Zhènkāng Mǎ'ānshān chá

Zhenkang Ma’anshan Cha (Zhènkāng Mǎ’ānshān chá, 镇康马鞍山茶) itiye lezivande ezindala zedolobhana laseMa’anshan (马鞍山村) esigodini saseMangbing (忙丙乡) esifundeni saseZhenkang (镇康县) kumasipala wedolobha laseLincang, esifundazweni saseYunnan. Intaba yaqanjwa kanjalo ngenxa yokufana nesihlalo sehhashi. Izivande lapha aziwona amahlathi asendle futhi aziwona asendulo: ngokwezincazelo, ngo-1913 kuleli dolobhana kwalethwa uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu iMengku oluvela eShuangjiang engomakhelwane, futhi izihlahla ezindala zineminyaka engaba yikhulu. Kanye nezindawo ezingomakhelwane iYanzitou neJianshan, iMa’anshan yakha cishe izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili ze-mu zezivande ezindala ezitshaliwe eziqhubekayo, okuyinhlanganisela eyivelakancane kulesi sifunda. IMa’anshan itiye lokuqala laseLincang elivela ezihlahleni ezindala ukuthola uphawu lwesitifiketi sokuma komhlaba; kamuva langena kukhathalogi kazwelonke yaseChina ethi “名特优新”. Ikilasi lomkhiqizo alizange liqiniswe wuphawu.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Akunqunywanga embhalweni wophawu. Incazelo yedolobhana ibiza umkhiqizo wayo ngokuthi impahla eluhlaza eyomiswe elangeni (晒青茶, shàiqīngchá), okungukuthi impahla eluhlaza yohlobo lwe-puer.
Isigaba: Itiye lezivande ezindala ezitshaliwe zaseLincang; uphawu lwesitifiketi sokuma komhlaba; kukhathalogi kazwelonke yaseChina ethi “名特优新” (ukukhishwa kwesithathu).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), umasipala wedolobha laseLincang (临沧, Líncāng), isifunda saseZhenkang (镇康县, Zhènkāng Xiàn), isigodi saseMangbing (忙丙乡, Mángbǐng Xiāng), idolobhana laseMa’anshan.
Indawo evikelwe: Uhlu lwesifundazwe lubonisa isifunda saseZhenkang njengokuhlobana kokuphatha komnikazi wophawu; umngcele womthetho wendawo angizange ngiwuhlole.
Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: Isigodi saseMangbing cishe singu-23.9° enyakatho kanye no-99.2° empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 1913. Ngokwezincazelo, eMa’anshan kwalethwa uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu iMengku (勐库大叶种) oluvela esifundeni saseShuangjiang. Izihlahla zezivande ezindala zalapha, njengoba kubhaliwe, zilingana nezivande zedolobhana laseMangfei (忙肺) esifundeni esingomakhelwane saseYongde; iminyaka yezihlahla ezindala icishe ibe yikhulu.
- 2019. “镇康马鞍山茶” lisohlwini lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu zokuma komhlaba zaseYunnan ngomhla ka-28 Disemba 2019.
- Owokuqala eLincang. Abezindaba bango-2024 babiza iMa’anshan ngetiye lokuqala lezihlahla ezindala esifundeni saseLincang ukuthola uphawu lukahulumeni lwesitifiketi sokuma komhlaba.
- “名特优新”. Itiye lingene ekukhishweni kwesithathu kukhathalogi kazwelonke yaseChina yemikhiqizo yezolimo edumile, ekhethekile, esezingeni eliphezulu nemisha.
- 2024. Ngo-Ephreli, “镇康马鞍山茶” lethulwa eBeijing, esikhungweni semibukiso yezolimo yeChina yonkana, embukisweni wamatiye asentwasahlobo anezimpawu zokuma komhlaba; ngokombiko wensizakalo yezindaba ye-China Agricultural University, kwakuwukuphela komkhiqizo wamatiye ovela esifundazweni saseYunnan.
- Izinombolo zophawu, umnikazi kanye nonyaka wokubhaliswa azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
Igama:
- “Zhenkang” (镇康) yigama lesifunda.
- “Ma’an” (马鞍) kusho “isihlalo sehhashi”; “shan” (山) kusho “intaba”. Intaba yaqanjwa ngenxa yesimo esifana nesihlalo sehhashi.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isisho sendawo sibeka itiye laseMa’anshan eduze ne-ashuse (阿数瑟): itiye laseZhenkang linephunga elimnandi, futhi elingcono kakhulu likhula eMa’anshan; akukho okumnandi endlebeni ukwedlula i-ashuse, futhi akukho okumnandi ukwedlula itiye laseMa’anshan (镇康茶叶香又香，好茶种在马鞍山，好听不过阿数瑟，好喝不过鞍山茶). Esifundeni lapho, ngokwencazelo, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezivande ezingama-76,000 ze-mu zindala, iMa’anshan yaba ngeyokuqala ukuthola uphawu lwetiye lezihlahla ezindala.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: IMengku yamaqabunga amakhulu (勐库大叶种, Měngkù dàyèzhǒng), eyalethwa ngo-1913.
Isihlahla: Ngokwencazelo, umqhele usabalele, ukukhula kuqinile. Iqabunga liyi-elliptic, ligoqwe ngaphakathi, libekwe ngokuvundlile, liluhlaza, linendawo ephakeme, lithambile, linomphetho ogudlukile kancane. Imiqumbe iluhlaza, mikhulu, inoboya obuningi; amahlumela maningi, futhi ahlala ethambile isikhathi eside, ngakho iqabunga kulula ukuliqoqa.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Amaqabunga ezihlahla ezindala ezitshaliwe ezineminyaka engaba yikhulu.
Ukuqoqwa kanye nezinga lokuqoqa: Akuzange kutholakale emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Intshonalanga yesifunda saseLincang, izintaba zesifunda saseZhenkang.
Ukuphakama kokukhula: Ngokwesilinganiso cishe 1400 m, ngokwencazelo yedolobhana.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yedolobhana, izinga lokushisa lonyaka cishe 18 °C, imvula cishe 1560 mm ngonyaka, ilanga cishe amahora angu-2500 ngonyaka, umswakama ohlobene cishe u-85 %.
Inhlabathi: Ngokwencazelo efanayo, i-pH 5.6–6.5.
Indawo (ngokwencazelo yedolobhana, 2017): Izivande zetiye zingu-5020 mu, kuzo ezindala zingu-3500 mu (cishe amahektha angu-230); ingqikithi isiza saseDabaobao (大包包茶地), esingu-380 mu. Kanye nezindawo ezingomakhelwane iYanzitou (岩子头) neJianshan (尖山), cishe izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili ze-mu zezivande ezindala ezitshaliwe eziqhubekayo, ngokwemininingwane yabezindaba bango-2024.
Izakhamuzi: Ngokwencazelo, edolobhaneni kuhlala amaHan namaWa.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe emibhalweni yophawu angizange ngibubone. Incazelo yedolobhana ibiza umkhiqizo wayo ngokuthi impahla eluhlaza eyomiswe elangeni (晒青茶). Kulezo zinto ezingavuthiwe, ukulandelana okuvamile kanje:

Ukuvutshelwa (摊晾, tānliàng): Iqabunga elisha landlalwa ngendwala encane.
Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Iqabunga liyashiswa ebhodweni ukuze kumiswe ukuxhuma komoyampilo.
Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomiswa elangeni (晒干, shàigān).

Lena yisikimu esijwayelekile sekilasi, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe betiye laseMa’anshan.

6. Izici Zezitho Zomzimba

Izincazelo ezingezansi zivela emibhalweni emayelana nedolobhana nakwezindaba, hhayi embhalweni wophawu; ikilasi lomkhiqizo alizange lishiwo kuzo.

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokumpontshelwa: Liqinile, licebile futhi liphakeme (香气持久馥郁高扬), linethoni ehlanzekile emisha (清香).
Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele futhi kuvumelana, kucebile futhi kusha, kumnandi futhi kubushelelezi; ubukrakra bulula, ukuqina kubuthakathaka; ngaphansi kolimi kukhiqizwa amathe, emphinjeni kunoshukela omude, ukubuya okumnandi kuhlala isikhathi eside. Umbhalo ubuye uchaze umuzwa wokuqala: ekuphuzeni kokuqala itiye libonakala lilula, bese umlomo wonke ugcwala ukunambitheka kwetiye okupholile.
Umbala wokumpontshelwa: Kucacile, kuphuzi okugcwele futhi kukhanya (汤色清澈黄浓明亮).
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, okuyinto incazelo yedolobhana eyibiza ngenhlangano yesayensi yetiye (iqabunga elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili, isampula liqondiswe ngomusi):

Ama-polyphenols etiye: 30.19 %.
Ama-catechin (isamba): 134.19 mg/g.
Ama-amino acid: 2.90 %.
I-caffeine: 3.56 %.
Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini: 45.83 %.

Lokhu kuyisici sesampula lezinto ezingavuthiwe, hhayi itiye eliphelele.

8. Ukumpontshelwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Ikilasi lomkhiqizo alizange liqiniswe wuphawu; ngezansi kunezinkomba zempahla eluhlaza eyomiswe elangeni ne-sheng puer.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–100 °C.
Inani letiye: 5–7 g ku-100–120 ml.
Izitsha: I-gaiwan noma imbiza encane yobumba.
Inqubo:
1. Shisa izitsha.
2. Faka itiye.
3. Geza kafushane iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uyakhipha.
4. Ukumpontshelwa kokuqala imizuzwana engu-10–20.
5. Thela ku-chahai, bese ezinkomishini.
6. Ukuphinda uthele ngesikhathi esengeziwe kancane kancane.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi we-sheng puer. Endaweni eyomile ehlanzekile ngaphandle kokukhanya neziphunga zangaphandle, ekupakisheni okuqinile kodwa okungavaliwe ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kokuguquka okukhulu komswakama. I-sheng puer ivumela ukuvuthwa.

10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Izintengo: Ngokwencazelo yedolobhana, entwasahlobo ka-2014 itiye lalithengiswa ngama-yuan angu-100–200 ngekhilogremu. Abezindaba basentwasahlobo bango-2024 babiza intengo yeqabunga elisha cishe ngama-yuan angu-120 ngekhilogremu. Azikho izintengo zamanje zetiye eliphelele emithonjeni etholakele.
Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Fun a uphawu “镇康马鞍山茶”.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseZhenkang.
- Iqabunga lezihlahla ezindala likhulu, linemiqumbe enoboya obuningi; iqabunga elincane lamasimu alona umkhiqizo ongafanele.
- Igama ledolobhana ekupakisheni alikafakazeli imvelaphi: izinto ezingavuthiwe ezifanayo zinikezwa yizivande ezindala ezingomakhelwane.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Intaba yaqanjwa ngenxa yokufana nesihlalo sehhashi.
Izivande zaseMa’anshan aziwona amahlathi asendle: uhlobo iMengku lwalethwa lapha ngo-1913, futhi izihlahla ezindala zineminyaka engaba yikhulu.
Leli tiye lokuqala laseLincang lezihlahla ezindala elinophawu lukahulumeni lwesitifiketi.
Ngo-2024 embukisweni waseBeijing, iMa’anshan kwakuwukuphela komkhiqizo wamatiye ovela eYunnan.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namatiye Angomakhelwane

Yongde (永德): Itiye lesifunda esingomakhelwane; izivande ezindala zedolobhana laseMangfei, ngokwezincazelo, zatshalwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nezas’eMa’anshan.
Bing Dao (冰岛): Idolobhana eliseMengku, lapho umlando wohlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu olulethwa eMa’anshan uqala khona.
Mengku Dayezhong Cha (勐库大叶种茶): Isibonakaliso sokuma komhlaba sohlobo uqobo esifundeni saseShuangjiang.
Lincang (临沧): Ukubukeka kwesifunda okuhlanganisa iZhenkang.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Zhenkang Ma’anshan Cha itiye lezivande ezitshaliwe ezineminyaka eyikhulu, hhayi ihlathi lasendulo: izihlahla zohlobo iMengku, ezalethwa ngo-1913, zikhula entabeni efana nesihlalo sehhashi ekuphakameni cishe kwamamitha angu-1400, endaweni ecishe ibe izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili ze-mu kanye nabangomakhelwane. Uphawu aluliqinisi ikilasi; imibhalo ngedolobhana ibhala ngephunga eliphezulu eliqinile, ukumpontshelwa okuphuzi okucacile, ubukrakra obulula kanye nokubuya okumnandi okude.