Ikhaya · Itiye eliluhlaza · I-Yanxishan Baimaojian
Yánxīshān báimáojiān
Yánxīshān báimáojiān · 沿溪山白毛尖
I-Yanxishan Baimaojian (Yánxīshān báimáojiān, 沿溪山白毛尖) itiye eliluhlaza elomiswa eziko elivela ezintabeni zase-Jiufengshan (九峰山) edolobheni lase-Lechang (乐昌市) esifundeni sase-Shaoguan enyakatho yesifundazwe sase-Guangdong. Leli gama lisho ukuthi “imihlukume emhlophe evela e-Yanxishan”: lapha “uboya obumhlophe” kuwukubukeka kwezihlukume ezinoboya, hhayi isigaba esimhlophe. Kusukela ngo-2009 lo mkhiqizo unophawu lwendawo; umbhalo wokuvikela udinga uhlobo lwe-Lechang Bai Mao Cha nokomiswa komoya oshisayo. Kuvikelwa igama elithi “沿溪山白毛尖” kuphela: igama lohlobo lwe-”乐昌白毛茶” alibhalisiwe ku-CNIPA njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Ngo-2023, itiye elingaphansi kohlobo lwe-”雾翔” lathola umklomelo wegolide emncintiswaneni wesifundazwe i-”粤茶杯”.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elomiswa eziko (烘青绿茶, hōngqīng lǜchá). Umbhalo wokuvikela awulisho ngegama isigaba, kodwa ubeka ubuchwepheshe betiye eliluhlaza: ukuqinisa, ukusonga, ukomiswa komoya oshisayo kabili, ngaphandle kwe-oxidation. Emncintiswaneni ka-2023 lafakwa njenge tiye eliluhlaza (”…绿茶”).
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Guangdong; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2009). Isimemezelo sokuvikela sisohlwini lwemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo lwe-State Intellectual Property Office yase-China (i-CNIPA).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), isifunda sase-Shaoguan (韶关, Sháoguān), idolobha lase-Lechang (乐昌, Lèchāng). Iphephandaba i-”Yangcheng wanbao” lithi izindawo eziyinhloko zokutshala itiye e-Lechang yilezi: i-Qingyun (庆云), i-Dayuan (大源), i-Jiufeng (九峰) kanye nendawo yase-Yanxishan.
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesimemezelo sika-2009, yizintaba zase-Jiufengshan (九峰山脉) ngaphakathi kwedolobha lase-Lechang. Isimemezelo asinikezi uhlu lwezindawo. Le ndawo ingeyetiye lase-Yanxishan Baimaojian, hhayi wonke umkhiqizo wohhlobo lwe-Lechang Bai Mao Cha: lolu hlobo, ngokomagazini i-”Nongchanpin shichang zhoukan”, lwalethwa nase-Fujian, e-Hunan, e-Jiangxi, e-Sichuan nase-Anhui. Indawo evikelwe ibuye ibekwe yizinga lendawo i-DB4402/T 01-2020; umbhalo walo awutholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-25° N no-113° E. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngokuma kwe-Lechang.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- U-Lu Yu no-Shaozhou. Iphephandaba i-”Yangcheng wanbao” (2024) likhumbuza ukuthi i-”Tea Canon” ka-Lu Yu (陆羽) ibiza i-Shaozhou (韶州) phakathi kwezindawo zetiye zase-Lingnan. Umbhalo othi “枢室” emhumeni wase-Xishiyan (西石岩) e-Lechang imithombo yendawo iwunika u-Lu Yu.
- Intela. Leli phephandaba, licaphuna umlando wedolobha lase-Lechang, lithi kusukela ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Tang leli tiye laliyintela yasebukhosini. Angizange ngilubone umlando uqobo; angitholanga obunye ubufakazi.
- “Guangdong xinyu”. Leli phephandaba licaphuna u-Qu Dajun (屈大均): “乐昌有白毛茶，茶叶微有白毛，其味清凉” - e-Lechang kukhona itiye elinoboya obumhlophe, iqabunga linoboya obuncane, ukunambitheka kupholile.
- 1933. Incazelo eyireferensi icaphuna umlando wedolobha lase-Lechang wohlobo luka-1933: itiye elinoboya obumhlophe likhula ezintabeni ezinkulu, libizwa ngoboya obumhlophe eqabungeni, “味清而香” - ukunambitheka kumsulwa futhi kunephunga elimnandi, kanti elihamba phambili livela ezintabeni zase-Yaoshan.
- 1993–2008. Ngokwencazelo eyireferensi: ngo-1993 kwabhaliswa uphawu lwezohwebo lwe-”雾翔”; ngo-2004 kwathola isimo so-”mkhiqizo oluhlaza” wekilasi A; ngo-2003, 2005 no-2007 kwathola imiklomelo yokuqala emncintiswaneni kazwelonke we-”中茶杯” we-Chinese Tea Society; ngo-2008 kwaba “uphawu olwaziwayo lwesifundazwe sase-Guangdong”.
- 2009. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (i-AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo № 60 sango-11 Juni 2009 yavikela i-Yanxishan Baimaojian njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; isithasiselo sesimemezelo sibeka uhlobo, indawo, ukuvuna, ubuchwepheshe kanye nekhwalithi. Kuvikelwe igama letiye eliqediwe; uhlobo lwe-Lechang Bai Mao Cha lubizwa esithasiselweni njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kuphela.
- 2020. I-Shaoguan Market Supervision Administration (韶关市市场监督管理局) iphethe izinga lendawo i-DB4402/T 01-2020 “地理标志产品 沿溪山白毛尖”: ishicilelwe zingama-26 Novemba 2020, isebenza kusukela zingama-26 Disemba 2020, iyadonsisela. Umthuthukisi yi-Lechang Yanxishan Tea Farm Co., Ltd. (乐昌市沿溪山茶场有限公司). Ngokwencazelo yerejista yamazinga endawo, ibeka indawo evikelwe, ukutshala nokucubungula, ikhwalithi, izindlela zokuhlola kanye nokumaka.
- Ephreli 2023. Emcimbini e-Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, i-Lechang yamemezela igama nophawu lomkhiqizo womphakathi wesifunda i-”乐昌白毛茶”. Umbiko we-”Nanfang+” wangomhla zingama-24 Ephreli 2023 ubala ukuthi imboni yetiye yase-Lechang inomkhiqizo owodwa onophawu lwendawo, kanti i-Lechang uqobo ibizwa ngokuthi indawo yesifundazwe ekhiqiza kahle kakhulu umkhiqizo okhethekile wezolimo i-”沿溪山白毛尖”. Igama elithi “乐昌白毛茶” lapha liyigama lomkhiqizo, hhayi igama elivikelwe.
- 2023. Emncintiswaneni we-XV wesifundazwe wokuhlola ikhwalithi yetiye i-”粤茶杯”, i-”雾翔沿溪山白毛尖绿茶” yathola umklomelo wegolide.
- Igama: “I-Yanxishan” (沿溪山) isho “intaba eseceleni komfudlana”, igama lendawo; “bai mao” (白毛) uboya obumhlophe; “jian” (尖) umhlume, isihloko.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-”Yangcheng wanbao” ibiza leli tiye njengenye “yamakhadi okuhambisa” ase-Shaoguan kanye ne-Qujiang Luokeng Cha ne-Renhua Baimao Cha. Igama elithi “沿溪山” lisengxenyeni yomlando ye-Digital Museum of Time-honored Brands (老字号) yoMnyango Wezohwebo.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / I-Cultivar: I-Lechang Bai Mao Cha (乐昌白毛茶) iyona kuphela into edingwa umbhalo wokuvikela ohlotsheni. I-”Yangcheng wanbao” ibiza lolu hlobo njengolwezinga likahulumeni. Umagazini i-”Nongchanpin shichang zhoukan” (2018) uthi igama lalolu hlobo laqanjwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1940 ngoprofesa wesikhungo sezolimo se-Sun Yat-sen University owayefunda itiye e-Lechang, ukuze lingadidaniswa nezinye izinhlobo; ngo-1965 lanconywa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingama-21 ezihamba phambili ezweni, kwathi ngoMashi 1985 uMnyango Wezolimo, Imfuyo Nezokudoba waphinde waliqaphela njengohlobo lwezinga likahulumeni. Ukusabalalisa, ngokombhalo, kwenziwa ngama-cuttings.
- Ukubukeka kwesihlahla ngokwencazelo eyireferensi: Amahlumela awugqinsi, iqabunga liluhlaza futhi liminyene, izihlukume zivuleka kancane futhi zihlala zithambile isikhathi eside.
- Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ngokombhalo, kusukela ekuhlumeni ngeqabunga elilodwa kuphela elisanda kuvuleka kuye ekuhlumeni okunamanye amaqabunga amathathu anjalo; amahlumela aphelele, amasha, ahlanzekile, ngaphandle kwama-petioles, izithelo namaqabunga amadala. Kukhishwa ngokudonsela phezulu; umbhalo wenqabela ukuhlwitha amahlumela nokuwabamba ngesandla.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Ngokombhalo, ngoMashi nango-Ephreli.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
Izidingo zendawo zivela embhalweni wokuvikela. Isimo sezulu nenhlabathi kuchazwe kumagazini i-”Nongchanpin shichang zhoukan” (2018) nakumawebhusayithi ayizethenjwa; lezi zibalo azikho embhalweni.
- Isifunda: Izintaba zase-Jiufengshan enyakatho ye-Guangdong, uhlelo lwe-Nanling; entshonalanga kunomfula i-Wujiang (武江).
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Amamitha angu-400–800, ngokusho kombhalo wokuvikela; ezintabeni, ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizo, kuneziqongo ezingama-99 ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000.
- Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo liyi-16.6 °C, imvula ingu-1596.5 mm ngonyaka, ama-80% ayo awela ngenkathi kaMashi kuya kuSeptemba; umswakama ohlobene ungama-80%; umehluko wokushisa osukwini nosuku ufinyelela ku-10 °C; kunezinsuku zenkungu ezingaphezu kwekhulu ngonyaka, kanti entwasahlobo inkungu iba khona cishe nsuku zonke.
- Inhlabathi ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizo: Ebomvu nephuzi, ungqimba lwezinto eziphilayo lucishe lube ngamasentimitha angu-20, ukujula okuphelele kungamasentimitha angaba ngu-80, izinto eziphilayo kungqimba olungaphezulu zingaphezu kuka-3%, i-nitrogen ingaphezu kuka-0.1%, i-pH icishe ibe ngu-5.1.
- Indawo kanye nezolimo ngokombhalo: Umthambeka awukho ngaphezu kuka-25°, inhlabathi ephuzi noma ebomvu, i-pH 4.5–6.5, ungqimba alukho ngaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-55, izinto eziphilayo azikho ngaphansi kuka-2.0%. Ukutshala kwenziwa ngoFebhuwari noma ngoNovemba, kungabi ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingama-75 000 ngehektha emgqeni owodwa nama-90 000 emigqeni emibili; akukho ngaphansi kwamathani angu-2.5 womquba wezinto eziphilayo ngehektha ngonyaka.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka uhlelo nengxenye yemingcele:
- Ukwendlalwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng): Ungqimba alukho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-15, amahora angu-8–12, ukunyakazisa okulula njalo ngemva kwamahora amathathu.
- Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ngomshini wesigubhu osebenza ngokuqhubekayo.
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Okulula, kube yimicu.
- Ukomiswa kokuqala (毛火, máohuǒ): Ngomoya oshisayo ku-115–125 °C.
- Ukupholisa nokulinganisa umswakama (摊凉回潮, tānliáng huícháo).
- Ukomisa kabusha (足火, zúhuǒ): Ngomoya oshisayo ku-90–100 °C.
Kumiswa ngomoya oshisayo, hhayi ebhodweni, yingakho kuthiwa “烘青”. Umbhalo awunikezi izindinganiso zomswakama wetiye eliqediwe.
6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa
Ngokombhalo wokuvikela:
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Amahlumela agcwele, anenyama, aluhlaza acwebezelayo, embozwe uboya (外形肥壮、色泽绿润、茸毫披露).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alikho ulwazi emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Lisha futhi licebile (清新馥郁).
- Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuvuselela, nobumnandi obubuyayo (鲜爽回甘).
- Umbala wokumnika: Oluhlaza okotshani othambile, ogqamile (嫩绿明亮).
- Izimbiza zetiye (iqabunga elidanyiwe): Ezingeni elikhethekile, liluhlaza okotshani othambile futhi liyagqama; ezingeni lokuqala, liluhlaza futhi liyagqama; ezingeni lesibili, liphuzi ngokuluhlaza.
Amazinga ngokombhalo:
| Izinga | Ukubukeka nokunambitheka |
|---|---|
| Elikhethekile (特级) | Luhlaza okotshani othambile, linoboya; iphunga limsulwa, licebile, liyapingika; ukunambitheka kusha; ukumnika nezimbiza ziluhlaza okotshani othambile, ziyagqama |
| Elokuqala (一级) | Luhlaza okucwebezelayo, uboya bubonakala; iphunga le-chestnut elihlala njalo; ukunambitheka kusha futhi kuthambile |
| Elesibili (二级) | Liphuzi ngokuluhlaza; iphunga limsulwa; ukunambitheka kuthambile; ukumnika nezimbiza ziphuzi ngokuluhlaza |
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zomzimba namakhemikhali zombhalo wokuvikela:
| Inkomba | Indinganiso |
|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | 25–37 % |
| Ama-catechins | 18–22 % |
| I-caffeine | 3–5 % |
| Ama-amino acid | okungenani 2 % |
| Izinto ezincibilika emanzini | okungenani 38 % |
Alikho ulwazi ngokwakheka kwamaqoqo athile emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukudidiyela
Umkhuba wedwala wetiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: Amagremu angu-3 ku-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo, lapho iqabunga elinoboya libonakala khona, noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukumnika kokuqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokumnika.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuthela kabusha okubili noma kuthathu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wedwala. Ephasheni elivalekile, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukubuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Amanani nama-Mbumbulu
Alikho ulwazi ngamanani emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indlela yokugwema ama-mbumbulu:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Luhlobene negama elithi “沿溪山白毛尖”; kurejista yabasebenzisi bophawu lwe-CNIPA ngoSepthemba 2026 kulo mkhiqizo kubhaliswe ibhizinisi elilodwa kuphela - i-乐昌市沿溪山茶场有限公司.
- Umbhalo othi “乐昌白毛茶” uwodwa awusho ukuthi uvikelwe. Kuyi-database yezimemezelo ze-CNIPA ngemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo kunemibhalo engu-537 kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2026, futhi leli gama livela kuyo kanye kuphela njengohlobo esithasiselweni sesimemezelo sika-2009 № 60. Alikho futhi kurejista yabasebenzisi bophawu lwe-CNIPA. Alikho ulwazi ngokubhaliswa kwaleli gama kurejista yemikhiqizo yezolimo enophawu lwendawo yoMnyango Wezolimo (i-AGI) noma njengophawu lwezohwebo olunophawu lwendawo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye livela ezintabeni zase-Jiufengshan edolobheni lase-Lechang.
- Iqabunga liphelele, liluhlaza futhi licwebezela, linoboya; ukumnika kuluhlaza okotshani othambile futhi kuyagqama.
- Ungadidanisi namanye amatiye anoboya obumhlophe ase-Shaoguan: i-Renhua Baimao Cha inophawu lwayo lwendawo (isimemezelo se-AQSIQ sika-2014 № 96), kanti i-”乐昌白毛茶” igama lohlobo lomkhiqizo wesifunda.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ngokwenganekwane, exoxwa yi-”Yangcheng wanbao”, umbusi u-Qianlong (乾隆) ngesikhathi sohambo lwakhe oluya e-Jiangnan washaywa ukushisa futhi walulama ngomhluzo oqinile waleli tiye elinoboya obumhlophe; abantu bendawo babiza i-Yanxishan Baimaojian ngokudlala ngokuthi “itiye lombusi” (皇帝茶). Lena inganekwane, hhayi ubufakazi bokusebenza kwetiye.
- Umlando wango-1933, ngokucaphuna kwencazelo eyireferensi, wawuthi elihamba phambili yitiye lezintaba zase-Yaoshan.
- Ematiyeni amathathu ase-Shaoguan anophawu lwendawo, abizwa yiphephandaba, amabili anoboya obumhlophe: i-Yanxishan Baimaojian ne-Renhua Baimao Cha.
- Ukuvikelwa kwetiye negama lohlobo kudidaniswa ngisho nayimithombo yendawo: ngo-2021, isiteshi se-”Shaoguan fabu” (韶关发布) ku-”Nanfang+” sabiza i-”乐昌白毛茶” uqobo njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. I-CNIPA rejista ayikufakazeli lokhu: igama elivikelwe lilodwa kuphela - “沿溪山白毛尖”.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye anoboya obumhlophe nawase-Guangdong
- I-Lechang Bai Mao Cha (乐昌白毛茶): Uhlobo lwedolobha elifanayo negama lomkhiqizo womphakathi wesifunda wase-Lechang, igama nophawu lomkhiqizo kwamenyezelwa ngo-Ephreli 2023; kusukela kulolu hlobo kwenziwa kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu. Ngokombhalo wokuvikela, i-Yanxishan Baimaojian yenziwa ngalo, kodwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo igama elithi “乐昌白毛茶” alibhalisiwe ku-CNIPA.
- I-Renhua Baimao Cha (仁化白毛茶): Isixuku esinoboya obumhlophe sedolobha elingumakhelwane i-Renhua; kusukela kuso kwenziwa kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu.
- I-Renhua Yin Hao (仁化银毫): Itiye eliluhlaza elomiswa eziko elivela edolobheni elifanayo i-Renhua.
- I-Xindong Cha (新垌茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasentshonalanga ye-Guangdong eligoqwa ekugcineni ebhodweni, okuphambene nokomiswa eziko.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Yanxishan Baimaojian itiye eliluhlaza elomiswa eziko elivela ezintabeni zase-Jiufengshan, lapho, ngokombhalo wokuvikela, amasimu alele ku-400–800 m, kanti inkungu, ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizo, ihlala izinsuku ezingaphezu kwekhulu ngonyaka. Kulindeleke iqabunga elinoboya eligcwele, ukumnika okuluhlaza okotshani othambile, ukunambitheka okusha nobumnandi obubuyayo, kanti ezingeni lokuqala kunephunga le-chestnut. Igama elithi “mhlophe” egameni lakhe lisho uboya ezihlukumeni, hhayi isigaba. Futhi kuvikelwa leli gama uqobo: i-”乐昌白毛茶” igama lohlobo okwenziwa ngalo itiye, hhayi igama lesibili lophawu olufanayo.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo