Suíníng qīngqiánliǔ chá

ISuining Qingqianliu Cha (Suíníng qīngqiánliǔ chá, 绥宁青钱柳茶) — “itiye” elenziwe ngamaqabunga amancane e-cyclocarya, isihlahla 青钱柳 (Cyclocarya paliurus) somndeni wamantongomane, esivela esifundeni sase-Suining (绥宁县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wedolobha i-Shaoyang eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hunan. Akukho sihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis kuso: igama elithi “cha” lapha lisho indlela yokuphisa, hhayi ukuhlobana kwezitshalo. Iqabunga licutshungulwa ngendlela efana neyetiye — ngokulungisa, ukusonga nokomisa — futhi umkhiqizo osuphelile, ngokwezimfuneko zawo, unsundu, unomphefumulo osagolide kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi. Kusukela ngo-2016 lona kungumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Akulona itiye ngokwesayensi yezitshalo futhi akulona nelilodwa ezigabeni eziyisithupha zetiye laseShayina. Izimfuneko zomkhiqizo ovikelwe zibiza kuphela i-青钱柳 (Cyclocarya paliurus) njengempahla eluhlaza.
• Isigaba: Ukufakwa okungaveli esitshalweni setiye; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2016).
• Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Hunan (湖南, Húnán), umasipala wedolobha i-Shaoyang (邵阳, Shàoyáng), isifunda i-Suining (绥宁, Suíníng).
• Indawo evikelwe: Izimfuneko zomkhiqizo ekulandiseni kwemibhalo yereferensi zibala izigodi namadolobhana angama-25 esifunda, okuhlanganisa isigodi sase-Huangsangping-Miao (黄桑坪苗族乡), i-Zhaishi-Miao-Dong (寨市苗族侗族乡), i-Le’anpu-Miao-Dong (乐安铺苗族侗族乡) kanye nedolobhana i-Hongyan (红岩镇). Isimemezelo sesifunda sango-2017, sibhekisa esimemezelweni esifanayo sango-2016, sibiza indawo njengezigodi namadolobhana ayi-17 emingceleni yamanje yokuphatha yesifunda. Ukuthi kungani kunomehluko ekubalweni, akuchazwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
• Amanye amagama: Isihlahla emvelweni sibizwa ngokuthi “isihlahla semali” (摇钱树, yáoqiánshù).

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Izinganekwane. Ushicilelo lwendawo, lucaphuna i-“Suining minzu zhi” (绥宁民族志), lubhala ukuthi ama-Miao esifunda aphisa amaqabunga amancane e-cyclocarya iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu, futhi inkosi yokuvukela kwama-Miao ngesikhathi se-Ming u-Li Tianbao (李天保; kuvela nokubhalwa okuthi 李天宝) kuthiwa wamemezela “isihlahla semali” njenge “sihlahla esingcwele, esivikela izwe”. Enye inganekwane ilandisa ukuthi ngawo-1930 abantu bendawo baphisa leli phuzo amasosha e-Red Army ayedlula. Lezi yizindaba zendawo, hhayi imibhalo eqinisekisiwe.
  • 2014–2015. Ngokwe-“Red Net”, kusukela ngo-2014 i-Suining kanye nesifunda esingumakhelwane esizimele sase-Chengbu Miao (城步) bazilungiselela ngokuzimela izicelo zophawu lwendawo “青钱柳茶”. Ngomhla ka-1 Julayi 2015 emnyangweni wedolobha wokulawula ubuchwepheshe e-Shaoyang kwabikwa ukuthi zombili zidlule ukuhlolwa kokuqala emnyangweni wesifundazwe. Inhloko yomnyango wedolobha yachaza ukuthi ngenxa yesimo sezulu esihlukile, imikhiqizo yezifunda ezimbili inezakhi ezihlukile nokunambitheka okuhlukile.
  • 2016. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (质检总局) ngesimemezelo № 63 sango-2016 yavikela “绥宁青钱柳茶” njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; imibhalo yereferensi ithi isinqumo sanqunywa mhla ziyi-4 kuJulayi 2016.
  • 2017. Abaphathi besifunda bagunyaza isimemezelo sokuvikelwa komkhiqizo kanye nenqubo yokusetshenziswa kophawu olukhethekile (umbhalo wangomhla ziyi-17 kuJanuwari 2017).
  • 2023. Umnyango we-Hunan wokulawula izimakethe wakhipha indinganiso yendawo i-DB43/T 2873-2023 “地理标志产品 绥宁青钱柳茶”: yashicilelwa ngomhla zingama-20 kuZibandlela 2023, isebenza kusukela mhla zingama-20 kuNdasa 2024.
• Igama: “Suining” (绥宁) — igama lesifunda; “qingqianliu” (青钱柳) — ngokwezwi nezwi “i-willow eluhlaza yemali”, igama lesiShayina le-cyclocarya; “cha” (茶) — itiye ngomqondo obanzi.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokombhalo wereferensi mayelana no-2016–2017, esifundeni kwakukhona amasimu e-cyclocarya angaphezu kuka-20 000 mu kanye nama-cooperative ayi-14, inani lonyaka lomkhiqizo lalingaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu zama-yuan, umkhiqizo wawuthunyelwa e-Japan, e-United Kingdom, e-South Korea nase-Russia.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nempahla eluhlaza

• Isitshalo: 青钱柳 (qīngqiánliǔ, Cyclocarya paliurus) — isihlahla somndeni wamantongomane (胡桃科), esitholakala kuphela eShayina. Inhlangano yase-Hunan yezinto zokwelapha isibiza ngokuthi insalela yenkathi yeqhwa kanye nesihlahla sesigaba sesibili sokuvikelwa kukahulumeni; iphephandaba lendawo, ngokulandisa, lisibeka endaweni yokulondoloza i-Huangsang (黄桑) njengezinhlobo ezibalulekile esifundazweni. Lokhu kungahambisani nohlu lwezitshalo ezivikelwe akukaqhathaniswa.
• Uhlobo: Izimfuneko zomkhiqizo azibizi izinhlobo noma ama-clone.
• Indinganiso yokuvuna: Amahlumela kusukela “eqhulwini neqabunga elilodwa” kuye “eqhulwini namacembe amane”.
• Isikhathi sokuvuna: Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Mashi kuze kube maphakathi no-Ephreli — ngokwezimfuneko zomkhiqizo.

4. Indawo kanye nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: Isifunda esinezintaba eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Hunan, nendawo yokulondoloza i-Huangsang ngaphakathi kwaso.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: Izimfuneko zomkhiqizo — hhayi ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Inhlangano yezinto zokwelapha ibhala ngezintaba ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-800, umbhalo wereferensi — ngebanga lamamitha angu-500–2500 le-cyclocarya yesifunda.
• Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yenhlangano — kufudumele futhi kunomswakama, kunemvula, nokwehluka okukhulu kokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku; ngenkathi yokuvuna kwentwasahlobo inkungu imile cishe nsuku zonke, izinsuku ezinokunkungu ngonyaka zingaphezu kwekhulu.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokwezimfuneko — enodaka, ubukhulu obungaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-85, i-pH 4.5–6.7, izinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kuka-1.5 %.
• Ubuchwepheshe bokulima: Akukho ngaphezu kwezihlahla eziyi-1400 ehekthareni ngalinye; umquba ophilayo — hhayi ngaphansi kuka-1.5 kg isihlahla ngasinye ngonyaka ngesikhathi sokukhula futhi hhayi ngaphansi kuka-9 kg ngemva kokuqala ukuvuna.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Izimfuneko zomkhiqizo ovikelwe, ekulandiseni kwemibhalo yereferensi, zibeka lolu chungechunge olulandelayo:

1. Ukugeza (清洗, qīngxǐ) kanye nokungenisa umoya kweqabunga (晾青, liàngqīng).
2. Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): 120–130 °C, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lithamba futhi linomswakama, liba luhlaza okotshani okumnyama futhi licindezela libe yinqwaba exekethile.
3. Ukupholisa (冷却, lěngquè): Ngengqimba engekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-6.
4. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
5. Ukomisa ebhodweni (炒干, chǎogān): 80–90 °C, kuze kube komile okungu-80–85 %.
6. Ukufudumeza okwengeziwe ngephunga (提香, tíxiāng): 80–90 °C, kuze kube komile okungu-95 %.
7. Ukukhetha (挑选, tiāoxuǎn) nokupakisha.

Eminye imibhalo ichaza uchungechunge olufushane: ukukhetha, ukuhlanza, ukubeka iqabunga, ukulungisa, ukusonga nokusika (揉切, róuqiē) kanye nokomisa.

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Incazelo engezansi — izimfuneko zomkhiqizo ovikelwe.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imichilo emide noma ama-granule, anombala onsundu ngokunsundu (棕褐色).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
• Iphunga lomphefumulo: Lihlanzekile, lisha (清香).
• Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi (甘甜).
• Umbala womphefumulo: Usagolide ophuzi (金黄).
• Iqabunga elitiyelwe phansi: Ezimfunekweni ayikho incazelo; inhlangano yezinto zokwelapha ilibiza ngokuthi liyakhanya (叶底明亮).

Le nhlangano efanayo engxenyeni yokukhangisa ibhala ngendlela ehlukile: iqabunga “肥壮” — linamanzi, umphefumulo “嫩黄” — uphuzi ngobumnene, ukunambitheka “鲜爽回甘” — kusha, nobumnandi obubuya. Le ncazelo ayihambisani nezimfuneko zomkhiqizo ngombala womphefumulo.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izimfuneko ze-physicochemical zomkhiqizo ovikelwe:

Inkomba	Isidingo
Ama-flavonoid e-cyclocarya aphelele	hhayi ngaphansi kuka-2.0 g nge-100 g
Ama-saponin e-cyclocarya aphelele	hhayi ngaphansi kuka-2.8 %

Ukubuyekezwa kwesayensi kubiza amaqembu amakhulu ezinto eqabunga le-cyclocarya ngokuthi ama-polysaccharide, ama-flavonoid nama-triterpenoid. Azikho izilinganiso ze-caffeine zalomkhiqizo emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Izakhiwo eziwusizo

Awekho amaminithi aqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walo mkhiqizo uqobo. Imibhalo yokukhangisa ithi isiphuzo sehlisa ushukela, amafutha nengcindezi yegazi; ukubuyekezwa kwesayensi kukhuluma ngemiphumela enjalo yeqabunga le-cyclocarya njengendawo yocwaningo, hhayi njengomphumela ofakazelwe womkhiqizo. Lokhu akusona isincomo sokwelapha.

9. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Azikho izindlela ze-Suining Qingqianliu Cha emithonjeni etholakele; ngezansi — imingcele evamile yokufakwa kwekhambi okuvela eqabungeni elisongiwe.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–100 °C.
• Inani: 2–3 g nge-150–200 ml.
• Izitsha: Ingilazi, i-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
• Inqubo: Fudumeza izitsha, uthele iqabunga, umphefumulo wokuqala — imizuzu emi-2–3, bese kulandela ukuphisa okuningana ngokwandisa isikhathi.

10. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emphaketheni oqinile, endaweni eyomile emnyama, kude namaphunga nomswakama.

11. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Uzivika kanjani emikhiqizweni yomgunyathi:
  • Funani uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Isimemezelo sesifunda sango-2017 sidinga ukuthi umkhiqizo kanye nokumakwa kuhambisane nendinganiso yendawo noma indinganiso yenkampani esebenzayo, futhi umkhiqizi agcine amajenali okukhiqiza, okulawula kanye nokuthengisa; ilungelo lophawu liyakhishwa uma lingasetshenziswa iminyaka emibili noma ukwephulwa kungalungiswa.
  • Ohlwini lwe-State Intellectual Property Office lwezinkampani ezingu-941 ezivunyelwe uphawu olukhethekile, ngaphansi kwe-“绥宁青钱柳茶” kubhalwe inkampani i-湖南青钱宝科技有限公司.
  • Ungadidanisi neziphuzo ze-cyclocarya ezivela kwezinye izindawo: ohlwini olufanayo kukhona umkhiqizo ohlukile ovikelwe “恩施青钱柳” wesifundazwe sase-Hubei, kanti nesicelo sayo sasilungiselelwa ngu-Chengbu ongumakhelwane.

12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

• Igama lesiShayina lesihlahla — “i-willow eluhlaza yemali”, elesintu — “isihlahla semali”.
• Ukuvuna kuthatha amasonto amathathu kuya kwamane kuphela — kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Mashi kuze kube maphakathi no-Ephreli.
• Ama-Suining no-Chengbu angomakhelwane afaka izicelo zegama elifanayo “青钱柳茶” ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi isikhulu somnyango wedolobha i-Shaoyang sachaza umehluko wemikhiqizo ngesimo sezulu esihlukile.

13. Ukuqhathanisa nokunye ukufakwa okungaveli esihlahleni setiye

• Xupu Yaocha (溆浦瑶茶): Nakhu ukufakwa okuvikelwe kwase-Hunan okuvela emaqabungeni esihlahla, kodwa komndeni we-beech; iqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani okumnyama elisongiwe kanye nomphefumulo ophuzi okhanyayo.
• Laifeng Tengcha (来凤藤茶): Ukufakwa okuvikelwe okuvela emvinini womndeni wamagilebhisi wase-Hubei, nokukhanya okumpunga-okumhlophe eqabungeni kanye nomphefumulo ophuzi-ohlaza.
• Dayaoshan Tiancha (大瑶山甜茶): “Itiye elimnandi” lezintaba zase-Dayaoshan e-Guangxi, nawo umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
• Chengbu Dongcha (城步峒茶): Ngokuphambene — itiye langempela lesifunda esingumakhelwane i-Chengbu.

Ekuphetheni:

ISuining Qingqianliu Cha — ukufakwa okuvela emaqabungeni amancane e-cyclocarya ezintabeni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Hunan, okuvikelwe kusukela ngo-2016: ukuvuna okufushane kwentwasahlobo, ukulungisa nokomisa ngendlela efana neyetiye, iqabunga elinsundu, umphefumulo osagolide nokunambitheka okumnandi. Izimfuneko zalo zikala ikhwalithi ngama-flavonoid nama-saponin e-cyclocarya, hhayi ngezinto zetiye: leli “yitiye” ngomqondo wesintu, hhayi ngowesayensi yezitshalo.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• DB43/T 2873-2023

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo