthelwa okuningana ngokukhulisa isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Iwulong enephunga lezimbali — emaphaketheni avaliwe, endaweni epholile emnyama, ngaphandle komswakama namaphunga. Itiye elibomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ekushiseni kwegumbi, emaphaketheni aminyene.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholiwe.

Uzivikela kanjani emikhiqizweni yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwesibonakaliso sokuma noma uphawu lwesitifiketi No. 20158090; umkhiqizi — ovela esifundeni saseDatian.
- Khumbula ukuthi «elisezintabeni» ephaketheni ngaphandle kwegama lesifunda akuqinisekisi lutho: 高山茶 — yigama elijwayelekile.
- Hlola ukubukeka: iwulong — iqabunga elinzima eliluhlaza okotshani omnyama elinokucwebezela nephunga lezimbali; elibomvu — imicu eminyene nephunga elimnandi eliphakeme.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezidingweni kukhona iTaicha No. 12, okungukuthi iJin Xuan yaseTaiwan: itiye lasezintabeni laseDatian lisekelwa nasezintweni zaseTaiwan.
«Itiye likanokusho» (大田美人茶), ibhrendi eyinhloko yesifunda, alishiwongo ezidingweni ze-Datian Gaoshan Cha: liyibhrendi yesifunda ehlukile enezinga layo leqembu.
Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda ezidingweni zobuchwepheshe, ngo-2009 sakhiqiza amathani angu-3600 etiye; ngokwe-«Fujian Daily», ngo-2019 — izinkulungwane eziyi-12.8 zamathani etiye eliluhlaza (干毛茶, gān máochá).

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

Shouning Gaoshan Cha (寿宁高山茶): Nalo itiye elivikelwe «lasezintabeni» laseFujian, kodwa indawo — amadolobhana kuphela angaphezu kwamamitha angu-500, kanti izigaba — itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza.
Datian Mei Ren Cha (大田美人茶): Iwulong ene-oxidation ephezulu yesifunda esifanayo, «itiye likanokusho»; ibhrendi ehlukile, engachazwanga ezidingweni zetiye lasezintabeni.
Tie Guanyin (铁观音): Iwulong yesifunda saseAnxi; eDatian — ingenye yezinhlobo.
Gao Shan Cha (高山茶): Umqondo ojwayelekile wamatiye ezingadi ezisezintabeni, emnyangweni — i-athikili ejwayelekile.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Datian Gaoshan Cha — igama lesifunda sonke, ngaphansi kwalo kune-wulong netiye elibomvu. Imibhalo inemininingwane ngendawo — izingadi ikakhulukazi kumamitha angu-800–1200, inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi ene-asidi, izinhlobo ze-klone kusukela eJin Guanyin kuya eTaicha No. 12 yaseTaiwan — nangokubukeka: iphunga lezimbali lewulong, ukunambitheka okumnandi okuvuselelayo kwetiye elibomvu. Izinombolo zokwakheka nemingcele yokucubungula azikho kuzo.

Imithombo

Amazinga

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo