I-Taoyuan Daye Cha (Táoyuán dàyè chá, 桃源大叶茶) — “itiye lamaqabunga amakhulu laseTaoyuan”: igama lohlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla setiye kanye netiye elivela kulo esifundeni saseTaoyuan (桃源县) esifundazweni sedolobha iChangde enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseHunan. Uhlobo lwaqala ngesihlahla esisodwa sasendle esatholakala ngo-1969 ezintabeni zendawo yaseTaipingpu; ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili yokukhetha nokwandisa, lwaba uhlobo lwesifundazwe oluthi “桃源大叶”. Ngaphansi kwaleli gama kwenziwa amatiye aluhlaza — i-bud tea, i-maojian kanye ne-leaf tea, — futhi uhlobo ngokwalo lusetshenziselwa netiye elibomvu, kanye netiye elimnyama. Ngakho-ke igama alisho isigaba, kodwa uhlobo nendawo. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-2000 livikelwa uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Akusona isigaba esisodwa. Izincazelo eziyisethenjwa zihlukanisa umkhiqizo emigqeni emithathu — 桃源大叶芽茶 (itiye le-bud), 桃源大叶毛尖 (maojian) kanye ne桃源大叶绿茶 (itiye eliluhlaza); uphawu lunikezwe impahla ethi “茶叶” — “itiye” ngaphandle kokucacisa isigaba. Uhlobo lusetshenziselwa netiye elibomvu, nanjengempahla yokusetshenziselwa itiye elimnyama.
- Isigaba: Itiye lohlobo lwendawo lwamaqabunga amakhulu; uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南, Húnán), isifunda sedolobha iChangde (常德, Chángdé), isifunda saseTaoyuan (桃源县, Táoyuán Xiàn). Indawo yokuzalwa yohlobo — indawo yaseTaipingpu (太平铺乡).
- Indawo: Kunikezwe ikheli lokuphatha lomnikazi wophawu; umngcele wezomthetho wendawo yokukhiqiza angiwuphicaphicanga.
- Uhlobo lokuvikelwa: Uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo No. 6230496, impahla — 茶叶; umnikazi — I-Taoyuan County Tea Industry Association (桃源县茶叶产业协会). Uphawu lukhona ohlwini lwezinkomba zezindawo ezibhalisiwe ze-State Administration for Industry and Commerce nasohlwini lwezinkomba zezindawo zikahulumeni waseHunan lwango-2024.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda saseTaoyuan — cishe u-28.9° N no-111.5° E.
2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Itiye lasendulo laseWuling. Imithombo yendawo icaphuna umugqa ovela “eNcwadini Yomhlaba YaseJingzhou” (荆州土地记) yenkathi yaseWestern Jin: “itiye livela kuzo zonke izifunda eziyisikhombisa zaseWuling, futhi yilona elingcono kakhulu”; iTaoyuan ibhekwa njengenye yalezi zifunda eziyisikhombisa.
- 1969 — ukutholakala. Ezintabeni zendawo yaseTaipingpu, eduze kwendawo yaseLujiachong (陆家冲), kwatholakala isihlahla sasendle samaqabunga amakhulu. Imibhalo yendawo isibiza ngenkulungwane yeminyaka; ubudala abufakazelwa yilutho.
- 1970–1980s — ukukhetha. Isihlahla sakhethwa futhi sandiswa. Enye incwadi eyisethenjwa ibeka umsebenzi wokukhetha phakathi kuka-1976 no-1992 futhi ibiza abenzi njengesiteshi sezitshalo zetiye sesifunda kanye nesikhungo setiye se-Hunan Agricultural University.
- 1989. Uhlobo lwadlula ukuhlolwa kwesayensi kwesifundazwe.
- 1992. Ikhomishini yezinhlobo zezolimo yesifundazwe yavuma uhlobo ngaphansi kwegama elithi “桃源大叶”.
- 2005. Kwakhishwa indinganiso yesifundazwe i-DB43/272-2005 “桃源大叶茶”.
- Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-2000. Uphawu No. 6230496 luvela ohlwini lwezinkomba zezindawo ezibhalisiwe zango-2009.
- Igama:
- “Taoyuan” (桃源) — “umthombo wamapentshisi”, igama lesifunda; libhekisela “eMthonjeni Wamapentshisi” kaTao Yuanming.
- “Daye” (大叶, dàyè) — “iqabunga elikhulu”, ngesici esiyinhloko sohlobo.
- “Cha” (茶, chá) — “itiye”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: KwiTaoyuan lolu uhlobo olukhule lwaba umkhakha wesifunda kusukela esihlahleni esisodwa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo yigama letiye. Imibhalo yendawo iphinda futhi ifomula yokudumisa ngaye ethi “ngesimo iqhudelana ne-longjing, ngephunga liphakeme kune-biluochun, ngencasa liphikisana ne-maofeng” (形赛龙井，香高碧螺，味斗毛峰) — lokhu kudumisa, hhayi incazelo.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nempahla eluhlaza
- Uhlobo: 桃源大叶 (Táoyuán dàyè) — uhlobo lwendawo lwamaqabunga amakhulu, olukhethwe esihlahleni esisodwa sasendle.
- Isihlahla: Ngokwezincazelo eziyisethenjwa — sinomqhele ovulekile; amagatsha awugqinsi futhi athambekele ekubeni mancane.
- Iqabunga: Likhulu, lithambile, li-elliptical. Umbala wemithombo uyaphikisana: abanye bathi iqabunga liluhlaza okotshani okumnyama, omunye uthi liphuzi-luhlaza futhi licwebezela.
- Amahlumela: Awugqinsi; i-bud inkulu, inoboya. Enye incwadi eyisethenjwa ichaza ihlumela njengeluhlaza elinomthunzi obomvu-purple futhi inikeza isisindo samahlumela ayikhulu “i-bud namahlamvu amathathu” — 103.0 g.
- Izikhathi: Ama-bud asentwasahlobo aqala, ngokwencwadi efanayo, maphakathi noMashi.
- Izici: Isivuno sichazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene: incwadi eyisethenjwa ngohlobo luthi singaphakathi nendawo, imibhalo yendawo ithi siphezulu. Ukumelana namakhaza nesomiso — kuhle.
- Indinganiso yokukha: Emigqeni emithathu emithonjeni etholakele ayinikeziwe.
4. I-Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Izintaba zesifunda saseTaoyuan, lapho, ngokwezincazelo zendawo, kuhlangana khona izintaba ze-Xuefengshan (雪峰山) ne-Wulingshan (武陵山). Imibhalo yendawo ibiza idolobhana lase-Cha’anpu (茶庵铺) njengesikhungo setiye ekujuleni kwe-Uyunjie (乌云界); idolobhana ligelezwa umfula i-Yiwangxi (夷望溪).
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yendawo — imvula eningi yemonsoon, eguqukayo kusuka kuma-subtropics aphakathi kuya enyakatho; ithambile, inamanzi amaningi.
- Ubude bokutshala: Idatha emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Inhlabathi: Ezincazelweni zendawo — ivundile futhi ine-silt; uhlobo oluqondile emithonjeni etholakele alukho.
- Ukusabalala kohlobo: Umbhalo wendawo uthi uhlobo lukhula ezifundeni eziyishumi nanhlanu nasemadolobheni ezifundazweni ezintathu eningizimu yeYangtze. Izindawo zamasimu ngaphansi kohlobo kuTaoyuan ngokwayo emithonjeni etholakele azinikeziwe.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Ubucwepheshe obuhlukile bomugqa ngamunye wemigqa emithathu — itiye le-bud, i-maojian kanye netiye eliluhlaza lamaqabunga — emithonjeni etholakele abukho. Ngezansi — uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba setiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Taoyuan Daye Cha.
- Ukukha (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ama-bud amancane namahlamvu; etiyeni le-bud — ama-bud kuphela.
- Ukwenza ukubuna (摊放 — tānfàng): Iqabunga lilaliswa ngendwetshana encane ukuze kukhishwe ingxenye yomswakama.
- Ukulungisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Kuma-maojian — kube imicu emincane.
- Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào).
6. Izici ze-Organoleptic
Izincazelo zokubukeka komugqa ngamunye wemigqa emithathu emithonjeni etholakele azikho. Incwadi eyisethenjwa ngohlobo inikeza ukuhlola okufushane kwetiye eliluhlaza elivela kulo — “iphunga lihlanzekile, incasa igcwele futhi ivuselela” (香气清纯、滋味浓爽); itiye elibomvu elichotshoziwe elivela ohlotsheni libiza ngokuthi liphumelela kakhulu.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
- Iphunga lotshwala obusebenzayo: Etiyeni eliluhlaza elivela ohlotsheni — lihlanzekile (清纯).
- Incasa: Etiyeni eliluhlaza elivela ohlotsheni — igcwele futhi ivuselela (浓爽). Imibhalo yendawo igcizelela ukuthi itiye limelana nokuthelwa kaningi.
- Umbala wotshwala obusebenzayo: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
- Iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izinombolo emithonjeni etholakele ziyaphikisana, ngakho-ke ngizinikeza ngokuthi zivela kuphi.
| Inkomba | Idatha | Ivela kuphi |
|---|---|---|
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | 44.18 % | isilinganiso samasampuli ashunqisiwe asentwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla ka-1987–1989 |
| Ama-polyphenol | 31.69 % | isilinganiso sango-1991 |
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | kuze kufike ku-49 % | umbhalo wendawo ngaphandle kwendlela ecacisiwe |
| Ama-polyphenol | 34 % | umbhalo wendawo ofanayo |
| Ama-amino acid | 4.69 % | umbhalo wendawo ofanayo |
Imigqa emibili yokuqala inikezwa ukushicilelwa kwehhovisi lezibalo likaHunan ngohlobo. Lena idatha yezinto ezingavuthiwe zohlobo, hhayi izinkomba zetiye eliphelele ngokwendinganiso. Imithombo ivumelana kokukodwa: uhlobo lucebe ngezinto ezikhishwayo nama-polyphenol.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza — yonke imigqa emithathu yophawu ingena ngaphansi kwawo.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C; etiyeni le-bud — eduze no-80 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukuthelwa kokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yotshwala.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphindwaphindwa kathathu noma kane; imithombo iphawula ukuthi itiye lalolu hlobo limelana nokuthelwa kaningi.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Kupakishwe ngokuvalekile, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nama-fake
Idatha ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Ugwema kanjani ama-fake:
- Funa uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo No. 6230496 ephaketheni.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseTaoyuan.
- Khumbula ukuthi igama lohlobo aliqinisekisi imvelaphi: uhlobo lusatshalaliswa kude nangaphandle kwesifunda, kanti uphawu — kuphela etiyeni elivela eTaoyuan.
- Cacisa ukuthi yimuphi umugqa emithathu osephaketheni — itiye le-bud, i-maojian noma itiye eliluhlaza lamaqabunga.
11. Amaqiniso athokozisayo
- Lonke uhlobo luqala esihlahleni esisodwa sasendle esatholakala ngo-1969.
- Kusukela ekutholakaleni kuya ekuvunyelweni kohlobo kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili.
- Igama lesifunda libhekisela “eMthonjeni Wamapentshisi” — indaba kaTao Yuanming ngesifunda esifihliwe emhlabeni.
- Ngaphandle kwalolu phawu, isifunda sinokunye okuqokwe okuhlukile kwetiye elibomvu — i-桃源红茶.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aseHunan
- I-Shimen Yin Feng (石门银峰): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseShimen sesifunda sedolobha esifanayo saseChangde; igama lakhona, ngokungafani ne-Taoyuan Daye, alibizi uhlobo.
- I-Guzhang Mao Jian (古丈毛尖): I-maojian eluhlaza laseHunan lase-Xiangxi — ukuze liqhathaniswe ne-maojian yohlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu.
- I-Yueyang Yellow Tea (岳阳黄茶): I-athikili ye-corpus ibiza i-Taoyuan Daye phakathi kwezinhlobo okwenziwa ngazo itiye eliphuzi lamaqabunga amakhulu.
- I-Anhua Hei Cha (安化黑茶): Itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua; umbhalo wendawo ngohlobo ubiza i-Taoyuan Daye njengempahla ebalulekile yetiye elibomvu nelimnyama futhi ulihlobanisa netiye elimnyama lase-Anhua.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Taoyuan Daye Cha — yisenzakalo esingavamile lapho igama letiye lifana negama lohlobo. Isihlahla esisodwa sasendle, esatholakala ngo-1969, saba uhlobo lwesifundazwe olunamaqabunga amakhulu athambile namahlumela awugqinsi anoboya, acebe ngezinto ezikhishwayo, bese kuba uphawu, lapho isifunda senza khona itiye le-bud, i-maojian kanye netiye eliluhlaza lamaqabunga. Izincazelo zokubukeka komugqa ngamunye okwamanje zimbalwa, kodwa umlando wohlobo ulandelwa kusukela ekutholakaleni kuya ekuvunyelweni.