Ushuning Gaoshan Cha (Shòuníng gāoshān chá, 寿宁高山茶) — «itiye elisemaphandleni aphakeme laseShouning», igama letiye elivikelwe lesifunda saseShouning (寿宁县) kuhulumeni wedolobha iNingde enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseFujian. Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kukhona itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza. Okubalulekile kulo — umngcele: indawo ihlukaniswa ngokobude, futhi kufakwa kuphela amadolobhana angaphezu kwamamitha angama-500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Igama elithi «elisemaphandleni aphakeme» lapha — isimo sezomthetho. Igama livikelwa njengophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2014.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Akukho sigaba esisodwa. Izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 zihlukanisa ngobuchwepheshe kwitiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) kanye netiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá); ngokufanayo kuchaza iFujian Green Food Development Centre (福建绿色食品发展中心).
- Isigaba: Igama lesifunda elivikelwe, eliboshelwe ebangeni lezingadi.
- Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), uhulumeni wedolobha iNingde (宁德, Níngdé), isifunda iShouning (寿宁, Shòuníng).
- Indawo yokuvikelwa: Amadolobhana nemiphakathi eyi-190 yokuphatha engaphezu kwamamitha angama-500 ezindaweni eziyi-14 zezifunda namadolobhana esifunda, phakathi kwawo iNanyang (南阳), iZhuguanglong (竹管垅) kanye neQingyuan (清源). Idolobhana lendawo efanayo elingaphansi kwamamitha angama-500 alifakiwe endaweni. Angikaze ngilubone uhlu oluphelele lwamadolobhana.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: Esimemezelweni sika-2014 kubhalwe ukuthi «119°22′–119°73′ empumalanga, 27°16′–27°65′ enyakatho». Amaminithi awakwazi ukuba ngaphezu kwama-59, ngakho-ke 119°73′ kanye no-27°65′ kuyiphutha lokubhala. Kubukeka sengathi ezinye izinombolo ziyizingxenye zamadigri (119,73° kucishe kube ngu-119°44′, 27,65° kucishe kube ngu-27°39′), kodwa lokhu kungukuhumusha, hhayi idatha evela emthonjeni wokuqala.
2. Umlando kanye nenani lamasiko
- Umlando:
- UFeng Menglong. Umbhali wenkathi yeMing uFeng Menglong (冯梦龙), ngokwencazelo eyinkomba, wayeyisikhulu sesifunda saseShouning kusukela ngo-1634 futhi wabhala incazelo yesifunda ethi «Shouning dai zhi» (《寿宁待志》). I-Fujian Green Food Centre icaphuna umugqa wakhe ngetiye lalapha: «九峰山上紫茶殊，香漫甘回嫩厚舒» — entabeni iJiufengshan itiye elinsomi likhethekile: iphunga liyasakazeka, ubumnandi buyabuya, iqabunga lithambile futhi liminyene.
- 2014. UMnyango Wezolimo waseChina ngomemezelo № 2136 wangomhla zingama-28 kuJulayi wabhalisa iShouning Gaoshan Cha njengophawu lwendawo yezolimo. Umfakisicelo — iNhlangano Yemboni Yetiye yesifunda saseShouning (寿宁县茶业协会); inombolo yezimo zobuchwepheshe zokulawula ikhwalithi — AGI2014-02-1467.
- 2018. Ngokohlu lwezifundazwe lwezimpawu, ngomhla zingama-28 ku-Okthoba kwabhaliswa uphawu lwesitifiketi «寿宁高山茶» № 22780112 yaleyo nhlangano, umkhiqizo — «itiye». Ngokwehlukile kusukela ngo-2012 kusebenza uphawu «寿宁高山乌龙茶» (№ 9883861, umkhiqizo — ulong).
- 2025. Ihovisi likahulumeni lezobunikazi bobuhlakani baseChina (i-CNIPA) ngomemezelo № 640 wangomhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi laqaphela imikhiqizo eyi-1409 enophawu lwendawo; iShouning Gaoshan Cha iwumugqa wama-563. Isithasiselo sesibili — izidingo zokuvikelwa, kusuka kuzo kuthathwe idatha yezigaba 3, 5, 6 no-7.
- Igama: 寿宁 — igama lesifunda; 高山茶 (gāoshān chá) — «itiye elisemaphandleni aphakeme», igama elijwayelekile; lapha lincishiswe ngokomthetho kumadolobhana angaphezu kwamamitha angama-500.
- Inani lamasiko: Phakathi kweziqu zokuhlonishwa zesifunda ifujian green food centre ibiza «ikhaya letiye elidumile laseChina» (中国名茶之乡); awulisho unyaka wokunikezwa.
3. Ukuchazwa kwezitshalo kanye nezinto zokwenziwa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 zivumela inani lendawo lembewu (原生有性群体种) kanye nezinhlobo ezifanele lolu tiye, futhi zibiza ngokwesibonelo inani lasentabeni le-«caicha» (高山群体菜茶, gāoshān qúntǐ càichá) kanye nezinhlobo zochungechunge lwe-«Fuyun» (福云品系, Fúyún pǐnxì).
- Izimo zesiza: Ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha angama-500, umthambeka ongaphansi kuka-25°, ukukude kwemigwaqo emikhulu okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-500 — nakho ngokwezidingo.
- Indinganiso yokukha: Ukukha ngamaqoqo nangezikhathi eziningana, ngokwendinganiso kukhiwa amahlumela athambile aphezulu (嫩芽梢). Indlela — ukukha ngesandla (提手采) noma ukusika ngomshini.
- Izikhathi zokukha: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Inyakatho-mpumalanga yeFujian, inhliziyo yezintaba yaseMindong (闽东).
- Ubude: Ngokwedatha ye-fujian green food centre, esifundeni kukhona ngaphezu kuka-600 000 mu wemihlaba yezintaba ebangeni lamamitha angama-500–1200, futhi cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu — ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-800.
- Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo 13–19 °C, ukukhanya kwelanga okungaphezu kwamahora ayi-1760 ngonyaka, imvula engaphezu kuka-1911 mm — idatha yaleso sikhungo.
- Inhlabathi: Phakathi kwenhlabathi yezintaba yesifunda iningi liphuzi futhi libomvu, izinto eziphilayo kuzo zingama-2–3 %; i-acidity yezingadi eziningi — pH 5,0–5,5. Esifundeni kutholakale 582 000 mu wenhlabathi ecebile nge-selenium, kanye ne-400 000 mu wenhlabathi ecebile nge-zinc.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 zibeka uchungechunge lwemisebenzi kuzo zombili izigaba, kodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele.
- Itiye elibomvu:
- Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo) — elangeni noma ngokufudumeza.
- Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukuvutshelwa, okungukuthi i-oxidation (发酵, fājiào).
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
- Ukuhlukanisa (拣剔, jiǎntī).
- Ukushisisa (烘焙, hōngbèi).
- Itiye eliluhlaza:
- Ukubekela iqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng).
- Ukumisa i-enzyme (杀青, shāqīng).
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
- Ukuhlukanisa (拣剔, jiǎntī).
Ukusonteka kuchungechungeni lwetiye eliluhlaza akubaluliwe, nakuba ukubukeka kulezo zidingo — imicu eminyene ephothiwe; umbhalo awukuchazi lokhu.
6. Izici ze-organoleptic
Ukubukeka kwazo zombili izigaba kubekwe yizidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025; incazelo efanayo inikezwa isikhungo se-fujian green food.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Elibomvu — imicu eminyene ephothiwe, emnyama ngokunsomi ekhazimulayo (条索紧结、色乌润). Eliluhlaza — imicu eminyene ephothiwe, eluhlaza ekhazimulayo, noboya obubonakalayo ezingqongweni (条索紧结，色泽绿润，锋毫显).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo ezihlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokumpompoloza: Elibomvu — elisha futhi eligcwele, nezinothi zezimbali nezithelo (香气鲜浓，带有花果香). Eliluhlaza — iphunga leqabunga elithambile noma le-castnut (带嫩香或栗香).
- Ukunambitheka: Elibomvu — eligcwele futhi elithambile (滋味浓醇), «nokuvumelana kwezintaba» (高山韵). Eliluhlaza — eligcwele futhi elisha (滋味浓爽), «nokunambitheka kwezintaba» — iphunga elimsulwa, ukuthamba okumsulwa kanye nobusha obumsulwa (清香、清醇、清爽的高山风味).
- Umbala wokumpompoloza: Elibomvu — elibomvu futhi elikhanyayo (汤色红亮). Eliluhlaza — ophuzi ngokuluhlaza, obala futhi okhanyayo (汤色黄绿明亮).
- Iqabunga letiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Elibomvu — elinamanzi futhi lithambile, elibomvu futhi elikhanyayo (叶底肥嫩、红亮). Kweliluhlaza akukho ncazelo.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 zibeka izinkomba ze-physicochemical zesigaba ngasinye:
| Inkomba | Itiye eliluhlaza | Itiye elibomvu |
|---|---|---|
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | okungenani 34 % | okungenani 30 % |
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | 18–36 % | awalinganiswa |
| Ama-theaflavin | — | 0,5–1,5 % |
| Ama-thearubigin | — | 5,5–27 % |
| Ama-amino acid, isamba | 2–4 % | 2–4 % |
| I-caffeine | 2–4 % | 2–4 % |
| Umswakama | okungaphezu kuka-7 % | okungaphezu kuka-7 % |
| Umlotha | okungaphezu kuka-6,5 % | okungaphezu kuka-6,5 % |
Lezi yizindinganiso zemigudu, hhayi ukukalwa kwenqwaba ethile. Isikhungo se-fujian green food sibhala ukuthi izinto eziwusizo etiyeni lasezintabeni zalapha zicishe ziphindwe kathathu kunetiye lezingadi eziphansi, kodwa asiziniki izinombolo nendlela; angikwamukeli lokhu njengeqiniso.
8. Izakhiwo eziwusizo
Ayikho idatha eqinisekisiwe ngokusebenza kwalolu tiye. I-selenium ne-zinc enhlabathini — uphawu lwe-terroir, hhayi isakhiwo esifakazelwe setiye: okuqukethwe kwazo eqabungeni akukaze kulinganiswe yinoma yimuphi umthombo engiwutholile.
9. Ukwenziwa kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba — imingcele incike ekutheni imuphi itiye ngaphansi kwaleli gama osesandleni.
- Itiye elibomvu: 90–95 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukumpompoloza kokuqala cishe umzuzu, i-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain, ukuphindaphinda okuningana nokwelula.
- Itiye eliluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukumpompoloza kokuqala 40–60 imizuzwana, ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan, ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.
10. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Itiye eliluhlaza — emaphaketheni avaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Elibomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, emaphaketheni aminyene, kude namaphunga.
11. Intengo kanye nezinto zomgunyathi
Ayikho idatha ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ugwema kanjani umgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu lwendawo noma uphawu lwesitifiketi № 22780112; umkhiqizi — ovela esifundeni saseShouning.
- Khumbula ukuthi igama elithi «elisemaphandleni aphakeme» ephaketheni ngaphandle kwegama lesifunda aliqinisekisi lutho: 高山茶 yigama elijwayelekile.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka nezidingo: elibomvu — imicu emnyama ngokunsomi kanye nokumpompoloza okubomvu okukhanyayo, eliluhlaza — imicu eluhlaza enoboya kanye nokumpompoloza okuphuzi ngokuluhlaza.
12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Iphutha lezixhumanisi zokuma (119°73′ kanye no-27°65′) selivele lisememezelweni lomnyango wezolimo lika-2014 futhi lidlulele embhalweni ka-2025.
- Eduze kwaleli gama kukhona uphawu oluhlukile «寿宁高山乌龙茶» — «ulong wasemaphandleni aphakeme waseShouning», nakuba izidingo zika-2025 zingawubizi ulong.
13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye
- UDatian Gaoshan Cha (大田高山茶): Naye itiye elivikelwe «elisemaphandleni aphakeme» laseFujian, kodwa indawo — sonke isifunda saseDatian ngaphandle komkhawulo wokuphakama, futhi izigaba — ulong kanye netiye elibomvu.
- UGao Shan Cha (高山茶): Umqondo ojwayelekile, ku-corpus — i-athikili yokubuka konke; eShouning leli gama elifanayo lincishiswe endaweni enomkhawulo.
- UTanyang Gong Fu (坦洋工夫): Itiye elibomvu ledolobhana iTanyang lasemadolobheni aseFuan, kuhulumeni ofanayo waseNingde.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Shouning Gaoshan Cha yigama lapho elithi «elisemaphandleni aphakeme» selibe umngcele wezomthetho: kuvikelwa itiye lamadolobhana ayi-190 angaphezu kwamamitha angama-500. Ngaphansi kwalo kukhona itiye elibomvu elinephunga lezimbali nezithelo kanye neliluhlaza elinephunga le-castnut. Izidingo zokuvikelwa zibiza izinhlobo — inani lendawo kanye nochungechunge lwe-«Fuyun», — zibeka uchungechunge lwemisebenzi kanye nemigudu ye-physicochemical yazo zombili izigaba, kodwa azisho lutho ngemingcele yokucubungula nezikhathi zokukha.