I-Layfeng Tengcha (Láifèng téngchá, 来凤藤茶) — «itiye lomvini» lesifunda saseLayfeng (来凤县) esifundazweni esizimele sase-Enshi-Tujia-Miao, esifundazweni saseHubei. Lokhu akulona iqabunga lesihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis: impahla eluhlaza ivela eziqwini ezincane, ezintini nasemaqabungeni omvini 显齿蛇葡萄 (Ampelopsis grossedentata) womndeni wamagilebhisi, futhi abacwaningi be-Academy of Agricultural Sciences yesifunda babiza umkhiqizo ngetiye elingena esikhundleni (代用茶, dàiyòng chá). Uphawu oluphambili — impuphu empunga-mhlophe eqabungeni elomile, «njengesithwathwa». Kusukela ngo-2013 lokhu kungumkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Akulona itiye ngomqondo webhotani futhi akulona neyodwa ezigabeni eziyisithupha zetiye laseChina. Izidingo zomkhiqizo ovikelwe zibiza impahla eluhlaza ngo-显齿蛇葡萄 wohlobo lwe-Ampelopsis lomndeni wamagilebhisi.
- Isigaba: Ukumnika okungaveli esitshalweni setiye; umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo (2013) kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo.
- Isimo sokudla: I-portal ye-agri.cn ibhala ukuthi i-tengcha ayikho ohlwini lwe-«muthi nokudla okunomsuka ofanayo» (药食同源) futhi ingeyokudla okuvela ezintweni ezintsha ezingavuthiwe (新资源食品); imibhalo yokukhangisa iyibiza ngomkhiqizo onezinjongo ezimbili. Imithombo iyahlukahluka.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), isifunda sase-Enshi (恩施, Ēnshī), isifunda sase-Layfeng (来凤, Láifèng), izintaba zase-Wulingshan (武陵山, Wǔlíng shān); i-CNN ibeka isifunda cishe ku-30° enyakatho.
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesimemezelo sango-2013 — amadolobhana ase-Lüishui (绿水镇), e-Baifusi (百福司镇) nase-Dahe (大河镇), izigodi zase-Manshui (漫水乡), e-Jiusi (旧司乡), e-Geleche (革勒车乡) nase-Sanhu (三胡乡) emingceleni yazo yamanje. Esihlokweni sango-2023, i-Jiusi ne-Geleche sezibizwa ngamadolobhana.
- Amanye amagama: «Itiye lezintende zedragoni» (龙须茶, lóngxū chá) ne-«tiye elimnandi lasezintabeni» (山甜茶, shān tiánchá); ngesiNgisi — i-vine tea.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Izinkomba zasendulo. Imibhalo yendawo ibhekisela ku-«Shijing», ku-«Canon of Tea» ka-Lu Yu, ku-«Jiuhuang Bencao» (救荒本草) naku-«Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao» (植物名实图考). Ngokwemithombo yokuqala lezi zinkomba azizange zihlolwe.
- 1996–2000. Ngokwe-Xinhua, udokotela wasemaphandleni wase-Dahe Town phakathi kuka-1996 no-1998 wenza izivivinyo eziyizinkulungwane, ekhetha ubude bokuqinisa namandla okusonga, ngo-1998 wethula umkhiqizo ekuthengisweni, futhi cishe ngo-2000 wabhalisa inkampani yokuqala yesifunda yokukhiqiza kwawo.
- 2003. Ngokwe-Xinhua, umsebenzi wokutshala okuphakathi nokucubungula udlule ekuhlolweni; ngokwephephandaba lesifundazwe i-«Hubei Daily», ngaleso sikhathi kwavunywa uhlobo lwe-«凤鸣藤茶».
- 2004. Kwaphuma indinganiso yendawo yase-Hubei i-DB42/T 289-2004 «来凤藤茶» (kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Okthoba 2004; yachithwa ngomhla ka-11 Ephreli 2024). I-Xinhua ibeka isimo somkhiqizo ovikelwe ngo-2004 — lokhu kuphikisana nesimemezelo sokuvikelwa sango-2013.
- 2008. Ngokwe-Xinhua, indlela yokutshala yathuthukiswa — i-«Hubei Daily» ibiza ukushintshela ekusikeni: ngaphambilini kwakuthatha iminyaka emithathu ukusuka ekutshalweni kuya ekuvuneni, manje ukuvuna kungenzeka onyakeni wokutshala, futhi izindleko zokutshala zehle ngo-80 %.
- 2013. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (质检总局) ngesimemezelo esingu-№ 41 sangomhla ka-15 Mashi 2013 yathatha i-Layfeng Tengcha ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo.
- Kamuva. Ku-database yezindinganiso kubhalwe izinhlelo ze-DB42/T 289-2014 kanye ne-DB42/T 289-2025 «地理标志产品 来凤藤茶» kanye ne-NY/T 3562-2020 «藤茶生产技术规程»; imibhalo yazo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele. I-database yezibonakaliso zendawo ibala uphawu lwesitifiketi olungu-№ 25031830; ngokwabezindaba bezimboni, lwabhaliswa ngo-2018.
- 2021–2025. I-tengcha yanikezwa njengesiphuzo sokwamukela e-«dinner of ambassadors» ye-IV China International Tea Exhibition (2021). Engqungqutheleni yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe ye-tengcha (2023) isifunda sathola isiqu se-«中国藤茶之乡», engqungqutheleni yesithathu (2025) — isiqu se-«世界藤茶之乡».
- Igama: «Layfeng» (来凤) — igama lesifunda; «teng» (藤) — «umvini»; «cha» (茶) — itiye ngomqondo obanzi.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: E-Layfeng, i-tengcha ingumkhakha wezigodi zasezintabeni; imithombo ibala izindawo zokutshala ngokuhlukahlukene — kusukela ku-72 000 mu (2022) kuya ku-102 000 mu (2025).
3. Incazelo yebhotani nempahla eluhlaza
- Isitshalo: 显齿蛇葡萄 (xiǎnchǐ shépútáo, Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W. T. Wang), umndeni wamagilebhisi (葡萄科). Ngokwe-Xinhua, emvelweni sinwela phezu kwamatshe nasemithambekeni enamatshe futhi siphansi kakhulu kunesihlahla setiye.
- Uhlobo: «凤鸣藤茶» (Fèngmíng téngchá), kwavunywa ngo-2003; incazelo yohlobo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo, izinga eliphezulu — «一须二芽» (intende kanye nemiqumbe emibili), elokuqala — kusukela emqumbeni oneqabunga elilodwa kuya emqumbeni oneqabunga amabili, elesibili — umqumbe oneqabunga amabili. Kukhishwa ngokudonsela phezulu (提手采), ngaphandle kokuhlubula, ngokwehlukana ngamazinga (分级采摘).
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba.
- «Izintende zedragoni»: Iziqongo ezithambile kakhulu (龙须, lóngxū) — izinga eliyigugu kakhulu lempahla eluhlaza, okunye — «iqabunga elijwayelekile» (普叶, pǔyè). Ngokombiko wango-2023, «izintende» endaweni eyodwa zazivunwa izikhathi ezine ngesizini.
4. I-terroir nezici zokutshala
- Ukuphakama nenhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo — 400–800 m, ithambeka elingekho ngaphezu kuka-45°, inhlabathi enesihlabathi ene-pH 5,5–6,5 nezinto eziphilayo ezingama-1,5–2,0 %.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokombiko we-CNN — cishe imvula eyi-1400 mm ngonyaka, ukuminyana kwehlathi kungama-56,5 %.
- Amasu okutshala ngokwezidingo: Izinkuni ezisikiwe zivela emahlumela aneminyaka eyodwa kuya kwemibili ubukhulu obungu-0,2–0,4 cm; izitshalo eziyi-1000–1100 nge-mu; ukusika utshani njalo ngezinsuku ezingama-30 kuze kube maphakathi no-Julayi, ngo-Okthoba okungenani amakhilogremu angama-2000 omquba nge-mu. Isisekelo sifakwa lapho ukuphakama kungu-30–50 cm, isiqongo sincishwa njalo ngezinsuku eziyishumi.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zomkhiqizo ovikelwe zibeka uchungechunge olufana netiye eliluhlaza, kodwa ngokulinda enqwabeni:
- Ukuwohloka kweqabunga (摊青, tānqīng): Isendlalelo esingekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-5, ukulahleka komswakama kungu-15–20 %.
- Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): 180–200 °C, kusukela emizuzwini engama-20 kuya ehoreni.
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukulinda enqwabeni (自然堆放, zìrán duīfàng): Ngaphansi kwefilimu, amahora angu-6–12.
- Ukomisa nokuphinda ukomise (烘干、复干, hōnggān, fùgān).
- Ukuhlunga, ukuqeda amagciwane (灭菌, mièjūn) nokupakisha.
Umkhiqizo uba ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu: «izintende» (须, xū), «imiqumbe eneqabunga» (芽叶, yáyè), «iparele» (珠, zhū) — amabhola angu-1,5–2 mm, «ukugoba» (曲, qū) — izinduku kanye ne-«mazolo» (露, lù) — iqabunga elisongiwe.
6. Izici ze-organoleptic
Incazelo — ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo ovikelwe; kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezinhlanu iyefana kukho konke, ngaphandle kokubukeka.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: «Izintende» — izimvemvane ezimpunga ezinempuphu emhlophe; «imiqumbe eneqabunga» ne-«mazolo» — kumpunga-mhlophe nokuluhlaza okuncane; «iparele» — kuphuzi-luhlaza; «ukugoba» — kuluhlaza okumnyama. UMnyango Wezolimo ubhala nge-«sithwathwa» esimpunga-mhlophe (灰白披霜).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izidingo zibiza iphunga nge-«elihlanzekile» (气清香), ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi elomile noma elemnika.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Lihlanzekile, lisha (清香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kuqala kubaba kancane, bese kuba mnandi (微苦回甜); uMnyango Wezolimo wengeza ukuthi ubumnandi obubuyayo buhlala isikhathi eside (回甘持久).
- Umbala wokumnika: Kuphuzi-luhlaza (黄绿).
- Iqabunga elitheliwe: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Ocwaningweni lwango-2023, amasampula ayishumi nambili avela ezigodini nasemadolobheni ayisithupha athola kubahloli amaphuzu asukela ku-85,42 kuya ku-92,59.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zomkhiqizo ovikelwe:
| Isinkomba | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilika emanzini | okungenani 28,0 % |
| Ama-flavonoid esewonke (ngokwe-dihydromyricetin) | okungenani 20,0 % |
| I-selenium | 5–100 mcg nge-100 g |
I-flavonoid eyinhloko — i-dihydromyricetin (二氢杨梅素): ocwaningweni lwe-Academy amaphuzu abahloli akhula kanye nayo futhi ehla nokufiphalisa komnike. Isihloko sibhala ukuthi i-caffeine ne-theophylline azikho ku-tengcha, — lokhu kulindelekile esitshalweni esingesona sohlobo lwama-camellia.
8. Izakhiwo eziwusizo
Ayikho idatha eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walo mkhiqizo uqobo. Imiphumela yama-flavonoid ebalwa yisihloko se-Academy ithathwe ekubuyekezweni kwemisebenzi yabanye futhi ayisona isincomo sokwelapha.
9. Ukuthela
Umkhuba wesigaba. Izindlela ze-Layfeng Tengcha azinikezwa yizidingo zomkhiqizo noma abezindaba; ngezansi — imingcele evamile yokumnika kwezitshalo ezisongiwe.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–100 °C.
- Inani: 2–3 g nge-150–200 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi, i-gaiwan noma i-teapot yobumba.
- Inqubo: Ukushisisa izitsha, ukutheleka kokuqala — imizuzu engu-2–3, bese ukutheleka okuningana ngokwandisa isikhathi.
10. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ekupakisheni okuqinile, endaweni eyomile emnyama, kude namaphunga. Impuphu emhlophe — iyisici sempahla eluhlaza, hhayi isikhunta.
11. Intengo namanga
Awekho amanani okuthengisa emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombiko wango-2023, umvuni wethula efektri yasemaphandleni amakhilogremu angu-5 e-«zintende zedragoni» ezintsha ngama-yuan angu-220.
- Ukwazi ukugwema amanga:
- Funani uphawu lomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo noma uphawu lwesitifiketi «来凤藤茶».
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowezigodi eziyisikhombisa nasemadolobheni endawo. Isiphuzo esivela kulowo mvini uqobo senziwa nakwezinye izindawo — ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni sase-Zhangjiajie ngophawu lwaso «张家界莓茶».
- Iqabunga lelinye lezinhlobo ezinhlanu, elinempuphu empunga-mhlophe; ukumnika kuphuzi-luhlaza, ubabayo busuka bumbe busuke buba mnandi.
12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Impuphu ichazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene: i-portal ye-agri.cn — ngamakristalu e-dihydromyricetin, i-Xinhua — nge-«fermentation». Ayikho incazelo eqinisekisiwe yenguqulo yesibili emithonjeni etholakele; ukulinda enqwabeni emithethweni yokukhiqiza kuyenzeka ngempela.
- Inombolo eyinhloko yekhwalithi ezidingweni — akulona iphunga, kodwa ama-flavonoid: okungenani 20 %.
13. Ukuqhathanisa nokunye ukumnika okungaveli esihlahleni setiye
- I-Xupu Yaocha (溆浦瑶茶): «Itiye elimnandi» lase-Hunan elivela emaqabungeni esihlahla 木姜叶柯 somndeni wama-beech, futhi umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo.
- I-Kuding (苦丁茶): Ukumnika okubabayo okuvela emaqabungeni ezitshalo ezihlala ziluhlaza; ku-tengcha ubabayo lusuka ngokushesha lube ubumnandi.
- I-Zhangjiajie Cha (张家界茶): Itiye langempela lesifunda sase-Zhangjiajie; kanye nalo kubhaliswe uphawu lwesiphuzo esivela kulowo mvini uqobo.
- I-Enshi Xicha (恩施硒茶): Uphawu oluyisambulela lwesifunda sase-Enshi; ohlwini lwalo lwemikhiqizo kunophawu olunegama eliqukethe igama elithi «藤茶», ukwakheka kwalo kungakahlolwa.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Layfeng Tengcha — ukumnika okuvela eziqwini nasemaqabungeni omvini womndeni wamagilebhisi, okwakhulela ezintabeni zase-Wulingshan kusuka ekuvuneni kwasendle kuya embonini yesifunda: uhlobo kusukela ngo-2003, ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2013, imithetho yakho yokuvuna, yokuqinisa nokulinda enqwabeni. «Isithwathwa» esimpunga-mhlophe eqabungeni, ukumnika okuphuzi-luhlaza nobubayo obuncane obusuka ngokushesha bube ubumnandi obude, — yizimpawu zakhona. Lokhu «itiye» ngomqondo wabantu wegama, futhi isilinganiso sekhwalithi yalo ngama-flavonoid, hhayi iqabunga letiye.
Imithombo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo