Chìbì qīngzhuānchá

I-Chibi Qingzhuancha (Chìbì qīngzhuānchá, 赤壁青砖茶) — “isitini esiluhlaza saseChibi”, itiye elimnyama elicindezelwe lomkhandlu wedolobha laseChibi (赤壁, phambilini iPuchi, 蒲圻) eningizimu yesifundazwe saseHubei. Naphezu kophawu 青 (“okuluhlaza, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka”) egameni, ngokombiko womnyango wezolimo waseChibi leli itiye elimnyama (黑茶), itiye lokuvutshelwa ngemva kokuvunwa: isiqephu esiluhlaza esiluhlaza lǎoqīngchá (老青茶) sigcinwa enqwabeni emanzi, siyashiswa ngesitimu futhi sicindezelwe. Indawo yasekhaya ibizwa ngokuthi idolobhana laseYangloudong (羊楼洞, Yánglóudòng), lapho kwaqala khona iNdlela Enkulu Yetiye eya eMongolia naseRussia. Igama — uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo kusukela ngo-2015; ngo-2020 langena ohlwini lwesibili lwesivumelwano seChina ne-EU ngezimpawu zendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elimnyama (黑茶, hēichá), elicindezelwe (紧压茶, jǐnyāchá) — yileli gama elisetshenziswa embikweni womkhandlu.
Isigaba: Itiye lesitini saseHubei; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseHubei (湖北, Húběi), umkhandlu wedolobha waseXianning (咸宁, Xiánníng), umkhandlu wedolobha waseChibi; isikhungo esingokomlando — idolobhana laseYangloudong.
Indawo: Embikweni womkhandlu, indawo yokuvikela ibizwa ngokuthi umkhandlu wedolobha waseChibi. Impahla eluhlaza idlula ngale komkhandlu: ngokusho kwabaphathi, i-lǎoqīngchá yenziwa futhi eTongshan, eChongyang, eTongcheng naseXian’an futhi ilethwa eChibi ukuze icindezelwe.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando (ngokombiko wabaphathi baseChibi, ngaphandle uma kushiwo ngenye indlela):
- I-Tang — iMing. Ngokucaphuna i-“Great Dictionary of Chinese Tea”, umbiko uthi i-“Ezhou Tuanhuang” yaseTang (鄂州团黄) yenziwa ikakhulukazi eChibi naseChongyang. Phakathi neminyaka yeChunxi (1174–1189) ukuhweba ngomngcele nge-“tiye lasemhumeni” lasePuchi (洞茶) kwachuma; phakathi neminyaka yeYongle (1403–1424) kwaqala ukwenziwa “itiye emabhokisini ezigqoko” (帽盒茶, màohéchá) — umanduleli wesitini.
- I-Qing. Ngo-1728 abathengisi baseShanxi bazinza eYangloudong; ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 itiye “lesigqoko” laguqulwa laba isitini esinophawu “川”, futhi isitini sokuqala esenziwe ngomshini abaphathi basibeka ngo-1861.
- Ikhulu lama-20. Ngeminyaka yawo-1930, ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwamaJapan, ukuhweba kwehla kakhulu. NgoJulayi 1949 izindlu zetiye zahlanganiswa zaba iYangloudong Brick Tea Factory; kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1983 itiye lathengwa futhi ladayiswa ngokohlelo. Ngo-1983 uphawu “川” lwabhaliswa njengophawu lokuhweba lwe-qingzhuan yefektri yaseZhaoliqiao (赵李桥), ngo-1993 lwathola isiqu esithi “uphawu oludala lwaseChina” (中华老字号).
- 2011. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine yathatha isinyathelo sokuvikela umkhiqizo ngokuqokwa “羊楼洞砖茶” — itiye lesitini laseYangloudong.
- 2014. Uhlelo lwamasiko etiye lesitini laseYangloudong lwaqashelwa njengefa elibalulekile lezolimo laseChina, ubuchwepheshe beZhaoliqiao — njengefa likazwelonke elingaphatheki.
- 2015. NgoMashi iphephandaba ledolobha labika ukuthi itiye lidlule ekuhlolweni okusemthethweni kwesigungu esiphezulu sezinga, futhi lalibiza ngokuthi umkhiqizo ovikelwe. Ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela, kanti umbiko wedolobha ubiza kuphela i-“羊楼洞砖茶” njengomkhiqizo onokuqokwa kulo mugqa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngokusho kombiko, i-“赤壁青砖茶” yaqashelwa njengophawu lwesitifiketi.
- 2020. Igama langena ohlwini lwesibili lwesivumelwano seChina ne-EU — amagama angu-175 uhlangothi ngalunye, ukuvikelwa kwawo isivumelwano sisithembisa phakathi neminyaka emine ngemva kokuqala ukusebenza. Ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwenzekile yini e-EU, akushiwongo emithonjeni.
- 2022. Ubuchwepheshe betiye lesitini laseZhaoliqiao bangena ohlwini lwefa le-UNESCO elingaphatheki njengengxenye yento emayelana nokucutshungulwa kwetiye kwendabuko eChina.
Igama: 青砖 (qīngzhuān) — “isitini esiluhlaza”; impahla eluhlaza ibizwa ngokuthi “itiye eliluhlaza elidala” (老青茶), kanti umbala wesitini umbiko nezinga bawuchaza njengokuluhlaza okunsundu (青褐).
Uphawu “川” . Ngokombiko, lwabekwa kuqala yizindlu ezinkulu zetiye zaseYangloudong “Sanyuchuan” (三玉川) kanye ne-“Jushengchuan” (巨盛川), ezazihweba nenkampani enkulu kunazo zonke e-Inner Mongolia iDashengkui (大盛魁): abelusi babengakwazi ukufunda ama-hieroglyph, kodwa imiqqa emithathu ingathintwa ngeminwe emithathu. Ngokwenguqulo yabantu, le yimifula emithathu yedolobhana, egeleza “njengomfula”.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza

Izinhlobo / I-Cultivar: Ngokombiko womkhandlu, impahla eluhlaza engcono kakhulu inikezwa uhlobo lwendawo “i-e’nan dongqing” (鄂南冬青种, Ènán dōngqīng zhǒng); ezingadini ezintsha kwethulwe 鄂茶1号, 中茶108, 中茶302 kanye no-槠叶齐.
Izinga lokuvuna: Amahlumela aqinile kancane esizini yamanje; uphawu lokuvuthwa — “iqabunga eliluhlaza, isiqu esibomvu” (绿叶红梗); ngokwe-akhawunti kahulumeni epulatifomu ye-“Pengpai” (2021), ngokuvamile ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha. Ngokombiko, iqabunga lezingqimba ezingaphandle (面茶) — amaqabunga amathathu anamanzi amaningi lapho ihlumela lilele, ukugcwaliswa (里茶) — iqabunga lesine kuya kwelesithupha; ukuvuna kwenziwa ngokusika (割).

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Umngcele oseningizimu wethafa laseJianghan.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokombiko — i-subtropical maritime monsoon, efudumele futhi enomswakama. Imvula ingu-1571 mm ngonyaka, kuyo 51,5 % — ngoMeyi–Agasti; izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo lonyaka lingu-16,9 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingu-247–261.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi-ansundu ene-asidi kancane, ungqimba olungaphezu kuka-100 cm, izinto eziphilayo ezingaphezu kuka-1,5 %, i-pH 4,5–6,5.
Indawo: Ngokwedolobha — 165,000 mu wezingadi zetiye kumkhandlu wonke (2022).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umbiko womkhandlu uchaza izigaba eziyisikhombisa nokusebenza okungu-72:

Ukuvuna — ngokusika, ngophawu “iqabunga eliluhlaza, isiqu esibomvu”.
Ukucutshungulwa kokuqala. Ngokwe-“Pengpai”: ukupholisa (晾青), ukumisa uketshezi (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonteka, ukomisa elangeni, ukuphinde ukugazinga, ukusonteka kwesibili nokomisa — kutholakala i-lǎoqīngchá.
Inqwaba emanzi nokuguga (渥堆, wòduī). Iqembu alingaphansi kwe-15,000 kg, iqabunga ngokuvuthwa kwempahla eluhlaza lifafazwa ngamanzi noma livutshelwe ngejusi yalo, izinga lokushisa lenqwaba alingaphansi kuka-60 °C, ukuhlehlisa okungenani kathathu; iqabunga eliphuzi nelinsundu liqoqwa libe inqwaba enkulu futhi ligcinwe okungenani izinsuku ezingu-180. Ngokwe-“Pengpai”, isigaba senqwaba sithatha izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemihlanu.
Ukucutshungulwa kabusha (复制). Ukuhlunga, ukuphephetha nokusika — “okude kube okufushane, okumahhadlahhadla kube okuncane”.
Ukushisa ngesitimu (蒸制) amaqabunga ezingqimba ezingaphandle kanye nokugcwaliswa ngesilinganiso esinqunyiwe.
Ukucindezela (压制) esikhunjeni; isitini siphola cishe ihora elilodwa.
Ukomisa (烘制) ngokushisa kancane kuze kube umswakama ongaphansi kuka-12 %.

Isitini sihlanganiswa ngezingqimba ezimbili ezingaphandle nokugcwaliswa.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Ngokwezinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 9833.9-2013 “Itiye elicindezelwe. Ingxenye 9: qingzhuan”, elijwayelekile kulo lonke itiye eliluhlaza lesitini, kanye nombiko womkhandlu waseChibi:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isitini esinobuso obushelelayo namakhona alinganayo, esiminyene, esiluhlaza okunsundu (青褐), esinombhalo ocacile, ngaphandle kwesikhunta esimnyama, esimhlophe nesiluhlaza.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ngokombiko, lapho uhogela omile — iphunga lokuguga (陈香).
Iphunga lokumnika: Ihlanzekile (香气纯正).
Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile (滋味醇和); umbiko wengeza ukubuya okumnandi.
Umbala wokumnika: Owolintshi-obomvu (橙红); iphephandaba lango-2015 labhala “obomvu-ophuzi”.
Phansi kwetiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Linsundu ngokumnyama (暗褐).

Esitinini esigugile, ngokombiko, ubuso bubomvu-kunsundu, ukumnika kubomvu ngokumnyama, ephunga — ukuguga, isundu nokhuni.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izinga i-GB/T 9833.9-2013 linikeza izinkomba zomzimba namakhemikhali, kodwa embhalweni otholakalayo ithebula alifundeki, ngakho-ke azikho izinombolo lapha.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Ayikho idatha eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye ngqo. Iwebhusayithi yabaphathi inikeza uhlu olude lwezakhiwo zezempilo; ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo akukho emithonjeni etholakele, futhi akubuyelwa lapha.

9. Ukuphisa

Inqubo yekilasi letiye elimnyama elicindezelwe — ngokwezincomo zomkhandlu waseChibi.

Isitsha: I-teapot yobumba enezindonga eziwugqinsi; kungenzeka ukupheka.
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 100 °C.
Isilinganiso: Cishe 1 : 30 esitini sezinga eliphezulu kanye no-1 : 20 kwesimahhadlahhadla; ngokuvamile 8–10 g, ephulwe ucezu.
Inqubo:
1. Ukuvasa kokuqala — ukugeza, kuyachithwa.
2. Mumisa imizuzwana engu-10–30.
3. Cishe ukuvasa okuyisikhombisa.
Ukupheka: Cishe 10 g geza bese ubilisa emanzini abilayo ngomlilo omncane cishe imizuzu eyi-10.

10. Ukugcina

Inqubo yekilasi, engezwe umbiko womkhandlu: okomile, okumnyama, nokungenisa umoya, ngaphandle kwephunga, ku-22–26 °C nokuswakama okuhlobene okungaphansi kuka-70 %; hhayi ku-polyethylene futhi ngokuhlukile kwamanye amatiye.

11. Intengo kanye Namanga

Awekho amanani okudayisa emithonjeni etholakele. Inani lomkhiqizo wedolobha, licaphuna ukuhlolwa komkhakha, libiza 4.364 billion yuan (2022) — lokhu ukuhlolwa kokukhangisa, hhayi intengo.

Ukwagwema amanga:
- Funa uphawu lwesitifiketi “赤壁青砖茶” kanye nomkhiqizi waseChibi.
- Khumbula ukuthi “川” wuphawu lokuhweba lwefektri eyodwa, hhayi uphawu lwendawo; i-qingzhuan ngezinga elijwayelekile yenziwa nangaphandle kwaseChibi.
- Ngokombiko: ubuso bulinganayo, ngaphandle kweziqu eziphumela ngaphandle, imifantu, isikhunta namaphunga angajwayelekile.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

Ngo-2014, ngokwephephandaba ledolobha, iChibi yayithatha cishe u-35 % wokuthengiswa kwetiye lesitini eChina.
Uphawu “川” lufundeka ngokuthinta — ngeminwe emithathu.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye amnyama

I-Hubei Qing Zhuan (湖北青砖): Ukubukelwa kwesitini esiluhlaza saseHubei ku-corpus — izinga lesifundazwe kanye nesifunda saseXianning.
I-Lao Qing Cha (老青茶): Isiqephu esisetshenziselwa ukucindezela isitini.
I-Xian’an Zhuancha (咸安砖茶): Itiye lesitini lesifunda esingumakhelwane sesifunda esifanayo — igama elihlukile elinendawo yalo.
I-Linxiang Heicha (临湘黑茶): Itiye elimnyama laseHunan laseLinxiang, impahla yalo eluhlaza ngokomlando nayo yayiya eYangloudong.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Chibi Qingzhuancha — isitini esiluhlaza, empeleni itiye elimnyama: iqabunga elimahhadlahhadla elinesiqu esibomvu, inqwaba emanzi ende, isitimu nokucindezela. Umlando uluhlobanisa neYangloudong kanye neNdlela Enkulu Yetiye, kanti uhlangothi lwezomthetho ludinga ukucophelela: umkhiqizo onokuqokwa wedolobha ubiza isitini saseYangloudong, kanti igama “赤壁青砖茶” livikelwa njengophawu lwesitifiketi futhi lisehlwini lwesibili lwesivumelwano ne-European Union.

Imithombo

Amazinga

GB/T 9833.9-2013

Inkomba yendawo

中欧协定附录V (中国注册)

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo