Wénxiàn lǜchá

Wénxiàn Lǜchá (Wénxiàn lǜchá, 文县绿茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Wénxiàn (文县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Lǒngnán (陇南) kum’mwera kwa chigawo cha Gānsù (甘肃), m’kona yokhayo ya tiyi ya chigawo chakumpoto chakumadzulo chimenechi. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya m’boma, minda ya tiyi ili m’mapiri pa utali wa 600–1560 m m’mphepete mwa nkhalango yotetezedwa ya Báishuǐjiāng (白水江), m’mitambo ndi chifunga. Zofunika za chitetezo zimadziwa mitundu iwiri: yathyathyathya, yobiriwira ngati emerald, ndi fungo loyera lapamwamba, komanso yopota. Dzinali limatetezedwa kawiri: monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication kuyambira 2013 komanso monga chizindikiro cha certification cha geographical kuyambira 2024, chomwe chinali choyamba cha boma la Wénxiàn.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Gulu limatchulidwa mu dzina; zofunika za chitetezo zimalongosola kukonza kobiriwira.
• Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri a kum’mwera kwa Gānsù wa boma; chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication (2013) ndi geographical certification mark (2024).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Gānsù (甘肃, Gānsù), chigawo cha mzinda wa Lǒngnán (陇南, Lǒngnán), boma la Wénxiàn (文县, Wénxiàn).
• Dera la chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication: Malinga ndi chilengezo cha 2013, magawo anayi a boma: tawuni ya Bìkǒu (碧口镇) ndi maboma ang’onoang’ono a Zhōngmiào (中庙乡), Fànbà (范坝乡) ndi Liújiāpíng (刘家坪乡).
• Dera la chizindikiro cha certification: Malinga ndi uthenga wa chivomerezo choyamba (January 2024), matauni atatu ndi maboma ang’onoang’ono awiri: Bìkǒu (碧口镇), Zhōngmiào (中庙镇), Fànbà (范坝镇), Yùlěi (玉垒乡) ndi Liújiāpíng (刘家坪乡). Dera la chizindikiro ndi lalikulu kuposa la 2013 chifukwa likuphatikiza Yùlěi; Zhōngmiào ndi Fànbà tsopano ndi matauni, osati maboma ang’onoang’ono.
• Ma coordinates a geographical: Malinga ndi uthenga womwewo, 104°16′–105°27′ E, 32°35′–33°20′ N.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • 2013. Mwa chilengezo cha General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (质检总局) No. 128 pa 24 September, Wénxiàn Lǜchá adatetezedwa monga chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication, ndi zofunika za ubwino zophatikizidwa.
  • 2023. Malinga ndi China News Service, tawuni ya Bìkǒu idalengeza kuti idamaliza certification ya geographical indication, organic ndi “green” ya “文县绿茶”.
  • 2024. Mu January, pempho la geographical certification mark lidadutsa chivomerezo choyamba: cholembedwa cha 1871 cha “Trademark Gazette”, wopempha anali boma la Wénxiàn tea industry development service center (文县茶叶产业开发服务中心). Pa 8 May, malinga ndi “Lǒngnán Daily”, tsamba la zizindikiro za CNIPA lidalengeza za kulembetsa. Reference imatchula nambala ya chizindikiro 68117279; sindinayang’ane ndi registry.
  • 2025. Mwa chilengezo cha CNIPA No. 642, kampani idaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication cha “文县绿茶”.
• Dzina: “Wénxiàn” (文县) ndi dzina la boma; “lǜchá” (绿茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi China News Service, Lǒngnán ndi dera lokhalo la Gānsù lomwe liri lonse m’chigwa cha mtsinje wa Yangtze (“陇上江南” kapena “Jiangnan pa nthaka ya Lǒng”); maboma a Wénxiàn ndi Kāngxiàn ndi chigawo cha Wǔdū ndi malo okhawo m’chigawochi omwe amapanga tiyi. Malinga ndi “Lǒngnán Daily” (2024), m’madera akuluakulu a tiyi a boma, tiyi amapereka zoposa 75% ya ndalama za alimi.

3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zinthu Zopangira

• Mitundu / Cultivar: Zofunika za chitetezo cha 2013 zimatchula mitundu ya clonal Yíngshuāng (迎霜, Yíngshuāng) ndi Fúdǐng Dàbáichá (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng dàbáichá) ndi mitundu ya mbewu Xìnyáng (信阳种), Jiūkēng (鸠坑种), Yíxīng (宜兴种) ndi ina. Malinga ndi China News Service (2023), ku Bìkǒu adasintha minda ndipo adabweretsa kuchokera ku Zhèjiāng ndi malo ena Lóngjǐng 43 (龙井43号), Zhōngchá 108 (中茶108), Huángjīnyá (黄金芽), Wūniúzǎo (乌牛早), Lóngjǐng Chángyè (龙井长叶) ndi Zhōnghuáng 1 (中黄1号).
• Kukolola: Malinga ndi uthenga womwewo, ku Lǒngnán amakolola pafupi ndi chikondwerero cha Qīngmíng (清明, qīngmíng), kumayambiriro kwa April, ndipo tsiku lomwelo amayamba kukonza.
• Mulingo wa kukolola: Malinga ndi zofunika, pa tiyi wathyathyathya wapamwamba kwambiri ndi masamba amodzi a 1.5–2 cm asanafike Qīngmíng, woyamba ndi tsamba limodzi ndi mphukira pafupi ndi Qīngmíng, wachiwiri ndi mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri asanafike Gǔyǔ (谷雨, gǔyǔ). Pa tiyi wopota, kuchokera ku mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri mpaka mphukira ndi masamba atatu. Amakolola ndi manja, osathyola ndi dzanja lonse.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Malinga ndi reference, Wénxiàn ali pa malire a kumpoto kwa kulima tiyi ku China, m’dera la tiyi la Jiāngběi (江北茶区, Jiāngběi cháqū) kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Bìkǒu ali pa mtsinje wa Báilóngjiāng (白龙江).
• Kutalika kwa kulima: Zofunika za chitetezo ndi 600–1600 m. Malinga ndi “Lǒngnán Daily” (2024), minda ili pa 600–1560 m, m’mapiri m’mphepete mwa nkhalango yotetezedwa ya Báishuǐjiāng (白水江自然保护区).
• Nyengo: Malinga ndi nyuzipepala yomweyo, kuli mitambo ndi chifunga, kuwala kochuluka kosabalalika; tiyi wa kuno amatcha “tiyi wapamwamba wa m’mapiri wa mitambo ndi chifunga” (高山云雾茶).
• Nthaka: Malinga ndi zofunika, nthaka ya yellow-brown (黄棕壤), pH 4.5–5.5, organic matter osachepera 1%.
• Kukula: Malinga ndi nyuzipepala, m’boma muli mahekitala 102,000 a nthaka yoyenera tiyi, mahekitala 100,000 obzalidwa, mahekitala 70,000 a minda yobala zipatso; zokolola zoyembekezera ndi zoposa matani 600 pachaka, mtengo wa zinthu ndi 250 miliyoni yuan. Iyi ndi tiyi yonse ya boma, osati yokha yomwe ili pansi pa chizindikiro.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Zofunika za chitetezo cha 2013 zimapereka njira ziwiri:

1. Tiyi wathyathyathya: kusankha masamba atsopano → kuyala (摊青, tānqīng) → kuletsa enzyme (杀青, shāqīng) → kuwongola (理条, lǐtiáo) → kupanga mawonekedwe athyathyathya (压扁, yābiǎn) → kuumitsa.
2. Tiyi wopota: kusankha → kuyala → kuletsa enzyme → kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn) → kuthyola mipata (解块, jiěkuài) → kuwongola → kupanga mawonekedwe → kuumitsa → “kukweza fungo” (提香, tíxiāng).

Zomwe zalembedwa mu zofunika: kuyala kwa maola 6-8 osapitirira 5 cm wandiweyani, kutaya madzi 15-20%. Kuletsa enzyme kumayamba ndi kutentha kwakukulu, kenako kutsika; masamba ofewa amaletsedwa mwamphamvu, akuda pang’ono (嫩叶老杀，老叶嫩杀). Tiyi wathyathyathya amuumitsa mu poto pa 70-80 °C. Masamba ofewa amapotoka mopepuka ndi atazizira, akuda nthawi yayitali ndi ofunda.

China News Service (2023) imatchula njira za m’deralo mosiyana: kuyala, kuletsa enzyme, “kubwezeretsa chinyezi” (回潮), kusefa, kuchotsa tsitsi ndi kuumitsa komaliza mu poto (辉锅). Zina mwa zinthu za Bìkǒu zomwe agency imatchula ndi “Lóngjǐng” wathyathyathya, “Gāoyuán Biǎn” kapena “highland flat” ndi tiyi wofiira.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Pansipa pali zofunika za chitetezo cha 2013; m’mabokosi muli mawu ake.

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Wathyathyathya ndi wathyathyathya ndi wowongoka, wobiriwira ngati emerald, wonyezimira ngati mafuta (外形扁平挺直，色泽翠绿油润). Wopota ndi mizere yopyapyala yothina yopota, kuchokera ku emerald mpaka wobiriwira wakuda.
• Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe zomwe zapezeka m’magwero.
• Fungo la tiyi: Wathyathyathya ndi loyera ndi lapamwamba (香气清高); wopota ndi lapamwamba, kuchokera ku fungo lofewa la chestnut mpaka loyera mokwanira.
• Kukoma: Wathyathyathya ndi wokoma ndi wofewa, watsopano ndi wosangalatsa (滋味甘醇、鲜爽); wopota ndi wofewa (醇).
• Mtundu wa tiyi: Wathyathyathya ndi wobiriwira wofewa, wowala (汤色嫩绿明亮); wopota kuchokera ku wobiriwira wofewa wowala mpaka wobiriwira wachikasu.
• Masamba pambuyo pothira madzi: Wathyathyathya ndi ochepa, ofewa ndi owala (叶底细嫩明亮); wopota kuchokera ku wobiriwira wofewa wowala mpaka wobiriwira wachikasu.

7. Zomwe Zili M’thupi

Miyezo ya physicochemical kuchokera ku zofunika za chitetezo: chinyezi osapitirira 7.0%, phulusa lonse osapitirira 6.5%, zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi osachepera 38.0%, polyphenols a tiyi osachepera 22.0%, fiber yaiwisi osapitirira 16.0%, tinthu tating’ono osapitirira 2.0%.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Njira za gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80-85 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Zida: Kapu ya galasi kapena gaiwan yoyera, mu galasi mumawona momwe tsamba lathyathyathya limatsegukira.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsa chida.
  2. Ikani tiyi ndikuthira madzi m’mphepete.
  3. Choyamba kuthira, dikirani masekondi 40-60.
  4. Imwani, kusiya tiyi pang’ono pansi.
  5. Onjezerani madzi.
  6. Bwerezani kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira za gulu. Mu paketi yotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0-5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mitengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe chidziwitso cha mitengo chomwe chapezeka m’magwero.

• Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
  • Yang’anani chizindikiro cha geographical indication kapena certification mark ya “文县绿茶”.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga akuchokera ku matauni ndi maboma ang’onoang’ono a dera: Bìkǒu, Zhōngmiào, Fànbà, Liújiāpíng, komanso Yùlěi pa chizindikiro.
  • Tsamba lathyathyathya ndi lowongoka ndi lobiriwira ngati emerald, tiyi ndi wobiriwira wofewa ndi wowala, fungo ndi loyera ndi lapamwamba.
  • Tiyi wathyathyathya wa m’deralo amatchedwa “Lóngjǐng”; uwu ndi tiyi wa Gānsù, osati Xī Hú Lóngjǐng (西湖龙井).

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

• Certification mark ya 2024 ndi chizindikiro choyamba chotero cha boma la Wénxiàn, malinga ndi “Lǒngnán Daily”.
• Magawo a njira ziwiri za chitetezo sagwirizana: chizindikiro chimaphatikiza boma laling’ono la Yùlěi, lomwe siliri mu dera la chinthu cha 2013.

12. Kufananitsa ndi Tiyi Oyandikana nawo a Kumwera kwa Gānsù

• Lǒngnán Lǜchá (陇南绿茶): Dzina la chigawo lonse lomwe lili ndi dera la maboma ang’onoang’ono 13 ndi matauni a maboma awiri ndi chigawo chimodzi; anayi mwa iwo, Bìkǒu, Zhōngmiào, Fànbà ndi Liújiāpíng, ndi omwewo omwe ali mu dera la chinthu cha Wénxiàn Lǜchá. Wénxiàn Lǜchá ndi dzina la boma mkati mwa ambulera iyi.
• Lóngshén Chá (龙神茶) ndi Bìkǒu Lóngjǐng (碧口龙井): Tiyi ofotokozedwa mu corpus a kumwera kwa Gānsù ndi minda yozungulira Bìkǒu, wopota ndi wathyathyathya.
• Hànzhōng Xiān Háo (汉中仙毫): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo choyandikana nacho cha Shǎnxī.

Pomaliza:

Wénxiàn Lǜchá ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la kona yokhayo ya tiyi ya Gānsù: mapiri pafupi ndi nkhalango yotetezedwa ya Báishuǐjiāng, kukolola pafupi ndi Qīngmíng, tsamba lathyathyathya lobiriwira ngati emerald ndi fungo loyera lapamwamba kapena wopota ndi fungo la chestnut. Zofunika za 2013 zimatchula mitundu, kutalika, nthaka, kukolola, kukonza ndi miyezo ya physicochemical. Njira ziwiri za chitetezo zimapereka madera osiyana pang’ono, ndipo pamwamba pa dzina pali Lǒngnán Lǜchá la chigawo chonse.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 第642号地理标志产品专用标志核准 №642

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero