Xīndòng chá

ISindong Cha (Xīndòng chá, 新垌茶) itiye eliluhlaza laseSigodini saseXindong (新垌镇) esifundeni sasedolobheni iGaozhou (高州市) esifundeni saseMaoming eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseGuangdong. Kusukela ngoJulayi 2014 lo mkhiqizo unombhalo wokuvikelwa kwendawo, futhi umbhalo wokuvikela uwuchaza kabanzi: uhlobo lwendawo lwabantu, ukuvunwa ngesandla, ukulungiswa okungaguquki ngo-250–300 °C kanye nokugcina ukuthoswa ngesandla ebhodweni. Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ilandelela umlando wawo emndenini wakwaDeng, owathuthela eFujian ngenkathi yeMing, lokhu kuyinganekwane yomndeni, akusilo idokhumenti.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Umbhalo wokuvikela awulibizi ngegama lekilasi, kodwa ubeka ubuchwepheshe betiye eliluhlaza: ukulungiswa, ukusongwa, ukomiswa, ukuthoswa, ngaphandle kwe-oxidation nokubila. Iphephandaba lendawo lithi ngqo itiye eliluhlaza (新垌绿茶).
• Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza laseGuangdong, umkhiqizo onokuvikelwa kwendawo (2014).
• Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe saseGuangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), isifunda sasedolobheni iMaoming (茂名, Màomíng), isifunda sasedolobheni iGaozhou (高州, Gāozhōu), isigodi saseXindong.
• Indawo evikelekile: Isigodi saseXindong emingceleni yaso yamanje yokuphatha (新垌镇现辖行政区域) yileyo ebhalwe esimemezelweni sango-2014.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-22° enyakatho kanye no-111° empumalanga, cishe, ngokuma kweGaozhou, umbhalo awunikezi izixhumanisi zendawo.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Inkathi ye-Ming, inganekwane yomndeni. Ngokombiko kuwebhusayithi yephephandaba i-”Maoming Ribao” (2022), ngonyaka wesine kaWanli (万历, 1576) ukhokho womndeni wakwaDeng (邓) wathuthela eXindong esuka eFujian futhi waletha imbewu yetiye. Kwenye indawo iphephandaba lithi kusukela lapho kudlule “iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu”, kwenye lithi “engaphezu kwamakhulu amane”; ngokubala kusuka ku-1576 kuphuma iminyaka engama-446.
  • Umbhalo womlando. Iphephandaba licaphuna ku-”Gaozhou Fuzhi” (高州府志): «茶产茂名新垌者，树高数尺，谷雨前摘取者最佳，以出水龙者为极品» itiye laseXindong likhula njengezihlahla eziphakeme ngama-chi ambalwa, elihle kakhulu livunwa ngaphambi kwenkathi yeGuyu, izinga eliphakeme kakhulu livela eChushuilong. Umbhalo womlando ngokwawo angikaze ngiwubone.
  • Izinkondlo. Kuleyo ndawo, kukhona imigqa yembongi yakwaQing uYang Kang (杨康), ephetha ngamagama athi «今朝新垌采茶回» “namuhla sibuya ekuvuneni itiye eXindong”.
  • 2014. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo № 77 sangoJulayi 14, 2014, yabeka iXindong Cha ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onokuvikelwa kwendawo.
  • 2024. NgoMashi, i-Tea Institute yeGuangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences yahlola ipulazi letiye laseChushuilong (出水窿茶场) kanye nezinkundla zomkhiqizo zabalimi. Ngokombiko weziko, isigodi sacele usizo ngohlelo lokuthuthukisa imboni yetiye kanye “nokucacisa izimpawu zekhwalithi” yomkhiqizo, kanti iziko laphakamisa ukwakha ingadi yemvelo eyisibonelo, umugqa wokucubungula, uhlelo lwamazinga okukhiqiza, uphawu lomphakathi kanye nebhizinisi eliholayo.
• Igama: “IXindong” (新垌) igama lesigodi; “cha” (茶) itiye.
• Indawo enhle kakhulu: Imithombo iyibhala ngezindlela ezahlukene: 出水窿 (Chushuilong) e-Academy kanye nasekhadini lerejista, 出水龙 esicashunweni sombhalo womlando, 出瑞龙村 (Chuzhuilong) embhalweni wephephandaba. Ukuthi yikuphi ukubhala okusemthethweni, angikutholanga.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwephephandaba, iXindong ibizwa ngokuthi “izwe letiye nezithelo” (茶果之乡).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: Uhlobo lwendawo lwabantu (当地群体种, dāngdì qúntǐzhǒng) okuwukuphela kwemfuneko yombhalo ehlobene nohlobo. Ukusabalalisa ngembewu noma ngezinqwembe.
• Ukuvunwa: Entwasahlobo, kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-April, ekwindla, kusukela ngo-August kuya ku-Okthoba. Ngesandla kuphela.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokombhalo wokuvikela:

Izinga	Imfuneko yeqabunga elisha
Elikhethekile (特级)	Amahlumela aphelele angaphansi kuka-80 %, ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa lingabi ngaphezu kuka-20 %
Elokuqala (一级)	Ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili lingabi ngaphansi kuka-70 %, ihlumela elinamaqabunga amathathu lingabi ngaphezu kuka-30 %; amahlumela aphelele, ihlumela lingabi mfushane kuneqabunga, usayizi ulingane

Iphephandaba lichaza ukuvunwa ngefomula ethi «采早、采细、采嫩、采二叶一针» kusenesikhathi, kuncane, kuthambile, “amaqabunga amabili kanye nenalithi”.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Impumalanga yesifunda sasedolobheni iGaozhou, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuangdong.
• Isimo sendawo nesimo sezulu: Ngokwephephandaba, ngemuva kwedolobhana laseChushuilong kunomkhawulo wezintaba phakathi kwezintaba eziphakeme; umhlabathi uvundile, kunenkungu nezimvula eziningi. Izinombolo zesimo sezulu azitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Umbhalo awubeki ukuphakama; akukho datha emithonjeni etholakele.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokombhalo, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zenhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi (赤红壤、红壤、黄壤), i-pH engu-4.5–6.0, ungqimba olujule ngaphezu kwemitha elingu-1, izinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kuka-1.5 %.
• Ubuchwepheshe bokulima ngokombhalo: Akukho ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingu-30 000 ngehektha; unyaka ngamunye, okungenani amathani ayi-15 omquba osuphele ngehektha.
• Indawo: Ngokwephephandaba, “kungaphezu kwe-mu eyinkulungwane” yezingadi ezinomkhiqizo ongaphezu kwe-100 kg nge-mu; iphephandaba alinikezi unyaka wedatha.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka uhlelo: ukuhlukanisa → ukulungisa → ukusonga → ukomisa kancane → ukomisa → ukuthosa. Amapharamitha avela embhalweni.

1. Ukuhlukanisa (摊青, tānqīng): Ku-15–20 °C, amaqabunga andalaliswa ngongqimba lwamasentimitha angu-3–10, kuze kube yilapho elahlekelwe khona ngo-15–30 % womswakama.
2. Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ku-250–300 °C. Ukulungela: iqabunga liba mnyama, isiqu asiphuli lapho sigotshwa, iqabunga lithambile, linamathela kancane, ngesandla licindezelwa libe yinqwaba futhi libuyela emuva kancane, iphunga lokuhlaza okuluhlaza lishintshwa yiphunga letiye.
3. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kuze kube yilapho okungenani u-95 % wamaqabunga esongwa abe yimichilo.
4. Ukomisa kancane (辉干 — kanjalo embhalweni, huīgān): Ku-80–90 °C kuze kube womile ezingxenyeni eziyisishiyagalombili: imichilo iyahlangana, umbala uba luhlaza ngokucwebezela.
5. Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): Ku-60–70 °C kuze kube ngaphansi komswakama ongu-9 %.
6. Ukuthosa (炒茶, chǎochá): Ngesandla, ebhodweni. Kuqalwa ngo-50–60 °C, emizuzwini emihlanu ngaphambi kokuphela kukhuphukela ku-90–100 °C. Umswakama womkhiqizo ophelile ungabi ngaphezu kuka-5 %.

Ngokwephephandaba, itiye nanamuhla ikakhulukazi lenziwa ngesandla.

6. Izimpawu Zokunambitha

Incazelo ivela embhalweni wokuvikela, ngaphandle kwalapho kushiwo ngenye indlela.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imichilo iqinile futhi isontekile, iluhlaza, icwebezela (条索紧结、卷曲，色泽绿润).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Akukho datha emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga letiye: Licebile, limnandi futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (馥郁，甘香持久).
• Ukunambitheka: Kuqinile futhi kuthambile, ngokubuya okumnandi (浓醇，回甘).
• Umbala wetiye: Ngokombhalo, uwolintshi ophuzi, ocacile (橙黄，清亮). Iphephandaba libhala ngenye indlela “luhlaza futhi licacile” (汤色绿明). Ukungafani angikuxazululanga; kufanele sincike embhalweni.
• Izansi letiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Umbhalo awulichazi. Ngokwephephandaba, enkomishini iqabunga liyavuleka, kanti amahlumela amancane ama nkqo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zefiziksi namakhemikhali zombhalo wokuvikela:

Isilinganiso	Isilinganiso
Ama-polyphenols etiye	angabi ngaphansi kuka-25.0 %
Izinto ezixutshwa ngamanzi	angabi ngaphansi kuka-37.0 %

Iphephandaba lithi ama-polyphenols, ama-amino acid, amavithamini nezinto ezinuka kamnandi etiyeni laseXindong miningi kunaleyo etiyeni eliluhlaza elijwayelekile, kodwa alinikezi izinombolo nendlela. Akukho datha nge-caffeine nangama-amino acid emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo

Akukho datha eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye uqobo. Iphephandaba libala izindlela zendabuko zokwelapha ngaleli tiye; angizange ngithole ucwaningo oluqinisekisayo futhi ngeke ngiziphinda.

9. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wekilasi wetiye eliluhlaza.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha.
  2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni kodonga.
  3. Ukumpontshelwa kokuqala, ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yetiye.
  5. Thela amanzi futhi.
  6. Ukuphindwa okubili kuya kokuthathu.

10. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Ephaketheni elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

11. Amanani Nokukhwabanisa

Akukho datha ngamanani emithonjeni etholakele.

• Indlela yokugwema ukukhwabanisa:
  • Funa uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo onokuvikelwa kwendawo.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowaseSigodini saseXindong.
  • Iqabunga elomile, imichilo eluhlaza eqinile futhi esontekile ecwebezelayo.
  • Iphunga licebile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, ukunambitheka kuqinile, ngokubuya okumnandi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• IXindong Cha neMatu Lücha bathathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa ngesimemezelo esisodwa sango-2014, amatiye amabili aseGuangdong ohlwini lwemikhiqizo engamashumi amabili nambili.
• Ukuthosa ebhodweni kwenzeka ekugcineni, ngemuva kokomisa, futhi ekupheleni ukushisa kukhuphuka cishe kabili.
• Umbhalo ubiza ukumpontshelwa kwaleli tiye eliluhlaza ngokuthi uwolintshi ophuzi.
• Ngokwenganekwane ephindwako yiphephandaba, ngeminyaka yeGuangxu (光绪) umbusi wesifunda saseGaozhou, edlula edolobhaneni, waphuza leli tiye, futhi ubuhlungu besisu baphela. Le yinganekwane, hhayi ubufakazi bokusebenza kwetiye.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza aseGuangdong

• IMatu Lücha (马图绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe lesifunda saseFengshun enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe; livikelwa ngesimemezelo esifanayo sango-2014.
• IJiaoling Lücha (蕉岭绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseJiaoling elenziwe ngezinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-oolong.
• IHuaiji Lücha (怀集绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeGuangdong, emngceleni neGuangxi neHunan.
• ILechang Bai Mao Cha (乐昌白毛茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho yesifundazwe elenziwe ngohlobo olunoboya obumhlophe.

Ekuphetheni:

IXindong Cha itiye eliluhlaza lesigodi esisodwa, umbhalo okhuluma ngalo kakhulu kunamaphephandaba: uhlobo lwendawo lwabantu, izinga elikhethekile elivela cishe kuphela emahlumela, ukulungisa ku-250–300 °C, ukuthosa ngesandla ekugcineni, iphunga elicebile elihlala isikhathi eside, ukunambitheka okuqinile ngokubuya okumnandi kanye nokumpontshelwa okuwolintshi okuphuzi okungalindelekile. Umndeni wakwaDeng, imigqa yombhalo womlando nezinkondlo zembongi yakwaQing zisekelwe ekulandiseni kabusha kwephephandaba lendawo.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

• 原质检总局地理标志产品保护 №2014年第77号

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo