Nánjiāng dàyè chá

INanjing Daye Cha (Nánjiāng dàyè chá, 南江大叶茶) — “itiye elinamaqabunga amakhulu laseNanjing”: kokubili uhlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla setiye kanye negama elivikelwe letiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseNanjing (南江县) ngaphansi kukamasipala waseBazhong enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSichuan, emngceleni neShaanxi. Izidingo zokuvikela zichaza izinhlobo ezimbili — isicaba nesimise okw enaliti: iqabunga eliluhlaza ngobumnene elinoboya, uketshezi oluhlaza ngobumnene olukhanyayo, iphunga elimnandi le-chestnut elinethoni yoboya, ukunambitheka okugcwele okuqabulayo. Igama livikelwa uphawu lokuqinisekisa kanye nenkomba yezolimo (kokubili — 2009), futhi kusukela ngo-2025 — nanjengomkhiqizo onenkombampawu yendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izidingo zokuvikela zichaza ubuchwepheshe obungenayo i-oxidation. Kusuka kulolu hlobo, ngokwenkomba yezolimo, kuphuma netiye elibomvu elihle, kodwa umkhiqizo ovikelwe — itiye eliluhlaza.
Igama: 南江 (Nánjiāng) — igama lesifunda, 大叶 (dàyè) — “iqabunga elikhulu”, 茶 (chá) — itiye. Igama lohlobo kanye negama lomkhiqizo ziyefana.
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza elisicaba nelimise okw enaliti; umkhiqizo onenkombampawu yendawo (2025).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), umasipala wase-Bazhong (巴中, Bāzhōng), isifunda sase-Nanjing (南江, Nánjiāng).
Indawo yokuvikela: Izifunda ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili kanye namadolobhana esifunda anezigodi zemvelo eziyi-171 (自然村), phakathi kwazo 汇滩乡, 流坝乡, 贵民乡, 杨坝镇, 光雾山镇, 南江镇, 长赤镇 kanye nepulazi letiye lesifundazwe i-Yuandingzi (四川省元顶子茶场).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 106°27′–107°10′ empumalanga no-31°50′–32°45′ enyakatho — imingcele yendawo ngokwezidingo zokuvikela.
Umfakisicelo: Isikhungo sokuthuthukisa imboni yetiye yesifunda (南江县茶叶产业发展中心).

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- I-Southern Song. Ngokwehlukaniswa kwenkomba, kunamarekhodi wentela yetiye kahulumeni kanye nokuhwebelana “itiye ngosawoti” (以茶易盐). Itiye, ngokwalokho, lalithwalwa ngomgwaqo omdala wase-Micang (米仓古道) liyiswe e-Shaanxi, e-Gansu nase-Qinghai.
- I-Ming. Eminyakeni ye-Zhengde itiye laba yintela enkantolo. Ngokwehlukaniswa, inkantolo yanikela ngensika yegolide — kusuka lapho igama “金碑茶”; inkomba yezokuvakasha ibiza leli tiye ngokuthi “金杯茶”.
- I-Qing. Ngesikhathi sika-Daoguang, ngokwenkomba yezokuvakasha, itiye laseNanjing lalivele laziwa. Abahwebi, ngokwehlukaniswa, babehlonipha izindawo ngesisho esithi “一金碑、二落垭、早茶出于盐井坝” — “okokuqala — i-Jinbei, okwesibili — i-Loya, kanti itiye lasekuseni — lisuka e-Yanjingba”.
- 1958–1965. Uhlobo lwatholwa okokuqala engadini yase-Mudan (牡丹园) esigodini sase-Jintai esifundeni sase-Liuba; ngo-1959 lwahlolwa i-Sichuan Tea Institute, ngo-1961 kwaba nokuhlolwa kwemvelaphi. NgoFebhuwari 1965, ngokwehlukaniswa, uhlobo lwafakwa phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyi-21 zendawo ezikhethekile zezwe.
- 1985. Ngo-April 1985, ngokwehlukaniswa, uhlobo lwaqashelwa njengolunye lwezinhlobo ezine zendawo ezikhethekile zase-Sichuan. Inkomba yezokuvakasha ibhala ukuthi umugqa we-Nanjing No. 2 ugunyazwe njengohlobo lwezinga likahulumeni; unyaka awushiwongo.
- 2008–2009. Ngokwenkomba ye-茶百科 kanye nehlukaniswa, ngo-Okthoba 2008 isifunda sathola isiqu esithi “中国富硒茶之乡” — “izwe letiye laseChina elicebile nge-selenium”; ingosi yemibhalo yendawo yase-Sichuan ibiza esinye isiqu nonyaka — “中国天然富硒茶之乡”, 2012. Ngo-2009 igama laba uphawu lokuqinisekisa (No. 7051049; i-茶百科 ibiza u-April, ingosi ibiza u-June), kwathi ngoNovemba 27 — inkomba yezolimo yendawo ngokwesimemezelo soMnyango Wezolimo No. 1297 (inombolo esimemezelweni AGI2009-09-00199).
- 2025. I-National Intellectual Property Administration ye-PRC ngesimemezelo No. 646 (esayinwe ngoSeptemba 23, sashicilelwa ngo-Okthoba 9) yaqashela imikhiqizo engama-870 enenkombampawu yendawo; i-Nanjing Daye Cha — isikhundla 515.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ihlukaniswa lenkomba licaphuna amazwi ochwepheshe base-Sichuan: «历史悠久看蒙山，规模经营看峨嵋，品质优良在南江» — “ngomlando — e-Mengshan, ngesilinganiso — e-Emei, ngekhwalithi — e-Nanjing”.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: 南江大叶茶 — uhlobo olulodwa kuphela oluqanjwe ezidingweni zokuvikela. Izincazelo ziyahlukana. Inkomba ethandwayo i-茶百科 ibiza lolu hlobo ngokuthi olunembewu (有性系), olunesihlahla, olunamaqabunga aphakathi nendawo, olusenesikhathi futhi luyi-diploid. Inkomba yezolimo iluhlukanisa njengolunamaqabunga amakhulu: isihlahla esinomqhele ovulekile, amaqabunga amade-elliptical, anemizwa eyi-9–12 ngakunye, acwebezelayo. Ukuthi iyiphi incazelo enembile, akunakunqunywa emithonjeni etholakele.
Izici: Ngokwehlukaniswa kwenkomba, imiqumbe iqala ukuhluma ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, ukuvuna kuqala ekuqaleni kukaMashi, amahlumela awugqinsi, aluhlaza-phuzi, anoboya obuningi. Ngokwenkomba yezolimo, ukuvuna kwenzeka cishe izinsuku eziyi-10 ngaphambi kwezindawo zendawo, kanti isivuno siphezulu cishe ngama-30%.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela: ngetiye elisicaba — umqumbe owodwa noma “iqabunga eligona umqumbe” (叶包芽); ngetiye elimise okw enaliti — “umqumbe neqabunga” noma “umqumbe namacembe amabili” ekuqaleni kokuvuleka.
Ukuvuna: Kusenesikhathi, ngamaqoqo, kushiywa amacembe esihlahleni; iqabunga lihlungwa ngokushesha ngokuthamba, ngokufana nangokusha.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Umkhawulo osenyakatho we-Sichuan Basin; enyakatho isifunda sisemngceleni ne-Shaanxi.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: 800–1200 m — ngokwezidingo zokuvikela.
Inhlabathi: I-loam (壤土) enogqinsi olungenani lwama-50 cm, ecebile ngemisoco yamaminerali, i-pH 4.0–6.5. Inkomba yezokuvakasha ibhala nge-selenium “kusuka ku-0.26 μg/g”, ingacacisi ukuthi ikalwa kuphi.
Isimo sezulu: Akukho mininingwane eqondile emithonjeni eqinisekisiwe.
Ukutshala: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — izihlahla ezingama-4800–5000 nge-mu ngokutshala ngemigqa emibili; isihlahla sigcinwa ngobude obungama-60–90 cm, ukuthenwa okujulile — cishe njalo eminyakeni emihlanu.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ukulandelana ngokwezidingo zokuvikela:

Ukusakaza (摊晾, tānliàng): Endaweni enomoya, kuze kuvele iphunga elisha.
Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): 160–180 °C; ukunyakazisa kuhlanganiswa nokumboza (抖闷结合) — ukunyakazisa kakhulu, ukumboza kancane — kuze kunyamalale iphunga lotshani.
Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng): Ngezandla noma ngomshini: itiye elisicaba — kuze kube iqabunga elisicaba elibushelelezi, elimise okw enaliti — kuze kube liqondile, liqinile, liyindilinga.
Ukomiswa kokuqala (毛火, máohuǒ): Itiye elisicaba — 90–110 °C, elimise okw enaliti — 110–120 °C, kuze kube “ukoma okuyisishiyagalolunye kweshumi”.
Ukuphola (摊晾).
Ukomiswa kokugcina (足火, zúhuǒ): 70–90 °C, kuze kube umswakama ocishe ube ngu-5%.
Ukukhetha (拣剔, jiǎntī): Kususwa imvithi nokungcola.

6. Izici Zokuzwa

Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kuluhlaza ngobumnene, kunoboya (嫩绿有毫). Itiye elisicaba — lisicaba futhi lilingana (扁平匀齐), elimise okw enaliti — liqinile, lincane futhi liqondile (紧细挺直).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga loketshezi: I-chestnut egcwele enethoni yoboya (栗香浓郁带毫香).
Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, kuthambile, kuqabulayo (醇厚爽口).
Umbala woketshezi: Uluhlaza ngobumnene, ukhanyayo (嫩绿亮).
Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Kuphuzi-luhlaza, kukhanyayo (黄绿明亮).

Ingosi yase-Sichuan ichaza itiye ngendlela ehlukile — iqabunga eli-emerald, iphunga le-orchid, uketshezi oluphuzi-luhlaza; incike lapha embhalweni wezidingo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Imikhawulo ye-physicochemical ngokwezidingo zokuvikela:

Inkomba	Inani
Ama-polyphenol etiye	18.0–29.0%
Ama-amino acid	2.8–5.0%
Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini	45.0–50.0%
I-Selenium	0.05–0.25 μg/g

Inkomba yezolimo inikeza ngamahlumela ohlobo “umqumbe namacembe amabili-ntathu” cishe ama-polyphenol angama-26.25%, i-caffeine engu-3.5% kanye nezinto ezikhiphekayo ezingama-46.07%; indlela nesampula akushiwongo.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
3. Uketshezi lokuqala — emva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yoketshezi.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephepheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Amanani kanye Nezinto Zomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngamanani emithonjeni etholakele.

Ukwazi ukugwema izinto zomgunyathi:
- Funani uphawu olukhethekile lwenkombampawu yendawo: ilungelo lokulusebenzisa ligunyazwa i-National Intellectual Property Administration ngokufaka isicelo ngesifunda.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye lenziwe endaweni evikelwe yesifunda sase-Nanjing. Uhlobo lukhula nasesifundeni esingumakhelwane i-Wangcang, ngakho igama lohlobo ephepheni alikafakazeli imvelaphi yaseNanjing.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Abahwebi betiye base-Shaanxi nase-Gansu eNanjing, ngokwehlukaniswa kwenkomba, babebizwa ngegama elithi “毛葫芦” — isidlaliso sezikhathi ze-Song ne-Ming.
Ngokwehlukaniswa kwenkomba, ngo-1991 isikhungo sesayensi yetiye e-Meitan (Guizhou) saqhathanisa izingadi zeminyaka emihlanu: uhlobo lwaseNanjing lwakhiqiza amaphesenti angama-45 amaphepha amasha kune-福鼎大白茶 yeminyaka efanayo.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ase-Sichuan

I-Micangshan Cha (米仓山茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elisicaba lesifunda esingumakhelwane i-Wangcang, lapho kukhula khona nohlobo lwaseNanjing.
I-Wanyuan Fuxicha (万源富硒茶): Itiye eliluhlaza eline-selenium lenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Sichuan efanayo, isikhundla esilandelayo sesimemezelo No. 646.
I-Mengding Gan Lu (蒙顶甘露): Itiye lentaba i-Mengdingshan — “ngomlando — e-Mengshan”.
I-Emei Zhuqing (峨眉竹叶青): Itiye elisicaba lentaba i-Emei — “ngesilinganiso — e-Emei”.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Nanjing Daye Cha — isimo lapho igama letiye elivikelwe liqondana negama lesihlahla: uhlobo olwatholwa ngo-1958 futhi lwaqashelwa njengolukhethekile ngo-1965 lwaba yisisekelo setiye eliluhlaza elisicaba nelimise okw enaliti lasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Sichuan. Enkomishini — uketshezi oluhlaza ngobumnene kanye nephunga le-chestnut eligcwele elinethoni yoboya.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

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