Měngkù dàyèzhǒng chá

Měngkù Dàyèzhǒng Chá (Měngkù dàyèzhǒng chá, 勐库大叶种茶) — «itiye leqabunga elikhulu lase Mengku» elivela eShuangjiang Lahu Va Bulang Dai Autonomous County (双江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治县) esifundeni sedolobha iLincang, esifundazweni saseYunnan. Igama aliqambi umkhiqizo kodwa impahla eluhlaza: iMengku enkulu yeqabunga iyinhlobo yesihlahla, okwathi ngo-1984 yafakwa ohlwini lokuqala lwezinhlobo zetiye zikahulumeni zaseChina futhi izazi zetiye zaseChina ziyibiza ngokuthi isibonelo setiye laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu. Izidingo zokuvikela igama zichaza ukubukeka nobuchwepheshe bemikhiqizo emine ngesikhathi esisodwa — impahla eluhlaza yelanga, itiye eliluhlaza, itiye elibomvu, nepu erh, — ngakho lena iyinhlanganisela yempahla eluhlaza, hhayi itiye elilodwa. Igama livikelwa kabili: njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo loMnyango Wezolimo (2015) nanjengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ngokwesimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 646 (2025).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Alunamathiselwe esigabeni esisodwa. Izidingo zokuvikela zibiza imikhiqizo emine evela kuleli qabunga: impahla eluhlaza yelanga (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá), itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) kanye nepu erh ecindezelwe (普洱茶, pǔ’ěrchá).
• Isigaba: Itiye lohlobo lukahulumeni; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo (AGI01772, 2015) kanye nomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo lwe-CNIPA (2025).
• Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda sedolobha iLincang (临沧, Líncāng), iShuangjiang Lahu Va Bulang Dai Autonomous County (双江, Shuāngjiāng). Umsuka wohlobo idolobha laseMengku (勐库镇, Měngkù Zhèn) kanye nedolobhana laseBing Dao (冰岛, Bīngdǎo).
• Indawo esemthethweni: Isifunda sonke saseShuangjiang — izigodi namadolobha ayisithupha: iDawen (大文), eMangnuo (忙糯), eBangbing (邦丙), eShahe (沙河), eMengmeng (勐勐) naseMengku (勐库), — kanye namafemu amabili: ihhovisi lokuphatha lamaHuaciao eMengku (勐库华侨管理区) kanye nekomidi lokuphatha lepulazi likahulumeni laseShuangjiang (双江农场管理委员会). Indawo ichazwe ngamayunithi okukhiqiza, hhayi kuphela ngohlaka lokuphatha.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Indawo — 99°35′–100°09′ empumalanga, 23°11′–23°48′ enyakatho; idolobha laseMengku — cishe 23.6° enyakatho no-99.9° empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Inganekwane yembewu ezingamakhulu amabili. Umlando wendawo, olandiswa kabusha ngumagazini i-Pu’er, uthi: ngo-1485, ngaphansi kombusi weMing uChenghua (成化), indoda yaseBing Dao okuthiwa uLi San yahamba iyohweba eXishuangbanna; okwesibili yena nabanye abane bathunyelwa lapho ukuyolanda imbewu. Babuya nembewu ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, kanti eBing Dao kwakhula izihlahla ezingaphezu kwekhulu namashumi amahlanu. Enye incazelo yereferensi ithi ukulethwa kwakungo-1484 futhi ibiza umthombo wembewu ngokuthi yiMyanmu. Ukwehluka angikuxazululanga; lona umlando wendawo, hhayi idokhumenti. Umagazini ofanayo uphawula ukuthi le nguqulo inabaphikisi nokuthi empendulweni evamile ngemvelaphi yohlobo ayikho esayensini yetiye.
  • Ukusabalala. Ngesikhathi seQing nasekuqaleni kweRiphabhulikhi, uhlobo lwasuka eBing Dao lwaya emadolobhaneni angomakhelwane nasemadolobheni aseMengku naseMengmeng.
  • 1984. Uhlobo lwafakwa ohlwini lokuqala lwezinhlobo zetiye zikahulumeni. Kumareferensi lubhalwa njenge华茶12号 (Huáchá 12) enenombolo ye-GS13012-1985; ngakho unyaka wokuqashelwa ubizwa ngokuthi ngu-1984 noma ngu-1985.
  • 1985. Kumagazini iChina Tea (《中国茶叶》) kwabhalwa ngaye ukuthi itiye laseMengku elinamaqabunga amakhulu kufanele libhekwe njengeletiye «langempela» (正宗) laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu.
  • 2015. Ngomhla ka-5 Novemba uMnyango Wezolimo wabhalisa «勐库大叶种茶» njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (AGI01772).
  • 2025. Ngesimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 646 igama laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; umfakisicelo — isikhungo sokuthuthukisa izimboni zendawo zaseShuangjiang. Isimemezelo sinamathiselwe izidingo zokuvikela: indawo, izimo zokutshala, ubuchwepheshe kanye nemikhawulo yokwakheka.
• Igama:
  • «Mengku» (勐库) — igama ledolobha.
  • «Dayezhong» (大叶种, dàyèzhǒng) — «uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu».
  • «Cha» (茶) — itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ezincwadini zetiye zaseChina, uhlobo lunamathiselwe izibizo «ummeleli», «iqhawe» kanye «nangempela» wetiye laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu (云南大叶种茶的代表、英豪、正宗). Kusukela eYunnan lwathunyelwa eSichuan, eGuizhou, eGuangdong, eGuangxi, eHainan naseHunan.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: I-Mengku enkulu yeqabunga (勐库大叶茶, Měngkù dàyèchá; 华茶12号). Isihlahla (乔木型), esinesiqu esiyinhloko esibonakalayo; amaqabunga amakhulu; kusenesikhathi.
• Iqabunga: I-elliptic ende noma i-elliptic, evundlile noma elehlelayo. Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — cishe 17 × 6 cm; umagazini i-Pu’er ubiza ubude obukhulu obungu-20.6 cm. Ingaphezulu libonakala likhanyayo, inyama iwugqinsi futhi ithambile, iqabunga linesikhumba, liluhlaza okotshani omnyama, unqenqema lugoqwe ngasohlangothini olungezansi lweqabunga.
• Imiqumelo: Imbozwe kakhulu uboya. Iqabunga elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili linesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-0.62 g.
• Izinhlobo: Ngokweqabunga ngaphakathi kohlobo kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu: iqabunga elikhulu elimnyama (黑大叶), elikhulu elinqenqemeni (卵形大叶), elikhulu eliyishubhu (筒状大叶), elincane elimnyama elide (黑细长叶) kanye nelikhulu elide (长大叶).
• Ukufaneleka: Ngokwezinkomba — kwitiye elibomvu, eliluhlaza nepu erh.
• Ukuvuna: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — itiye lasentwasahlobo kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, elasehlobo kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ku-Agasti, elasekwindla kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya ku-Okthoba. Iqabunga elisha — lisha, liphelele, lihlanzekile, ngaphandle kwezithelo, amaqabunga amadala nokungcola.
• Indinganiso yokuvuna: Izidingo azisho ukuthi mangaki amaqabunga okufanele athathwe nomqumelo.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: INtshonalanga yeYunnan, isifunda saseShuangjiang esifundeni seLincang; uhlobo lwakhula ezintabeni ezizungeze idolobha laseMengku.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: Izidingo zokuvikela — 1000–2000 m, izindawo zezintaba nezintaba ezinelanga elihle. Inani lezihlahla zetiye zasendle entabeni iMengku Daxueshan (勐库大雪山), ngokwencazelo yereferensi, lihlala cishe ama-mu ayi-12 700 (cishe amahektha angama-850) ekuphakameni kwama-2200–2750 m.
• Izingadi ezindala: Ngokwencazelo efanayo, esifundeni kunama-mu angaphezu kwe-19 800 ezingadi ezitshaliwe ezingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, kanti edolobhaneni laseBing Dao kunezihlahla ezitshaliwe ezingama-4954 ezingaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — ebomvu, ensomi, nephuzi, ene-acid encane, evundlile, enokukhipha amanzi kahle.
• Ukutshala: Izidingo zivumela ukusabalalisa ngembewu nangokwezitshalo. Ezingadini ezindala umanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa akuvunyelwe.
• Isimo sezulu: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholiwe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zokuvikela zichaza izikimu ezine; ngezansi — imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko nemingcele.

• Impahla eluhlaza yelanga (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá): ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng) → ukupholisa (摊凉, tānliáng) → ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn) → ukomisa elangeni (晒干, shàigān). Ukulungisa — ebhodweni lensimbi ku-180–230 °C imizuzu eyi-13–15 noma emgqonyeni ku-230–280 °C imizuzu emi-4–6. Elangeni iqabunga lomiswa ngongqimba lwe-1–2 cm amahora ama-5–8, kuze kube umswakama ongu-8–10 %.
• Itiye elibomvu: ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo) ku-20–25 °C, amahora angu-6–12 ngokuya ngohlobo lwempahla eluhlaza → ukusonga → ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào) ku-25–28 °C nomswakama ongaphezu kuka-90 %: entwasahlobo amahora ama-4–6, ehlobo nasekwindla amahora ama-3–5 → ukomisa kuze kube umswakama ongaphansi kuka-6 %.
• Itiye eliluhlaza: ukulungisa (ebhodweni ku-200–260 °C imizuzu eyi-8–10 noma emgqonyeni ku-260–300 °C imizuzu emi-4–6) → ukupholisa → ukusonga → ukomisa ngomoya oshisayo kabili (毛火 kanye ne足火, máohuǒ no zúhuǒ) kuze kube umswakama ongu-4–6 %.
• Ipu erh ecindezelwe: impahla eluhlaza yelanga evulekile → ukuvutshelwa okumanzi ezinqwabeni (渥堆, wòduī) ngamathani angu-8–10 ku-45–55 °C, izinsuku ezingama-38–42 → ukomisa → ukuhlunga → ukushisa ngomusi nokucindezela → ukomisa ku-35–40 °C amahora angama-36–48.

6. Izici Zenzwa

Izidingo zokuvikela zinikeza ukubukeka ngokwemikhiqizo.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Impahla eluhlaza yelanga — iqabunga elisongiwe likhulu, linoboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo, linamafutha (条索肥壮，显白毫，油润). Itiye eliluhlaza — uboya obumhlophe bubonakala, iqabunga lisongwe liqinile futhi linzima, liluhlaza futhi linokucwazimula okunamafutha (白毫显露，条索紧结重实，色泽绿而油润). Elibomvu — linamafutha, linemiqumelo esagolide (色泽油润，金黄显毫). Ipu erh — imnyama futhi icwazimula, inemiqumelo eminingi (乌润多毫).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
• Iphunga lokungena: Impahla eluhlaza yelanga — ihlanzekile futhi iqinile (清香持久). Eliluhlaza — lihlanzekile futhi liphakeme (香气清高). Elibomvu — liphakeme futhi lisha (香气高鲜).
• I-flavour: Impahla eluhlaza yelanga — isha, inamandla, inokubuya okumnandi (鲜爽、浓烈、回甘); ikwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa kaningi. Eliluhlaza — lithambile futhi ligcwele (滋味醇厚). Elibomvu — linamandla (滋味浓烈). Ipu erh — lithambile futhi ligcwele (滋味醇厚).
• Umbala wokungena: Impahla eluhlaza yelanga — iphuzi ngokuluhlaza futhi iyakhanya (汤色黄绿明亮). Elibomvu — liwugqinsi futhi liyakhanya (汤色浓艳).
• Iqabunga eliphansi (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Impahla eluhlaza yelanga — lithambile, lilingana, liphelele (叶底嫩匀完整). Eliluhlaza — liluhlaza futhi liyakhanya (叶底绿而明亮). Elibomvu — libomvu futhi liyakhanya (叶底红亮).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zokuvikela zibeka imikhawulo engezansi:

• Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini (水浸出物): okungenani 31.5 %.
• Ama-polyphenol etiye (茶多酚): okungenani 19 %.
• Ama-amino acid akhululekile (游离氨基酸): okungenani 2.5 %.
• I-caffeine (咖啡碱): okungenani 2.0 %.
• Ama-catechin (儿茶素): okungenani 3.0 %.

Umagazini i-Pu’er ubhala ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezinto ezincibilikayo emanzini eqabungeni lalolu hlobo kufinyelela ku-52.1 %, futhi ubiza lokhu njengokuhlukile emithonjeni yetiye yomhlaba.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Isigaba sincike emkhiqizweni; izinkombandlela:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: Eliluhlaza — 80–85 °C; elibomvu — 90–95 °C; ipu erh — 95–100 °C.
• Inani letiye: Eliluhlaza — 3 g ku-150 ml; elibomvu — 3–5 g ku-150 ml; ipu erh — 5–7 g ku-100–120 ml.
• Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma igaiwan kweliluhlaza; igaiwan noma itiye le-porcelain kwelibomvu; igaiwan noma itiye lobumba kwepu erh.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza izitsha.
  2. Faka itiye.
  3. Ipu erh iyahlanzwa kafushane bese amanzi ayathululwa; eliluhlaza nelibomvu akuhlanjwa.
  4. Ukungena kokuqala: eliluhlaza — imizuzwana engama-40–60; elibomvu egaiwan — imizuzwana eyi-15–20; ipu erh — imizuzwana eyi-10–20.
  5. Thela.
  6. Ukuthelwa okuphindwayo nokwengeza isikhathi.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Eliluhlaza — emaphaketheni avaliwe esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Elibomvu — emaphaketheni aqinile endaweni eyomile epholile emnyama. Ipu erh — endaweni eyomile ehlanzekile ngaphandle kwephunga, emaphaketheni aphefumulayo; i-sheng pu erh ivumela ukuvuthwa.

10. Intengo kanye Nezomgunyathi

Ayikho idatha ngezintengo emithonjeni etholiwe; intengo incike emkhiqizweni nasendaweni yokuvuna.

• Indlela yokugwema umgunyathi:
  • Bheka uphawu lwendawo; inombolo yokubhalisa yophawu lwezolimo ithi AGI01772.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseShuangjiang — ezigodini eziyisithupha nasemafemu amabili endawo.
  • Amagama athi «大叶种» ephaketheni asho kuphela «iqabunga elikhulu»: itiye elinamaqabunga amakhulu likhula kuyo yonke eningizimu yeYunnan, futhi lokhu akusilo iMengku.
  • Izidingo zichaza iqabunga laseMengku njengelikhulu (cishe 17 × 6 cm), eliwugqinsi, elinemiqumelo embozwe uboya; ukuthenga kufanele kuqhathaniswe nalokhu kubukeka, kodwa ukubukeka kukodwa akubufakazi bemvelaphi.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Igama lophawu libiza uhlobo lwesihlahla, hhayi umkhiqizo.
• Endaweni evikelwe ngokulingana nezigodi kufakwe amafemu amabili — ihhovisi lokuphatha lamaHuaciao nepulazi likahulumeni.
• Ngokomlando wendawo, uhlobo luvela embewini ebalethelwa eBing Dao ngeminyaka yawo-1480: ngokwenguqulo eyodwa zaziyikhulu ezingaphezu kwamabili, kwakhula izihlahla ezingaphezu kwekhulu namashumi amahlanu.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye

• Bing Dao (冰岛): Idolobhana elidumile lepu erh laseMengku, lapho ngokomlando wendawo lwaqala khona uhlobo.
• Mengku Chun Jian (勐库春尖): I-sheng pu erh yasentwasahlobo yaseMengku yeqabunga lalolu hlobo — omunye wemikhiqizo ngaphansi kweyinhlanganisela.
• Mengku Guhua Cha (勐库谷花茶): Impahla eluhlaza yasekwindla yepu erh yesifunda esifanayo nohlobo olufanayo.
• Dian Hong Gongfu (滇红工夫): Itiye elibomvu laseYunnan lempahla yamaqabunga amakhulu — isigaba uhlobo olufaneleka kulo.
• Lincang (临沧): Ukubukelwa kwesifunda iShuangjiang eyingxenye yaso.

Ekuphetheni:

IMengku Dayezhong Cha iwuphawu lwendawo lohlobo, hhayi itiye elilodwa. Isihlahla esinjengesihlahla esinamaqabunga amakhulu sasezintabeni ezizungeze iMengku, ngokwenganekwane sakhula embewini ezingamakhulu amabili, saba uhlobo lukahulumeni, isibonelo setiye laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu kanye nempahla yokwenza itiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu nepu erh. Amadokhumenti okuvikela anembile emingceleni, ebuchwephesheni nasemikhawulweni yokwakheka, kodwa awasho umkhiqizo owodwa: ngaphansi kwaleli gama kuhlala umndeni wonke wamatiye aseMengku.