Bǎisè hóngchá

Bǎisè Hóngchá (Bǎisè hóngchá, 百色红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira wa mzinda wa Bǎisè (百色市) kumadzulo kwa Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, m’malire ndi Yunnan ndi Vietnam. Ili ndi dzina la chigawo: malo otetezedwa amaphatikiza zigawo khumi ndi zigawo, koma osati kwathunthu, koma m’matauni 39 ndi m’midzi 118. Zopangira ndi mtundu wamba wa Lingyun Baihao (凌云白毫茶), womwenso ndi mtundu wa boma wa Huacha No. 26. Kuyambira 2016 dzinali ndi chizindikiro chaulimi chachigawo, mu 2024 gulu la standard linatulutsidwa, ndipo mu 2025 linalowa m’ndandanda wa malonda okhala ndi chizindikiro chaulimi cha CNIPA.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wokhala ndi okosijeni wathunthu. Gulu limatchulidwa mu dzina komanso mu dzina la gulu la standard la 2024.
Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wa chigawo cha Guangxi; chizindikiro chaulimi chachigawo (2016) ndi malonda okhala ndi chizindikiro chaulimi mu ndandanda wa CNIPA (2025).
Chiyambi: China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), mzinda wa Bǎisè (百色, Bǎisè).
Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi chilengezo cha Ministry of Agriculture No. 2384 (2016), matauni 39 ndi midzi 118 m’zigawo khumi, mizinda ndi zigawo za chigawo: Youjiang (右江), Pingguo (平果), Debao (德保), Jingxi (靖西), Napo (那坡), Lingyun (凌云), Leye (乐业), Tianlin (田林), Longlin (隆林) ndi Xilin (西林).
Malo a geographic coordinates: 104°42′–107°48′ E, 22°53′–25°02′ N.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Zolemba zoyambirira. Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a chizindikiro, zolemba zolembedwa za kulima tiyi m’chigawochi zimayamba ndi zaka za Hongzhi (弘治) za mfumu Xiaozong ya mzera wa Ming, kuyambira 1488. Zimanenanso kuti m’chigawochi muli mitengo yambiri yakale yamtchire.
- 1970–1980. Malinga ndi malongosoledwe omwewo, Bǎisè anali maziko a boma opangira tiyi wofiira wodulidwa wotumiza kunja (红碎茶).
- 2001. Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a chizindikiro, “gongfu wofiira, gulu loyamba” adalandira golide pa III International Famous Tea Competition.
- 2009–2014. Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a chizindikiro, pa mipikisano ya VIII–X ya “Zhongcha bei” (中茶杯) ya 2009–2013, mwa mphotho zapamwamba 79 m’gulu la tiyi wofiira m’dziko lonse, 15 zidapita kwa tiyi wa Bǎisè, ndipo pa mipikisano ya I–III ya “Guoyin bei” (国饮杯) ya 2010–2014, 15 mwa 42.
- 2016. Ministry of Agriculture, ndi chilengezo No. 2384 cha 31 March 2016, inalembetsa Bǎisè Hóngchá mu gulu loyamba la zizindikiro zaulimi zachigawo za chaka chimenecho. Wopempha ndi Bǎisè Tea Development Center (百色市茶叶开发中心); nambala ya njira ya ukadaulo wa khalidwe ndi AGI2016-01-1855.
- 2024. Pa 21 May, pa International Tea Day, Guangxi Tea Industry Association inatulutsa magulu a standard T/TEAGX 006-2024 “Agricultural product with geographical indication. Bǎisè Hóngchá” ndi T/TEAGX 007-2024 pa ukadaulo wa kupanga kwake; onse akuyamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira 21 June 2024. Malinga ndi mayina, woyamba amapereka zofunikira za malonda, wachiwiri za ukadaulo wa kupanga. Sindinawone malemba a standard.
- 2025. Dzinali linalowa m’ndandanda wa malonda okhala ndi chizindikiro chaulimi, wovomerezedwa ndi chilengezo cha CNIPA No. 640.
Dzina: “Bǎisè” (百色) ndi dzina la mzinda; “hóngchá” (红茶) ndi “tiyi wofiira”.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Brand ya chigawo chokhudza tiyi wa zigawo khumi ndi zigawo; mu 1970–1980 chigawochi, malinga ndi malongosoledwe a chizindikiro, chinali maziko a boma a tiyi wofiira wodulidwa wotumiza kunja.

3. Kufotokozera Kwazomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu: Lingyun Baihao (凌云白毫茶) mu 1985 anavomerezedwa ndi boma la mitundu ya mbewu m’gulu loyamba la mitundu ya boma ya tiyi pansi pa dzina la Huacha No. 26 (华茶26号), nambala GS13026-1985. Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a chizindikiro, tsamba la mtundu uwu ndi lochepa komanso lofewa, ubweya wochuluka kwambiri, masamba akulu.
Magulu osiyanasiyana a mtundu umodzi. Kuchokera ku Lingyun Baihao amapanga tiyi wobiriwira ndi wofiira, onani gawo 13. Kwa Bǎisè Hóngchá amapanga wofiira.
Standard ya kukolola ndi nthawi: Palibe deta mu magwero opezeka.

4. Malo ndi Mfundo za Kulima

Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a chizindikiro:

Mtunda: Kusintha kuchokera ku Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau kupita ku mapiri a Lingnan. Pakati pali chigwa cha mtsinje wa Youjiang, mbali zonse pali mapiri; kumwera kuli mapiri a limestone, kumpoto mapiri ndi dothi lofewa.
Kutalika kwa kulima: 600–1800 m.
Magawo a nyengo: Nyengo ya subtropical monsoon imagawidwa pano m’magawo atatu: chigwa chotentha ndi chotentha cha Youjiang, mapiri otentha pang’ono a kumpoto ndi kumwera, ndi mapiri ozizira. Minda yambiri ili m’dera lotentha pang’ono.
Nyengo ya dera lotentha pang’ono: Kutentha kwapakati pachaka 18–20 °C, nthawi yopanda chisanu masiku 340–350, kuwala kwa dzuwa maola 1400–1600 pachaka, mvula 1600–1700 mm. Zima ndi zofunda, kusintha kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku ndi kwakukulu.
Nkhalango ndi chinyezi: Nkhalango ili pafupifupi 75%, chinyezi chapakati pachaka cha mpweya 80%, chifunga pafupipafupi.
Dothi: Dothi lofiira pa miyala ya mchenga ndi miyala ya slate, dothi lachikasu-lofiira ndi lachikasu, makulidwe opitilira 1 m, makamaka loam.

Chizindikiro cha dothi	Mtengo
pH	4.5–6.5
Organic matter	20–35 g/kg
Total nitrogen	0.6–1.0 g/kg
Total phosphorus	0.35–0.80 g/kg
Total potassium	8–15 g/kg
Available potassium	40–80 mg/kg

Malongosoledwe a chizindikiro amatcha dothi kukhala lolemera selenium, koma sapereka manambala.

5. Tekinoloje ya Kupanga

Tekinoloje imayendetsedwa ndi gulu la standard T/TEAGX 007-2024; sindinawone malemba ake, choncho sindikupereka magawo. Pansipa pali ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya gongfu wofiira, osati kufotokozera tiyi uwu enieni:

Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): Masamba amataya chinyezi ndikukhala ofewa.
Kukanda (揉捻, róuniǎn): Maselo a masamba amawonongeka, madzi amatuluka pamwamba.
Okosijeni (发酵, fājiào): Masamba amakhala ofiira, theaflavins ndi thearubigins amapangidwa.
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): Okosijeni amayimitsidwa, masamba amayanikidwa.

Mu 1970–1980 chigawochi, malinga ndi malongosoledwe a chizindikiro, chimapanga tiyi wofiira wodulidwa wotumiza kunja, ndipo mphotho ya 2001 inaperekedwa kwa gongfu wofiira.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a chizindikiro:

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mizere yothina, yayikulu, mtundu wakuda ndi kuwala, nsonga zagolide zowoneka bwino (色泽乌润，金毫显露，条索紧结肥壮).
Kununkhira kwa masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana mu magwero opezeka.
Kununkhira kwa madzi: Kotsekemera, ndi kununkhira koonekeratu kwa “ubweya” (甜香，浓毫香显).
Kukoma: Kodzaza, kwamphamvu komanso kwatsopano, kofewa-kotsekemera, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (浓强鲜爽，甜醇回甘). Tiyi amapirira madzi ambiri.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wofiira wowala, wowonekera (红艳明亮).
Pansi pa tiyi (masamba ophikidwa): Wofiira, wowala, wofanana (红亮匀整).

7. Zomwe Zili mu Tiyi

Palibe miyeso ya physicochemical mu magwero opezeka; zofunikira za khalidwe zimayendetsedwa ndi gulu la standard la 2024, lomwe sindinawone. Malongosoledwe a chizindikiro amatcha tiyi kukhala wolemera selenium ndi “zinthu zamkati” (内含物丰富), koma sapereka manambala.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Njira yodziwika bwino ya tiyi wofiira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3–5 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa zida.
2. Ikani tiyi.
3. Mwachangu sambani masamba ndi madzi otentha ndikuwataya.
4. Kupanga koyamba ndi masekondi 10–20 mu gaiwan kapena pafupifupi mphindi imodzi mu teapot.
5. Tsanulirani madzi onse.
6. Bwerezani, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yopangira.

9. Kusunga

Njira yodziwika bwino. Pamalo ouma ndi amdima pa kutentha kwa chipinda, mu phukusi lolimba, kutali ndi fungo ndi chinyezi.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe deta ya mitengo mu magwero opezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zopangira zikuchokera m’dera lomwe limatetezedwa, midzi 118 ya zigawo khumi za chigawo cha Bǎisè.
- Osasokoneza ndi mayina a county: Lingyun Baihao ali ndi kalembera wake.
- Masamba ndi mizere yakuda yothina ndi nsonga zagolide, madzi ndi ofiira wowala.

11. Mfundo Zosangalatsa

Kutalika kwa malo otetezedwa ndi madigiri opitilira atatu a longitude, koma m’midzi 118 yokha ndiyo imatetezedwa.
M’dera lomweli muli county ya Lingyun, komwe kunachokera mtundu wa tiyi ndi dzina lina lotetezedwa. Mayina amateteza malonda osiyanasiyana, osati kugawa nthaka.
Magulu a standard a dzinali adatulutsidwa pa 21 May 2024, pa International Tea Day, limodzi ndi technical regulation yopangira tiyi wakuda wa Western Guangxi (桂西黑茶).

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina

Lingyun Hóngchá (凌云红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa county ya Lingyun wochokera ku mtundu womwewo; malonda a county, pamene Bǎisè Hóngchá ndi dzina la chigawo, pomwe Lingyun ili imodzi mwa zigawo khumi.
Lingyun Lǜchá (凌云绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wochokera ku mtundu womwewo, chitsanzo cha momwe Lingyun Baihao amapangira magulu osiyanasiyana.
Zhāopíng Hóngchá (昭平红茶): Gongfu wofiira wa kum’mawa kwa Guangxi.
Qímén Hóngchá (祁门红茶): Gongfu wofiira wodziwika kwambiri ku China, wochokera ku chigawo cha Anhui.

Pomaliza:

Bǎisè Hóngchá ndi tiyi wofiira wa chigawo cha kumadzulo kwa Guangxi: dzina limodzi pa zigawo khumi, midzi 118 ndi kutalika kwa 600 mpaka 1800 m, mtundu umodzi wa Lingyun Baihao, ndi kalembera wa 2016. Zolemba zimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za nthaka, nyengo, dothi, ma coordinates, koma mwachidule za kapu: mizere yakuda yothina ndi nsonga zagolide, madzi ofiira owala, kubwerera kotsekemera. Manambala a khalidwe ali mu standard ya 2024.