I-Taoyuan Hongcha (Táoyuán hóngchá, 桃源红茶) itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Taoyuan (桃源县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Changde enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hunan. Isifunda siqanjwe ngegama loMthombo Wamapetshisi ovela “Emibhalweni yoMthombo Wamapetshisi” kaTao Yuanming. Ngokusho kwephephandaba i-”New Hunan”, itiye lendawo eligubhu elibomvu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1850 lalithunyelwa eYurophu, okokuqala ngaphansi kwegama lomunye, kamuva njenge “湖红工夫”. Namuhla uhlobo lomkhiqizo luthembele ohlotsheni lwendawo olunamaqabunga amakhulu i-桃源大叶, kanti umqulu wokuvikela ubala phakathi kwezimpawu zekhwalithi “indandatho yegolide” emaphethelweni etiye kanye nokufiphala kwalo lapho lipholile. Igama livikelwe njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (AGI01845) nanjengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, ngokwesimemezelo se-CNIPA № 640 sango-2025.
1. Isigaba kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elibiliswe ngokugcwele. Isigaba siqanjwe kulo igama uqobo. Iphephandaba lihlobanisa lolu hlobo nomugqa wetiye elibomvu legubhu “湖红工夫” (húhóng gōngfu).
- Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu lase-Hunan; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hunan (湖南, Húnán), umasipala wase-Changde (常德, Chángdé), isifunda sase-Taoyuan (桃源县, Táoyuán Xiàn).
- Indawo yokuvikela: Ngokwesithasiselo sesimemezelo se-CNIPA № 640, kunamalokishi namadolobhana ayi-13: i-Xi’an (西安), i-Taipingpu (太平铺), i-Guniushan (牯牛山), i-Cha’anpu (茶庵铺), i-Yangxiqiao (杨溪桥), i-Shaping (沙坪), i-Siping (寺坪), i-Luhuatan (芦花潭), i-Zhengjiayi (郑家驿), i-Xinglongjie (兴隆街), i-Lingjintan (凌津滩), i-Taohuayuan (桃花源) kanye ne-Zhangjiang (漳江). Umfakisicelo yisiteshi sezitshalo zobuchwepheshe zesifunda sase-Taoyuan (桃源县经济作物站). Isizindalwazi sezophawu lwendawo sibiza yonke indawo yesifunda njengendawo; umehluko nohlu lwe-CNIPA angiwuxazululanga.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 110°51′14,8″–111°31′44,1″ empumalanga, 28°24′29,7″–28°56′18,7″ enyakatho, ngokwesithasiselo se-CNIPA.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 1857, ngaphansi kwegama lomunye. Ngokusho kwephephandaba i-”New Hunan” (2021), ngonyaka wesi-7 wokubusa kuka-Xianfeng (咸丰), abahwebi base-Fujian nase-Jiangxi bavula e-Taoyuan ukuthengwa kwamaqabunga amasha, bazama ukwenza itiye elibomvu legubhu futhi balithumela eYurophu njenge-建茶, itiye lesizinda sase-Jianxi e-Fujian. Iphephandaba libiza lokhu njengesiqalo se “湖红工夫”. Encwadini yalo ephephandaba yango-2020, abahwebi babizwa ngokuthi abase-Jiangxi nabase-Guangdong (赣粤茶商).
- 1865, i-Shaping. Ngonyaka wesi-4 wokubusa kuka-Tongzhi (同治), e-Shaping (沙坪) kwavulwa ukuhweba ngetiye elibomvu. Iphephandaba lithi itiye lase-Taoyuan elinephunga eliphakeme nokunambitha okuqinile lalihluke ngokusobala ku-建茶 futhi laqala ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngaphansi kwegama “湖红工夫”. Isizindalwazi sezophawu lwendawo naso sibheka unyaka we-1865 njengesiqalo setiye elibomvu lendawo.
- Ukuphela kwe-Qing. Ngokwesizindalwazi, abahwebi base-Shanghai, e-Guangdong nase-Hubei babenezinkampani zetiye eziyisishiyagalombili e-Shaping, kanti ngasekupheleni kwe-Qing nasekuqaleni kweRiphabhulikhi umthamo wetiye elibomvu wakhuphuka wafinyelela emabhokisini angama-30 000 angamakhilogremu angama-30.
- 1955, ifektri. Ngokwesizindalwazi esifanayo, uMnyango Wezohwebo Lwangaphandle kanye nenkampani yetiye yase-Hunan basungula esifundeni i-Shaping Tea Factory (沙坪茶厂), noma ifektri yetiye elibomvu eligayiwe (桃源县红碎茶厂); kusukela ngo-1955 kuya ku-1987 kwathunyelwa amathani angama-33,4 etiye elibomvu, okungamathani angama-22,6 aye ngaphandle. Iphephandaba lithi umsunguli kwakuyinkampani yezohwebo lwangaphandle yesifundazwe futhi likhuluma ngetiye legubhu elithunyelwa ngaphandle, bese isizindalwazi sithi ngetiye eligayiwe; umqulu angiwubonanga.
- 2016–2019. Ngokusho kwe-”New Hunan” (2020), ngoMashi 2016 uMnyango Wezolimo wabhalisa itiye njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo. Ngokushicilelwa kwango-2021, ngo-2019 lathola isihloko “sokuphuza okwaziwayo e-Hunan”, kusukela ngo-2017 isifunda sinikeza ilungelo lohlobo olujwayelekile, futhi kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Januwari 2019 silinikeze kabusha; ngo-2021 kwavunyelwa ababambiqhaza abangama-31, izinkampani ezingama-24 kanye nama-cooperative ayisikhombisa.
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo se-CNIPA № 640, latholwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; esithasiselweni kunomugqa we-937.
- Ingxabano ngobuqotho. I-Anhua ne-Xinhua basukela itiye elibomvu lase-Hunan kusukela ngo-1854, kanti inguqulo yase-Taoyuan ngo-1857 nango-1865. Lapha angiyixazululi ingxabano.
- Igama:
- “Taoyuan” (桃源) lisho “umthombo wamapetshisi”, okuyigama lesifunda.
- “Hongcha” (红茶, hóngchá) lisho “itiye elibomvu”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isizindalwazi sicaphuna umugqa ovela “Engomeni Yokukha Itiye” (采茶歌) ngetiye lase-Shuxi (鼠溪), okuthiwa ucashunwe umlando wesifunda weminyaka ye-Guangxu: “解造红茶价不廉”, okusho ukuthi “bayakwazi ukwenza itiye elibomvu futhi inani aliphansi”. Lo mugqa uphindwa yi-”New Hunan” ngo-2020; ushicilelo lwango-2021 luwunikeza ngophawu oluhlukile: “解造红茶倾不廉”. Namuhla isifunda siqhuba i-”Taoyuan Hongcha” njengohlobo olujwayelekile futhi minyaka yonke siba nomkhosi wetiye elibomvu.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo: Umqulu we-CNIPA udinga izinto zokusetshenziswa “zohlobo lwe-Taoyuan Daye, olufanele itiye elibomvu” (桃源大叶适制良种). Iphephandaba libiza lolu hlobo lwendawo olunamaqabunga amakhulu (Táoyuán dàyè) njengensika yohlobo lomkhiqizo. Uhlobo uqobo luchazwe esihlokweni nge-Taoyuan Daye Cha.
- Iqabunga: Ngokwesizindalwazi, likhulu futhi lithambile, linoboya obuningi (叶片硕大、叶质柔软……茸毛较多).
- Indinganiso yokukha: Ayikho idatha etholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isikhathi sokukha: Ngokomqulu we-CNIPA, kusukela ekupheleni kukaMashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Iphephandaba libeka isifunda phakathi kwezintaba ze-Wuling (武陵山) ne-Xuefeng (雪峰山), emfuleni i-Yuanshui (沅水).
- Umakhelwane: I-Taoyuan isendaweni efanayo ne-Changde, lapho kukhona negama lesifunda i-常德红茶, kodwa ayihlanganyeli kuyona: lapho kubalwa izifunda zase-Shimen, e-Linli nase-Lixian.
- Igama lendawo yetiye: Endaweni kukhona idolobhana i-Cha’anpu (茶庵铺), elisho “isitolo esiseduze nendawo yokuhlala yamabhikshu betiye”.
- Ukuphakama kanye nomhlabathi: Ngokomqulu we-CNIPA, kungamamitha angama-300–800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle; inhlabathi enobomvu eneasidi kanye nenhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (红、黄棕壤) emikhiqizweni yokuguguleka kwamatshe esihlabathi anobumba, amatshe amancane kanye namatshe esihlabathi ansomi, athambile futhi ajulile, i-pH 4,5–6,5. Amasimu atshalwa emagqumeni nasemithambekeni engaba ngu-25°.
- Ukutshala: Ngokomqulu ofanayo, izithombo zitshalwa ngo-Okthoba noma ngoFebruwari: umugqa obanzi ongu-140 cm, omncane ongu-40 cm, isikhala emugqeni singu-30 cm; ukuthenwa kokwakha kwenziwa ngezigaba ezintathu.
- Isimo sezulu: Ayikho idatha etholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ngokwephephandaba, isifunda sigunyaze izindinganiso zaso, okunguMthethonqubo Wokucubungula i-Taoyuan Hongcha (桃源红茶加工技术规程) kanye nomthethonqubo wobuchwepheshe wokukhiqiza i-Taoyuan Hongcha ene-selenium (“yemvelo”); imibhalo yawo angiyibonanga. Umholi wenhlangano yetiye yesifunda utshele iphephandaba ngemikhiqizo emine yohlobo: i-红金芽 (imithombo yegolide), i-红工夫 (gubhu), i-红曲螺 (evunguzayo) kanye ne-红茶砖 (isitini).
Ngezansi kunezimfuneko zomqulu we-CNIPA wango-2025, hhayi uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba:
- Ukukha (采摘, cǎizhāi): Kusukela ekupheleni kukaMashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba.
- Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Ezitsheni zokubuna noma ngendlela yemvelo endlini.
- Ukugoqana (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ngengcindezi ngokulandelana “elula, eqinile, elula” (轻重轻), kuze kube yilapho iqabunga ligoqeka libe yimicu eminyene, ubisi luphume futhi lunamathele ebusweni.
- Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào): Amahora amathathu kuya kwamane ezingeni lokushisa legumbi elingaba ngu-28 °C kanye nomswakama ongu-95 %.
- Ukomiswa (烘干, hōnggān): Kokokuqala ngo-90 °C, kuze kube ngama-70–80 % omile; bese kuqedwa “ngomlilo ogcwele” ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi, 60–70 °C, kancane futhi kuze kome ngokuphelele.
6. Izici Zokunambitha
Incazelo engezansi ithathwe emqulwini we-CNIPA wango-2025; amafomula esizindalwazi kanye nephephandaba aqokiwe.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicu eminyene, emincane futhi elinganayo (条索紧细匀整), emnyama futhi ecwebezelayo (乌黑油润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alichazwanga ngokwehlukile; ayikho idatha etholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lotshwala: Limnandi, lijulile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (甜香浓郁持久). Iphephandaba libeka ngendlela ehlukile: “iphunga lezimbali noju” (花蜜香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi, kuthambile, kusha futhi kuvuselela (甜醇鲜爽). Isizindalwazi sibiza ukunambitheka okuqinile, okunamandla nokusha (浓、强、鲜), iphephandaba lithi kumnandi futhi kusha (甘鲜味).
- Umbala wotshwala: Ubomvu, ukhanya, “unendandatho yegolide” emaphethelweni enkomishi (红亮带金圈). Itiye elipholile lifiphala ngokusobala (冷后浑现象明显).
- Isisefo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Lithambile, lithambile, linombala obomvu olinganayo (嫩软红匀).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Umqulu we-CNIPA wango-2025 ubeka izinkomba zefiziksi namakhemikhali ngamabanga:
| Inkomba | Okuqukethwe |
|---|---|
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | 35,56–46,18 % |
| Ama-Theaflavin | 0,25–0,70 % |
| Ama-Thearubigin | 2,60–4,50 % |
| Ushukela oncibilikayo | 2,60–3,39 % |
Ama-polyphenol, ama-amino acid kanye ne-caffeine awabekwanga umqulu. Isizindalwazi sezophawu lwendawo sinikeza izinombolo ezingasho lutho ngaphandle kwendlela nonyaka (ama-polyphenol afinyelela ku-35 %, ama-amino acid 8,56 %, ama-thearubigin 5,0 %); azivumelani nomqulu kuzo zonke izindawo futhi azisetshenziswa lapha.
8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu. Amanzi angu-90–95 °C, amagremu amathathu kuya kwamahlanu nge-150 ml, i-gaiwan emhlophe yobumba noma imbiza yetiye. Isitsha kufanele sifudunyezwe, iqabunga limanziswe kafushane ngamanzi ashisayo bese lichithwa; ukumnika kokuqala imizuzwana engu-15–30, kuthelwe konke, bese kuba ukuthelwa kane noma kuhlanu ngokwengeza imizuzwana engu-10–15.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni eliqinile, endaweni eyomile, epholile, emnyama, ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle. Isiqandisi asidingeki.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Awekho amanani esimanje emithonjeni etholakele. Isizindalwazi sinikeza awomlando: ngasekupheleni kwe-Qing ibhokisi elingamakhilogremu angama-30 lalithengiswa ngamasiliva angama-40, kanti ngo-1985 umthengi waseJalimane wayenikela ngama-dollar angama-3000 ngetoni letiye eligayiwe, intengo yangaphakathi icishe ibe ngu-1200.
- Ukwenza kanjani ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo ephaketheni.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Taoyuan futhi uvunyelwe ohlotsheni olujwayelekile.
- Ungadidanisi ne-常德红茶 yesifunda: i-Taoyuan ayihlanganyeli endaweni yayo.
- Iqabunga liyimicu emnyama, emincane futhi elinganayo; iqabunga eliphisiwe linombala obomvu olinganayo.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Endaweni kukhona idolobhana i-Taohuayuan (桃花源), elisho “Umthombo Wamapetshisi”, elanikeza igama lesifunda.
- Umqulu wokuvikela ubiza uphawu lwekhwalithi lokho abaningi abangakubheka njengokushiyeka, okungukufiphala kotshwala obupholile.
- Encwadini yesifundazwe yezophawu lwendawo yango-2024, okuvela esifundeni kubhalwa i-Taoyuan Daye Cha kanye ne “桃源野茶王”; i-Taoyuan Hongcha uqobo ayikho lapho, ukuvikelwa ngomugqa we-CNIPA ikuthole ngo-2025.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu ase-Hunan
- I-Taoyuan Daye Cha (桃源大叶茶): Igama lohlobo lwendawo olunamaqabunga amakhulu lwesifunda esifanayo, okuyinsika yezinto zokusetshenziswa zohlobo lomkhiqizo wetiye elibomvu.
- I-Changde Hongcha (常德红茶): Itiye elibomvu likamasipala ofanayo, indawo yalo i-Taoyuan iyigeja.
- I-Anhua Hongcha (安化红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda esibheka naso njengesiqalo setiye elibomvu lase-Hunan.
- I-Xinhua Hongcha (新化红茶): Omunye futhi ofuna isihloko sokuqala kwe-湖红.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Taoyuan Hongcha itiye elibomvu elinomlando wezohwebo onemininingwane: abathengi bango-1857, i-Shaping yezohwebo yango-1865, ifektri yokuthumela ngaphandle yango-1955–1987 kanye nohlobo lwamanje lwesifunda olusekelwe ohlotsheni lwendawo olunamaqabunga amakhulu. Umqulu wokuvikela uchaza imicu emnyama emincane, iphunga elimnandi nelijulile, ukunambitheka okumnandi nokusha kanye notshwala obubomvu obunendandatho “yegolide”, obufiphala lapho bupholile.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo