Tīngxī lánxiāng chá

Tingxi Lanxiang Cha (Tīngxī lánxiāng chá, 汀溪兰香茶) — itiye eliluhlaza lamadolobhana amane esifunda sase Tingxi (汀溪乡) esifundeni sase Jing (泾县) kumasipala wedolobha wase Xuancheng eningizimu yesifundazwe sase Anhui, encazelweni echazayo «iphunga le-orchid lase Tingxi». Izidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo zibiza izimpawu zalo ezimbili ezijwayelekile: ukwakheka kwezinsika zesikele sokufekethisa (绣剪形) kanye nephunga le-orchid. Igama livikelwe uphawu lwendawo lwezolimo kusukela ngo-2017 kanye nokuqashelwa komkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2025. Lona umkhiqizo ohlukile, hhayi igama elifanayo nelithi Jingxian Lanxiang Cha: lona lendawo yalo inamadolobhana angama-46, futhi amadolobhana amane e Tingxi Lanxiang ayafakwa kuyo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Incwadi yezinkomba ilibiza ngetiye eliluhlaza elidumile lesigaba samatiye «abukhali» okomiswa ngokushisa (烘青尖茶类名优绿茶, hōngqīng jiānchá; ubuchwepheshe ngokwezidingo — buluhlaza (isigaba 5).
Isigaba: Itiye «elibukhali» lesifunda sase Jing; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), kumasipala wedolobha wase Xuancheng (宣城, Xuānchéng), isifunda sase Jing (泾县, Jīngxiàn), isifunda sase Tingxi (汀溪, Tīngxī).
Indawo evikelwe: Amadolobhana amane esifunda sase Tingxi — Danankeng (大南坑村), Hongxing (红星村), Hongling (红岭村) kanye ne Gaoshan (高山村). Umfakisicelo — Inhlangano yetiye yesifunda sase Jing (泾县茶业协会). Inguqulo yekhasi elilodwa lokuhweba, yokuthi itiye lenziwa kuso sonke isifunda, ayifakazelwa idokhumenti.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 30°28′40″–30°38′19″ ukuya enyakatho, 118°33′51″–118°40′12″ ukuya empumalanga (imingcele yendawo evikelwe).

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Umlando wangaphambili. Ngokwezincwadi zezinkomba, itiye «elibukhali» (尖茶, jiānchá) — umkhiqizo wendabuko wesifunda. Imibhalo yehlukene ngeminyaka: eminye imibhalo ibiza i-«Baiyun Lanpian» (白云兰片) ngetiye lezikhathi ze Tang kanye ne Song, enye incwadi yezinkomba ibhala ukuthi ngesikhathi se Tang lapha kwakwenziwa i-«Baiyun Cha» (白云茶), kanti igama elithi «Baiyun Lanpian» lilikhankanya ngokombhalo othi «白云茶赋» wesikhathi sika Kangxi (康熙) wobukhosi bakwa Qing.
- Ukuphela kwe Qing. Amatiye «abukhali» ase Tingxi kanye ne Aimin (爱民) ayethengiswa emadolobheni ase Yangtze futhi ethunyelwa ngamaqoqo eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ngenxa yalokho ayebizwa ngetiye «elibukhali laphesheya kwezilwandle» (洋尖, yángjiān).
- Ukudalwa. Ngokwezincwadi zezinkomba, itiye lenziwa ngesisekelo setiye langaphambilini «elibukhali» lezinga eliphezulu ngaphansi kokuholwa uprofesa Chen Chuan (陈椽): ukuvuna kwaphakanyiselwa ebudlotyaneni beqabunga elilodwa, ukwakheka kwalungiswa kwaba izinsika zesikele, kanti igama lanikezwa kubhekwa iphunga le-orchid le-«Baiyun Lanpian». Enye incwadi yezinkomba ibiza isisekelo setiye lendawo i-«Tingxi Tikui» (汀溪提魁). Iminyaka yokudalwa ayishiwongo emithonjeni.
- 2013–2014 iminyaka. Ngokombiko kahulumeni wesifunda, itiye iminyaka emibili ilandelana lalingena eshumini lamabhrendi etiye esifundazweni, athandwa kakhulu abafundi — okuwukuphela kwetiye lase Xuancheng.
- 2015 unyaka. Ihhovisi lokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kwezobuchwepheshe lesifundazwe sase Anhui (安徽省质量技术监督局) lagunyaza ngomhla ka-14 Julayi indinganiso yendawo DB34/T 2413-2015 «Umthethonqubo wezobuchwepheshe wokukhiqiza Tingxi Lanxiang Cha» (汀溪兰香茶生产技术规程); yaqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-14 Agasti 2015.
- 20 Ephreli 2017. Umnyango wezolimo we-PR China wabhalisa i-«汀溪兰香茶» njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo.
- 2019 unyaka. E Tingxi kwabanjwa umkhosi wesishiyagalombili wokuvuna we-«泾县（汀溪）兰香茶».
- 20 Meyi 2020. Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, itiye lafakwa ohlwini lukazwelonke lwe-«全国名特优新农产品».
- 9 Juni 2025. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lempahla yobuhlakani (CNIPA) ngesimemezelo № 632 lamukela njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo — ngokwehlukana ne Jingxian Lanxiang Cha, elamukelwa ngesimemezelo esifanayo.
Igama: «Tingxi» (汀溪) — igama lesifunda; «lanxiang» (兰香) — «iphunga le-orchid»; «cha» (茶) — itiye.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Uhulumeni wase Xuancheng ubiza i Tingxi ngekhaya laleli tiye kanye «nesifunda samatiye adumile» esifundeni, kanti itiye ngokwalo — itiye eliluhlaza le-organic elenziwe ngesandla. Umkhosi wokuvuna uthuthukisa ibhrendi yesifunda yonkana i-«泾县兰香».

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo: Izidingo zibiza izinhlobo ezinhle ezinjenge-«Lanxiang № 1» (兰香一号, Lánxiāng yī hào). Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba yenhlangano yezobuchwepheshe bezolimo ekuchazeni kabusha, lokhu inani lendawo (当地群体种) kanye nemigqa ekhethwe kulo; amaqabunga anombala onsomi awathathwa.
Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ibudlotyana neqabunga elilodwa elisanda kuqala ukuvuleka (一芽一叶初展); iqabunga linqanyulwa ngokunyakazisa isandla phezulu (提手采).
Isikhathi sokuvuna: Ngokwezidingo ukuvuna kuvulwa kusukela enshumini yesithathu kaMashi kuze kube umkhosi we Qingming (清明). Ukushicilelwa okukodwa kwezemfundo kubhala ngokuvuna phakathi kwe Qingming ne Guyu (谷雨); ukuthi umehluko uchazwa kanjani, akushiwongo emithonjeni.

4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Izintaba zaseningizimu ye Anhui.
Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon yasenyakatho, enomswakama. Incwadi yezinkomba inikeza i Tingxi 15,7 °C ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso, izinsuku ezingama-246 ezingenasiqhwa, amahora angu-1932,4 elanga kanye no-1536,7 mm wemvula; esimweni sezulu esicacile ekuseni nakusihlwa kunenkungu, esimweni sezulu esibi izintaba zisemafini.
Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo — yokwakheka okuhle, enesihlabathi, engena kahle amanzi, enongqimba olujiyile lwe-humus; i-organic matter 2–6 %, pH 5,0–6,0.
Ukunakekelwa: Lapho kuvundiswa kufakwa i-organic evundile — umquba, amakhoba embewu acindezelwe, umquba wezilwane.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.
Isilinganiso: Incwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo ibiza amahektha angama-400 ezingadi kanye namathani angama-80 okukhiqiza; unyaka walezi zibalo awushiwongo, ukuthi indawo ibhekise kuphi, akucaci.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo zibeka lolu chungechunge:

Ukuvuthwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng).
Ukuqedwa kokugxilisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kuyeka ukufiphala.
Ukwakheka (做形, zuòxíng): Ukulungisa (理条, lǐtiáo) kanye nokucindezela kancane — kusukela lapha ukwakheka okuqondile okuyisicaba.
Ukomiswa kokuqala (初烘, chūhōng).
Ukupholisa (摊凉, tānliáng).
Ukukhetha (捡剔, jiǎntī).
Ukomiswa kokugcina (复烘, fùhōng).
Ukupakisha.

Ukukhiqiza kuchazwa futhi umthethonqubo wezobuchwepheshe wesifundazwe DB34/T 2413-2015 (isigaba 2). Umbhalo womthethonqubo awukho emithonjeni etholiwe, ngakho-ke izidingo zawo azivezwanga lapha.

Amazinga okushisa kanye nezikhathi zemisebenzi azikho emithonjeni etholiwe. Incazelo eyodwa yezohwebo ibhala ngokomiswa emalahleni kuze kufike umswakama ongu-5 % noma ngaphansi; izidingo zivumela kuze kufike ku-7 %.

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukwakheka kwezinsika zesikele sokufekethisa, okuqondile nokusabalele, okuluhlaza okotshani okupholile, ngoboya obubonakalayo (绣剪形，平直舒展，翠绿显毫).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
Iphunga loketshezi: Elihlanzekile neliphezulu, linephunga le-orchid elicacile (香气清高显兰花香).
Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokuthambile, nokubuya okumnandi (滋味鲜醇回甘).
Umbala woketshezi: Omsulwa, osobala futhi okhanyayo (汤色清澈明亮); izincwadi zezinkomba zicacisa — oluhlaza okotshani obuthambile.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Eliyinyama nelithambile, amaqabunga avuleka njengembali, aluhlaza futhi acwebezelayo (叶底肥嫩成朵绿亮).

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo:

Inkomba	Indinganiso
Umswakama	ungekho ngaphezu kuka-7,0 %
Uthuli	alukho ngaphezu kuka-0,5 %
Umlotha ophelele	awukho ngaphezu kuka-6,5 %
Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini	azikho ngaphansi kuka-37,0 %
I-cellulose	ayikho ngaphezu kuka-14,0 %

Izidingo zophawu lwezolimo zazibhekisela ezinkomba zomzimba nezamakhemikhali kanye nakumazinga endinganiso yesifundazwe DB34/T 1582 «Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo Tingxi Lanxiang Cha»; umbhalo wayo awukho emithonjeni etholiwe. Imininingwane ngama-polyphenol, ama-amino acid kanye ne-caffeine emithonjeni etholiwe nawo awukho.

8. Ukwenziwa kwetiye

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Izitsha: Inglazi ekhanyelayo noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Ukushisisa izitsha.
2. Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi eduze kodonga.
3. Ukumnika kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zokumnika.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuthela kabusha okubili noma kuthathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ekupakisheni okungangeni emoyeni okungabonakali, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga angaphandle. Iphunga le-orchid lishabalala kuqala, ngakho-ke itiye lingcono ukuliphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholiwe.

Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Sesha uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo lwe-«汀溪兰香茶»: ilungelo lalo livunyelwa yi-CNIPA, uhlu lwabavunyelwe lushicilelwa.
- Qiniseka ukuthi itiye livela emadolobhaneni amane esifunda sase Tingxi.
- Iqabunga — liqondile, liyisicaba, linokwakheka kwesikele, linoboya; aligoqiwe futhi aliyona ibhola.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Imibhalo ethandwayo ichaza iphunga le-orchid ngama-orchid asendle, entwasahlobo aqhakaza emithambekeni — lokhu incazelo yesintu, hhayi imininingwane yokuhlaziya.
Wonke amadolobhana amane e Tingxi Lanxiang angena endaweni yamadolobhana angama-46 ye Jingxian Lanxiang Cha; womabili amagama amukelwe ngesimemezelo esisodwa ngokufaka isicelo senhlangano eyodwa.
Izindinganiso zomakhelwane ababili ziyehluka: ku Tingxi Lanxiang ukuvuna kuvulwa kusukela ekupheleni kukaMashi kuze kube Qingming, uthuli luvunyelwe kuze kufike ku-0,5 %, izinto ezikhiphekayo zidingeka okungenani 37 %; ku Jingxian Lanxiang ukuvuna kuvulwa kusukela ekupheleni kukaMashi kuze kube Guyu, imvuthuluka nothuli kuvunyelwe kuze kufike ku-6 %, izinto ezikhiphekayo — kusukela ku-35 %.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namatiye esifunda sase Jing kanye nomakhelwane

Jingxian Lanxiang Cha (泾县兰香茶): Itiye le-orchid elijwayelekile lesifunda elinokwakheka kwesikele okufanayo; indawo ebanzi futhi ihlanganisa amadolobhana e Tingxi Lanxiang.
Jingxian Te Jian (泾县特尖): Itiye eliluhlaza «elibukhali» elomiswa ngokushisa lesifunda esifanayo elinegama laso.
Yongxi Huo Qing (涌溪火青): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda, eligoqwe laba amabhola aminyene.
Taiping Hou Kui (太平猴魁): Itiye elidumile lase Anhui «elibukhali», eliyisicaba futhi elinamaqabunga amakhulu.

Ekuphetheni:

Tingxi Lanxiang Cha — itiye eliluhlaza «elibukhali» lamadolobhana amane asezintabeni esifunda sase Tingxi: iqabunga eliqondile eliyisicaba ngokwakheka kwezinsika zesikele sokufekethisa, umbala ohlaza okotshani opholile onoboya, iphunga elihlanzekile neliphezulu elinenothi le-orchid kanye nokunambitheka okusha nokuthambile ngokubuya okumnandi. Likhule lisuka etiyeni lesifunda elidala «elibukhali» futhi lihlobene ne Jingxian Lanxiang ebanzi, kodwa izindinganiso zalo zezalo — isikhathi sokuqala sokuvuna singaphambili kanye nemvume yothuli iqinile.