Jīnxiù hóngchá

Jīnxiù Hóngchá (Jīnxiù hóngchá, 金秀红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira wa m’chigawo chodzilamulira cha Ayao cha Jīnxiù (金秀瑶族自治县) cha mzinda wa Láibīn m’chigawo chodzilamulira cha A Zhuang cha Guǎngxī. Chigawochi chili m’mapiri a Dàyáoshān (大瑶山) ndi nsonga yake yaikulu ya Shèngtángshān (圣堂山, 1979 m); mapiri amatenga pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa anayi a dera lake. Kumapeto kwa 2014 dzinali linalandira satifiketi ya chizindikiro cha malo chaulimi, ndipo mu 2025 bungwe la National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) linavomereza kuti ndi mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Chikalata choteteza chimafuna tsamba lofanana lakuda lowala, kapu yofiira kwambiri komanso fungo lamphamvu lokhala ndi timadzi ta uchi ndi maluwa.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá) — gululi latchulidwa m’dzinalo, ndipo chikalata choteteza chimakhazikitsa ukadaulo wa tiyi wofiira: kufota, kupota, kupesa, kuumitsa.
• Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wa ku Guǎngxī; chizindikiro cha malo chaulimi (2014) ndi mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2025).
• Chiyambi: China, Chigawo Chodzilamulira cha A Zhuang cha Guǎngxī (广西, Guǎngxī), mzinda wa Láibīn (来宾, Láibīn), Chigawo Chodzilamulira cha Ayao cha Jīnxiù (金秀, Jīnxiù).
• Malo otetezedwa: Zowonjezera ku chilengezo cha CNIPA zimalemba matauni ndi maboma khumi a chigawochi — Jīnxiù, Luóxiāng, Dàzhāng, Sānjiǎo, Sānjiāng, Tóngmù, Zhōngliáng, Chángdòng, Liùxiàng ndi Tóupái — ndipo m’menemo muli makomiti akumidzi 77.
• Malo a coordinate: 109°50′–110°27′ kummawa, 23°40′–24°28′ kumpoto — malinga ndi zowonjezera zomwezo.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • “Chakonena cha Tiyi.” Chigawochi chimalemba kuti Jīnxiù ndi limodzi mwa madera a tiyi 42 otchulidwa mu “Chakonena cha Tiyi” cha Lù Yǔ (陆羽).
  • Nthawi ya Qīng. Malinga ndi zofotokoza za chigawochi ndi kabukhu la zizindikiro za Guǎngxī, tiyi wa Báiniú (白牛茶) wa m’mudzi wa Luóyùn m’boma la Luóxiāng ndi tiyi wa Dōngwēn amaperekedwa ku nyumba yachifumu ngati msonkho. Dzina lachiwirili magwero amalilemba mosiyana: 东温茶 ndi 冬温茶.
  • Nthawi ya Republic. Chigawochi chimatenga zolemba za m’boma la Xiàngxiàn (象县志): abwino kwambiri — “Qīngshān chá” wa m’boma la Zhōngpíng, wobiriwira-wachikasu ndi wonunkhira, “Dōngwēn chá” wa m’boma la Dàzhāng ndi “Yáochá” wa m’mapiri a Yáoshān — “wotumbululuka pang’ono” (微红), wofiira pang’ono, ndipo kukoma kwake “隔宿其味不变” — sikusintha ngakhale kapu itakhala usiku wonse. Malo a Qīngshān, Dōngwēn ndi Yáoshān, malinga ndi chigawocho, tsopano ali mkati mwa Jīnxiù. Mawuwo amagwidwa mosiyanasiyana: pa tsamba la chigawo kukoma kuli “香滑”, m’kabukhu la zizindikiro za Guǎngxī kuli “香清”.
  • 2011. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2025, chigawochi chinayambira chaka chimenecho kukulitsa mwadongosolo bizinesi ya tiyi.
  • 2014. Kumapeto kwa chaka dzinali linalandira satifiketi ya chizindikiro cha malo chaulimi ya Unduna wa Zaulimi (nambala AGI01554). Chaka chomwecho tiyi anavomerezedwa ngati “mankhwala a boma otetezedwa pa chilengedwe” (国家生态原产地保护产品) — amenewa ndi dongosolo losiyana, osati chizindikiro cha malo.
  • 2018. Analowa mndandanda woyamba wa zizindikiro zaulimi za Guǎngxī.
  • 2020. Malinga ndi “Guǎngxī Rìbào,” pa mpikisano wa khumi wadziko lonse waubwino wa tiyi wa “Zhōngchábēi” mphoto za golide zinalandira malonda atatu a “Jīnxiù Hóngchá.”
  • 2025. CNIPA mwa chilengezo nambala 640 inavomereza dzinali ngati mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo — m’gulu la malonda 1409 a chilengezo chimodzi. Manyuzipepala a May 2025 amasokoneza: amalemba za “kuvomerezedwa kawiri” kwa 2014 ndipo nthawi yomweyo — kuti chigawocho chikukonzekerabe kulemba pempho.
• Dzina: “Jīnxiù” (金秀) ndi dzina la chigawo; “hóngchá” (红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Jīnxiù ndi chigawo chodzilamulira cha anthu a Yao. Malinga ndi nkhani ya Xinhua (2025), Ayao a m’mapiri a Dàyáoshān akhala akutola ndi kupanga tiyi kuti amwe tsiku ndi tsiku.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza — mitundu yosankhidwa yoyenera tiyi wofiira, komanso mitundu yakomweko ya tiyi wa kutchire: Báiniú (白牛茶), Dōngwēn (东温茶), mitengo yakale ya Liùxiàng (六巷古茶). Chikalatacho sichilemba mayina a mitundu.
• Mitengo yakutchire ndi yakale: Malinga ndi chigawocho, ku Jīnxiù kuli magulu ambiri a tiyi wakutchire, ndipo zaka za mitengo ina yakale, monga akatswiri amayesa, zimachokera ku mazana angapo mpaka chikwi chimodzi. Malinga ndi Xinhua, m’chigawochi muli magulu anayi akulu a mitengo yakale, kuphatikizapo ku Shànggǔchén, Liùxiàng ndi Báiniú m’mphepete mwa Shèngtángshān; kufufuza kunachitika limodzi ndi yunivesite yaulimi ya South China.
• Tiyi wa Báiniú: Kabukhu la zizindikiro za Guǎngxī limauwatcha “mtundu wosowa ndi wotchuka” (名枞珍稀品种).
• Mulingo wokolola: Malinga ndi chikalata — makamaka mphukira wokhala ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri; amakolola m’magulu, kangapo, kusiya masamba pa chitsamba malinga ndi mphamvu ndi zaka zake. Chikalatacho sichitchula nthawi; “Guǎngxī Rìbào” imatchula zokolola za masika ndi autumn.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Mapiri a Dàyáoshān m’chigawo chapakati cha Guǎngxī, pafupi ndi kummawa. Nsonga yaikulu — Shèngtángshān, 1979 m; mozungulira — malo osungira boma.
• Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi kabukhu la zizindikiro za Guǎngxī — 500–1979 m; nkhani ya bungwe loyang’anira msika la Guǎngxī (2024) imalemba kuti minda nthawi zambiri ili pa 1000–1200 m. Likulu la chigawo, malinga ndi Xinhua, lili pamtunda wa pafupifupi 800 m, pafupi ndi Northern Tropic.
• Nyengo: Malinga ndi kabukhu — yofewa, yamvula, ndi chinyezi chachikulu cha mpweya. Palibe manambala omwe apezeka m’magwero.
• Dothi: Malinga ndi chikalata — losasinthasintha kwa acidic, pH 4.5–6.5, lakuya, losalimba, lotuluka bwino madzi, lolemera ndi organic matter. Chikalatacho sichitchula mtundu wa dothi.
• Nkhalango: Malinga ndi chigawocho, kuchuluka kwa nkhalango — 87.99 %, ndipo pa mu iliyonse ya munda pali 56 mu ya nkhalango.
• Malo ndi zokolola: Zomwe zalembedwa zimasiyana. “Guǎngxī Rìbào” (2020) — pafupifupi 60 thousand mu m’maboma asanu ndi atatu mwa khumi, 120 million yuan; bungwe loyang’anira msika la Guǎngxī (2024) — kumapeto kwa 2023 39 thousand mu m’maboma asanu ndi awiri, 1192 t, pafupifupi 143 million yuan; manyuzipepala a 2025 kuchokera ku chigawo — 55 thousand mu, pafupifupi 200 million yuan ndi 1192 t omwewo.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Chikalata choteteza chimakhazikitsa ndondomeko “tsamba latsopano → kufota → kupota (kapena kupota ndi kudula) → kupesa → kuumitsa” ndi magawo ake:

1. Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): Kwachilengedwe — m’chipinda chozizira chopumira mpweya — kapena m’mitsuko. Wosanjikiza m’mtsuko — osapitirira 12 cm nthawi yozizira yamvula ndi 20 cm nthawi yotentha youma, pa 20–30 °C; ngati kuli pansi pa 20 °C mpweya umatenthedwa.
2. Kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn): Choyamba popanda kukakamiza, kenako ndi kukakamiza, mpaka madzi atuluke ndipo mizere ikulungike; mzerewo umaswedwa, tsamba limaziziritsidwa ndipo limapotedwanso.
3. Kupesa (发酵, fājiào): M’chipinda chapadera pa 22–26 °C ndi chinyezi cha pafupifupi 95 %, kwa maola 5–8, ndi kutembenuka kawiri kapena katatu. Amamaliza pamene tsamba lili lofanana mkuwa-bronze, fungo la udzu lachoka ndipo fungo lamphamvu la apulo yakupsa latuluka.
4. Kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào): Kawiri. Koyamba — wosanjikiza pafupifupi 1 cm, mpweya wotentha 105–115 °C, mphindi 20–25, kenako mphindi 40 zozizira; kachiwiri — wosanjikiza pafupifupi 2 cm, 90 °C, mphindi 15–20.

6. Makhalidwe a kuona ndi kununkhiza

Kufotokoza — kuchokera ku chikalata choteteza, pokhapokha zinanenedwa mwanjira ina.

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Mizere kapena granules, zofanana, zakuda zowala (外形（条形、颗粒）匀整，色泽乌润).
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe zomwe zapezeka m’magwero.
• Fungo la kapu: Lamphamvu, ndi timadzi ta uchi ndi maluwa (香气浓郁，突显蜜韵花香); chikalatacho sichitsimikiza kuti ndi la tsamba louma kapena la kapu.
• Kukoma: Kofewa ndi kodzaza, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (滋味醇厚回甜).
• Mtundu wa kapu: Wofiira kwambiri, wowala (汤色红艳明亮). Bungwe loyang’anira msika la Guǎngxī (2024) nthawi zina limauwatcha wofiira, nthawi zina “wagolide-wachikasu” (茶汤金黄清秀).
• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lophikidwa): Palibe zomwe zapezeka m’magwero.

7. Zomwe Zili M’mkati mwa Mankhwala

Zofunikira za physicochemical za chikalata choteteza:

Chizindikiro	Mulingo
Phulusa	osapitirira 6.5 %
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	osachepera 35 %
Ma amino acid aulere	osachepera 2 %

Malinga ndi lipoti la kutulutsa mtundu wa “圣堂山1979” (2025), theaflavins m’menemo ndi 3.1 %; izi ndi zomwe zidachokera ku mankhwala amodzi m’nkhani ya atolankhani, osati mulingo wa dzinalo. Palibe zomwe zapezeka za caffeine m’magwero.

8. Kupanga Kapu

Njira ya gulu la tiyi wofiira.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Zida: Gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsa zida.
  2. Ikani tiyi.
  3. Kutsuka kwaufupi — mwakufuna kwanu.
  4. Kapu yoyamba — pafupifupi mphindi imodzi.
  5. Thirani mpaka kumapeto, osasiya tiyi m’madzi.
  6. Kubwereza kanayi kapena kasanu ndi kuwonjezera nthawi.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya gulu. Pamalo owuma amdima pa kutentha kwa chipinda, m’paketi yolimba, kutali ndi fungo.

10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe zomwe zapezeka za mitengo m’magwero. Malinga ndi “Guǎngxī Rìbào” (2020), ogula ochokera ku Fújiàn, Zhèjiāng, Guǎngdōng ndi Guǎngxī mwini amagula tiyi wakomweko wopanda paketi ndipo amamugulitsa pansi pa zizindikiro zawo.

• Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha malo ndipo onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa m’chigawo chodzilamulira cha Ayao cha Jīnxiù.
  • Musasokoneze ndi “tiyi wotsekemera wa Dàyáoshān” (大瑶山甜茶): ameneyu ndi mankhwala ena otetezedwa a chigawo chomwecho, ndipo amapangidwa osati kuchokera ku chitsamba cha tiyi Camellia sinensis.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

• Mtundu wa “圣堂山1979” unatchulidwa potengera nsonga yaikulu ya Dàyáoshān ndi kutalika kwake.
• Malinga ndi bungwe loyang’anira msika la Guǎngxī (2024), pakhoma la kapu madzi a tiyi amapanga mzere wagolide — “mphete yagolide” (金圈).
• Chigawo chodzilamulira cha mapiri monga malo a dzina la tiyi chikupezeka ku Guǎngxī kangapo: chigawo chodzilamulira cha a Miao cha Róngshuǐ chili ndi Dàmiáoshān Hóngchá (大苗山红茶).

12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wofiira wa ku Guǎngxī

• Zhāopíng Hóngchá (昭平红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa chigawo cha Zhāopíng kummawa kwa Guǎngxī kuchokera ku mtundu wa Fúyún 6 (福云六号).
• Língyún Hóngchá (凌云红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Guǎngxī kuchokera ku mtundu wa Língyún Báiháo (凌云白毫).
• Bǎisè Hóngchá (百色红茶): Dzina la tiyi wofiira wa mzinda wa Bǎisè kumadzulo kwa Guǎngxī, lomwenso lili ndi mndandanda weniweni wa maboma m’dera lake.

Pomaliza:

Jīnxiù Hóngchá ndi tiyi wofiira wa chigawo cha Ayao m’mapiri a Dàyáoshān, kumene nkhalango imatenga pafupifupi magawo asanu ndi anayi mwa khumi a malo, ndipo nsonga yaikulu imakwera 1979 m. Chikalata choteteza cha 2025 chimakhazikitsa zopangira kuchokera ku mitundu yosankhidwa ndi tiyi wakutchire wakomweko, kukolola mphukira wokhala ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri ndi ukadaulo wa tiyi wofiira, ndipo kuchokera ku tiyi womalizidwa amayembekezera tsamba lakuda lowala, kapu yofiira kwambiri ndi fungo la uchi ndi maluwa.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero