Wénxiàn lǜchá

I-Wenxian Lücha (Wénxiàn lǜchá, 文县绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sase-Wenxian (文县) emkhandlwini wedolobha i-Longnan eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Gansu, ekhoneni elilodwa kuphela letiye kulesi sifundazwe esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ngokwephephandaba lesifunda, amasimu atiye asezintabeni ekuphakameni okungu-600–1560 m emaphethelweni esiqiwi se-Baishuijiang, emafwini nasenkungwini. Izidingo zokuvikelwa zaziwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ephansi — eluhlaza ngokusobala, enephunga elimsulwa neliphezulu, — nalisontiwe. Igama livikelwa kabili: njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2013 futhi njengophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo kusukela ngo-2024 — uphawu lokuqala olunjalo lwesifunda.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba siqanjwe egameni; izidingo zokuvikelwa zichaza ukucutshungulwa kwetiye eliluhlaza.
• Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni lesifunda laseningizimu ye-Gansu; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2013) kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2024).
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Gansu (甘肃, Gānsù), umkhandlu wedolobha i-Longnan (陇南, Lǒngnán), isifunda sase-Wenxian (文县, Wénxiàn).
• Indawo yomkhiqizo enophawu lwendawo: Ngokwesimemezelo sika-2013 — izingxenye ezine zesifunda: idolobhana lase-Bikou (碧口镇) kanye nezigodi zase-Zhongmiao (中庙乡), e-Fanba (范坝乡) nase-Liujiaping (刘家坪乡).
• Indawo yophawu lwesitifiketi: Ngokombiko wokugunyazwa kokuqala (Januwari 2024) — amadolobhana amathathu nezigodi ezimbili: i-Bikou (碧口镇), i-Zhongmiao (中庙镇), i-Fanba (范坝镇), i-Yulei (玉垒乡) ne-Liujiaping (刘家坪乡). Indawo yophawu ibanzi ngesigodi sase-Yulei; i-Zhongmiao ne-Fanba kuyona sekuyizingxenye zamadolobhana, hhayi izigodi.
• Izixhumanisi zokuma: Ngokwalowo mbiko — 104°16′–105°27′ E, 32°35′–33°20′ N.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • 2013. Ngesimemezelo se-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (质检总局) No. 128 sangoSepthemba 24, i-Wenxian Lücha yathathwa ngaphansi kovikelo njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, nezidingo zekhwalithi ezifakiwe.
  • 2023. Ngokwe-“China News”, idolobhana lase-Bikou labika ukuthi lase liqede isitifiketi sophawu lwendawo, i-organic kanye ne-“green” ye-“文县绿茶”.
  • 2024. NgoJanuwari isicelo sophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo sadlula ekugunyazweni kokuqala: uhlelo lwe-1871 lwe-“Trademark Gazette”, umfakisicelo — isikhungo sokuthuthukisa imboni yetiye yesifunda (文县茶叶产业开发服务中心). NgoMeyi 8, ngokwe-“Longnan Daily”, iwebhusayithi yezimpawu zokuhweba ye-CNIPA yamemezela ukubhaliswa. Incwadi yereferensi ibiza inombolo yophawu 68117279; angizange ngiyiqhathanise nerejista.
  • 2025. Ngesimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 642 ibhizinisi lavunyelwa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo lomkhiqizo “文县绿茶”.
• Igama: “Wenxian” (文县) — “isifunda sase-Wen”, igama lesifunda; “lücha” (绿茶) — itiye eliluhlaza.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwe-“China News”, i-Longnan iyona kuphela indawo yase-Gansu elele ngokuphelele emgodini woMfula i-Yangtze (“陇上江南” — “i-Jiangnan ezweni lase-Long”); izifunda zase-Wenxian ne-Kangxian kanye nesifunda sase-Wudu iyona ndawo kuphela esifundazweni lapho kukhiqizwa khona itiye. Ngokwe-“Longnan Daily” (2024), ezindaweni ezinkulu zetiye zesifunda itiye linikeza ngaphezu kuka-75 % wemali engenayo yabalimi.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: Izidingo zokuvikelwa zika-2013 zibiza izinhlobo ze-clonal i-Yingshuang (迎霜, Yíngshuāng) ne-Fuding Dabaicha (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng dàbáichá) kanye nezinhlamvu — i-Xinyang (信阳种), i-Jiukeng (鸠坑种), i-Yixing (宜兴种) nezinye. Ngokwe-“China News” (2023), e-Bikou bavuselela amasimu futhi baletha kusuka e-Zhejiang nakwezinye izindawo i-Longjing 43 (龙井43号), i-Zhongcha 108 (中茶108), i-Huangjinya (黄金芽), i-Wuniuzao (乌牛早), i-Longjing Changye (龙井长叶) ne-Zhonghuang 1 (中黄1号).
• Ukuvuna: Ngokwalowo mbiko, e-Longnan bavuna cishe ngesikhathi somkhosi we-Qingming (清明, qīngmíng), ekuqaleni kuka-April, futhi ngalolo suku baqala ukucubungula.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokwezidingo, etiyeni eliphansi izinga eliphezulu kakhulu — amahlumela angawodwa angu-1.5–2 cm ngaphambi kwe-Qingming, elokuqala — ihlumela elineqabunga cishe nge-Qingming, elesibili — ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa noma amabili ngaphambi kwe-Guyu (谷雨, gǔyǔ). Elisontiwe — kusukela ehlumeni elineqabunga elilodwa noma amabili kuya ehlumeni elinamathathu. Bavuna ngesandla, ngaphandle kokukha ngesandla sonke.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Ngokwencwadi yereferensi, i-Wenxian ilele emngceleni osenyakatho wokutshalwa kwetiye lase-China, endaweni yetiye yase-Jiangbei (江北茶区, Jiāngběi cháqū) enyakatho yoMfula i-Yangtze. I-Bikou imi emfuleni i-Bailongjiang (白龙江).
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Izidingo zokuvikelwa — 600–1600 m. Ngokwe-“Longnan Daily” (2024), amasimu alele ku-600–1560 m, ezintabeni emaphethelweni esiqiwi se-Baishuijiang (白水江自然保护区).
• Isimo sezulu: Ngokwalelo phephandaba — amafu nenkungu, ukukhanya okuningi okusakazekile; itiye lalapha likubiza nge-“high-mountain tea of clouds and mists” (高山云雾茶).
• Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo — inhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤), i-pH 4.5–5.5, i-organic matter ingekho ngaphansi kuka-1 %.
• Isikali: Ngokwemininingwane yephephandaba, esifundeni kukhona ama-102,000 mu omhlaba ofanele itiye, ama-100,000 mu okutshalwe, ama-70,000 mu amasimu athele; umkhiqizo olindelekile — ngaphezu kwama-600 t ngonyaka, inani lomkhiqizo — 250 wezigidi zama-yuan. Lokhu kuyilo lonke itiye lesifunda, hhayi kuphela umkhiqizo ongaphansi kophawu.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zokuvikelwa zika-2013 zinikeza izikimu ezimbili:

1. Itiye eliphansi: ukuhlungwa kweqabunga elisha → ukusabalaliswa (摊青, tānqīng) → ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng) → ukuqondiswa (理条, lǐtiáo) → ukunikezwa isimo esiphansi (压扁, yābiǎn) → ukomiswa.
2. Itiye elisontiwe: ukuhlungwa → ukusabalaliswa → ukulungiswa → ukusontwa (揉捻, róuniǎn) → ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaxa (解块, jiěkuài) → ukuqondiswa → ukubunjwa → ukomiswa → “ukuphakanyiswa kwephunga” (提香, tíxiāng).

Imingcele evela ezidingweni: ukusabalaliswa amahora angu-6–8 ungqimba olungaphezu kwama-5 cm, ukulahlekelwa komswakama 15–20 %. Ukulungiswa — kuqala ngokushisa okuphezulu, kamuva kube phansi; iqabunga elithambile lilungiswa kakhulu, eliqinile kancane (嫩叶老杀，老叶嫩杀). Itiye eliphansi lomiswa ebhodweni ku-70–80 °C. Iqabunga elithambile lisontekaswa kancane futhi selipholile, eliqinile — isikhathi eside futhi lifudumele.

I-“China News” (2023) ibala izinyathelo zendawo ngendlela ehlukile: ukusabalaliswa, ukulungiswa, “ukubuyiselwa komswakama” (回潮), ukuhlungwa, ukususwa koboya nokugcina ngokuthosa ebhodweni (辉锅). Phakathi kwemikhiqizo yase-Bikou i-ejensi ibala i-“longjing” ephansi, i-“Gaoyuan Bian” — “i-flat high-mountain” — netiye elibomvu.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Ngezansi kunezidingo zokuvikelwa zika-2013; kubakaki — amazwi azo.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Eliphansi — liphansi futhi liqondile, liluhlaza ngokusobala, linamafutha futhi licwebezela (外形扁平挺直，色泽翠绿油润). Elisontekile — imichilo emincane eqinile esontekile, kusukela kokuluhlaza ngokusobala kuya kokuluhlaza okumnyama.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshwala: Eliphansi — limsulwa futhi liphezulu (香气清高); elisontekile — liphezulu, kusukela kwephunga elithambile le-chestnut kuya kwelimsulwa ngokwanele.
• Ukunambitheka: Eliphansi — kumnandi futhi kuthambile, kusha futhi kunomdlandla (滋味甘醇、鲜爽); elisontekile — kuthambile (醇).
• Umbala wotshwala: Eliphansi — luhlaza okotshani ngobumnene, lukhanya (汤色嫩绿明亮); elisontekile — kusukela kokuluhlaza okotshani okukhanyayo kuya kokuluhlaza okuphuzi.
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elidliwayo): Eliphansi — lincane, lithembekile futhi likhanya (叶底细嫩明亮); elisontekile — kusukela kokuluhlaza okotshani okukhanyayo kuya kokuluhlaza okuphuzi.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izindinganiso ze-physicochemical ezivela ezidingweni zokuvikelwa: umswakama — ungabi ngaphezu kuka-7.0 %, umlotha ophelele — ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 %, izinto ezikhiphekayo ngamanzi e-soluble — zingabi ngaphansi kuka-38.0 %, i-tea polyphenols — zingabi ngaphansi kuka-22.0 %, i-crude fiber — ingabi ngaphezu kuka-16.0 %, izinhlayiya ezincane — zingabi ngaphezu kuka-2.0 %.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi ecacile noma i-gaiwan emhlophe — engilazini uyabona ukuthi iqabunga eliphansi livuleka kanjani.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha.
  2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
  3. Itiye lokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yotshwala.
  5. Thela amanzi futhi.
  6. Ukuphindisela kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
  • Bheka uphawu lwendawo noma uphawu lwesitifiketi “文县绿茶”.
  • Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela emadolobhaneni nasezigodini zendawo: i-Bikou, i-Zhongmiao, i-Fanba, i-Liujiaping, ngophawu — futhi ne-Yulei.
  • Iqabunga eliphansi — liqondile futhi liluhlaza ngokusobala, utshwala — luhlaza okotshani futhi lukhanya, iphunga — limsulwa futhi liphezulu.
  • Itiye lendawo eliphansi libizwa nge-“longjing”; leli yitiye lase-Gansu, hhayi i-Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井).

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Uphawu lwesitifiketi lwango-2024 — uphawu lokuqala olunjalo lwesifunda sase-Wenxian, kubhala i-“Longnan Daily”.
• Izindawo zemibuso emibili yokuvikelwa azifani: uphawu luhlanganisa isigodi sase-Yulei, esingekho endaweni yomkhiqizo ka-2013.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namatiye angomakhelwane aseningizimu ye-Gansu

• I-Longnan Lücha (陇南绿茶): Igama lesifunda elinendawo enezigodi namadolobhana angu-13 ezifundeni ezimbili nesifunda esisodwa; ezine zazo — i-Bikou, i-Zhongmiao, i-Fanba ne-Liujiaping — ziyefana nezendawo yomkhiqizo we-Wenxian Lücha. I-Wenxian Lücha yigama lesifunda ngaphakathi kwalesi sembesa.
• I-Longshen Cha (龙神茶) ne-Bikou Longjing (碧口龙井): Amatiye aseningizimu ye-Gansu achazwe ku-corpus namasimu azungeze i-Bikou — elisontekile neliphansi.
• I-Hanzhong Xian Hao (汉中仙毫): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifundazwe esingumakhelwane i-Shaanxi.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Wenxian Lücha — itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda lekhona elilodwa kuphela letiye lase-Gansu: izintaba eduze kwesiqiwi sase-Baishuijiang, ukuvuna cishe nge-Qingming, iqabunga eliphansi eliluhlaza ngokusobala elinephunga elimsulwa neliphezulu noma elisontekile elinephunga le-chestnut. Izidingo zika-2013 zibeka izinhlobo, ukuphakama, inhlabathi, ukuvuna, ukucutshungulwa kanye nezindinganiso ze-physicochemical. Imibuso emibili yokuvikelwa inikeza izindawo ezihluke kancane, futhi ngaphezu kwegama kukhona i-Longnan Lücha yesifunda.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 第642号地理标志产品专用标志核准 №642

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo