Xián'ān zhuānchá

I-Xian’an Zhuancha (Xián’ān zhuānchá, 咸安砖茶) — «isitini setiye sase-Xian’an», itiye elimnyama elicindezelwe lesifunda sase-Xian’an (咸安区) kumasipala wedolobha i-Xianning eningizimu yesifundazwe i-Hubei. Lenziwa ngesemi-finished product lǎoqīngchá (老青茶), edlula ekugcwaliseni okumanzi, bese icindezelwa ibe izitini ezincane eziqinile. Lesi yisiko lase-Hubei «lesitini esiluhlaza» (青砖茶). Ngokusho kwemibhalo eshicilelwe kungosi kahulumeni wase-Xianning, ukukhiqizwa kwayo sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kuka-400. Kusukela ngo-2015 igama livikelwa njengesikhombi sendawo sokulima, kwathi ngo-2025 itiye laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye elimnyama (黑茶, hēichá), elicindezelwe. Isigaba sinqunywa umthetho wokuvikela: isemi-finished product ngemva kokulungiswa, ukusongwa kanye nokomiswa elangeni idlula ekugcwaliseni okumanzi (渥堆, wòduī) — uphawu lwetiye elimnyama.
• Isicupho segama: «青» egameni 青砖茶 (qīngzhuānchá) alisho itiye eliluhlaza: isitini sicindezelwa kusuka kusemi-finished product 老青茶 (lǎoqīngchá), kanti isigaba sinqunywa ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa ukugcwaliswa.
• Isigaba: «Isitini esiluhlaza» sase-Hubei; umkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe i-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), kumasipala wedolobha i-Xianning (咸宁, Xiánníng), isifunda i-Xian’an (咸安, Xián’ān).
• Indawo evikelwe: Amadolobhana ayisikhombisa kanye nezindawo zasemakhaya zesifunda i-Xian’an — i-Guihua (桂花镇), i-Maqiao (马桥镇), i-Damu (大幕乡), i-Shuangxiqiao (双溪桥镇), i-Heshengqiao (贺胜桥镇), i-Tingsiqiao (汀泗桥镇) kanye ne-Henggouqiao (横沟桥镇): amadolobhana angu-63 kanye nehlathi elilodwa likahulumeni, ingqikithi engu-2000 ha.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 114°06′–114°43′ empumalanga kanye no-29°39′–30°02′ enyakatho.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Izanduleli. Ngokombhalo mayelana netiye lesitini lase-Chibi kungosi ye-Hubei Provincial CPPCC (2023), isanduleli se-青砖茶 — itiye lamapuleti le-Song dynasty (片茶), okwathi, ngokwe-«History of Song» (宋史), lalishiswa ngesitimu futhi libunjwa; kamuva abahwebi base-Yangloudong (羊楼洞) ngenxa yokuthutha okushibhile amabanga amade baqala ukucindezela itiye libe amasilinda (帽盒茶).
  • 1368. Ngokwerejista yamagugu angaphatheki, umndeni wakwa-He (何) wathuthela e-Jiangxi (ngokombhalo we-CPPCC — kusuka esifundeni i-Xiushui, 修水) endaweni ngaphansi kwe-Xianning (柏墩) futhi waqala ukukhiqiza nokudayisa itiye; kusukela lapho ubuciko budluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ezingamashumi amabili; irejista ibiza lo mndeni njengomsunguli wophawu lwe-Changshengchuan (长盛川). Ubuchwepheshe balo kusukela ngo-2021 busohlwini lukahulumeni lwamagugu angaphatheki njengegatsha lobuchwepheshe betiye elimnyama (isicelo sifakwe kusuka e-Yichang, lapho ubuchwepheshe bafika khona busuka e-Xianning).
  • Ming no-Qing. Ngokombhalo we-«Xianning Daily» kungosi kahulumeni wedolobha (2020), itiye lesitini lase-Xian’an «laqala nge-Ming, lakhula nge-Qing». Uphawu imithombo elubeka ngalo itiye lesitini lase-Xian’an — «生甡川» (kumanuwali kanye ne-database yezikhombi zendawo — «生川»); umlando walo, ngokomthombo ofanayo, uqala ngo-1590, ngonyaka we-18 wenkathi ye-Wanli.
  • 1911. Indondo yegolide ye-Panama International Exposition — unyaka ngokomthombo, abukho obunye ubufakazi.
  • 1927. Itiye likhonjiswa njengomkhiqizo wezinga lokuqala embukisweni wokuqala wesifundazwe wezimpahla zasekhaya wase-Hubei.
  • 2015. UMnyango Wezolimo ngesimemezelo № 2314 sangomhla zi-5 Novemba 2015 wabhalisa isikhombi sendawo sokulima (irekhodi AGI01763). Umnikazi — i-Xian’an District Organic Tea Association (咸宁市咸安区有机茶产业协会).
  • 2025. Isimemezelo se-CNIPA (China National Intellectual Property Administration) № 640 saqashela itiye njengomkhiqizo onesikhombi sendawo; umfakisicelo — i-Xian’an District Tea Association (咸宁市咸安区茶叶协会).
• Umehluko eminyakeni: Ingosi efanayo yedolobha embhalweni ka-2010 mayelana ne-Hubei 青砖茶 ibhala «ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka» lokukhiqiza esifundeni sase-Xianning — ngokuphikisana «nangaphezu kweminyaka engu-400» embhalweni ka-2020.
• Izimakethe: Ngokombhalo ka-2020, itiye lophawu «生甡川» lalithengiswa e-Inner Mongolia, e-Xinjiang, e-Tibet, eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-China, eMongolia, eRussia, eJapane, eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Melika.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda sakha uphawu lomphakathi ngegama.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Umthetho ubiza izinhlobo eziyinhloko 福鼎大白 (Fúdǐng dàbái), 白毫早 (Báiháozǎo), 碧香早 (Bìxiāngzǎo) kanye ne-鄂茶8号 (Èchá 8); njengohlobo olusha olutshalwayo kusetshenziswa i-黄金芽 (Huángjīnyá) — ngokomthetho, enamazinga aphezulu e-amino acid.
• Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinhlobo ezimbili: Ngetiye lobuso (面茶, miànchá) — amaqabunga amancane athambile egagasi lokuqala lesizini aneziqu; kokugcwalisa (里茶, lǐchá) — amaqabunga avuthiwe, avuleke ngokuphelele esizini efanayo, ikakhulukazi aneziqu ezibomvu.
• Ukuvuna: Ebhasikidini likanokusho elihlanzekile nelinomoya; iqabunga liyiswa efektri ngaphandle kokulibala.
• Ukunakekela: Umanyolo oyinhloko we-organic ufakwa ekwindla ekujuleni okusuka ku-20 cm: 200–250 kg we-oil cake noma we-organic yokuhweba noma 1000–2000 kg womquba nge-667 m².

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isimo sendawo: Uguquko kusuka ezintabeni zase-Mufu (幕阜山) kuya ethafeni lase-Jianghan; indawo ephakeme kakhulu — isiqongo se-Damu Mountain i-Caobei’an, 954.1 m, amagquma aphakathi nasempumalanga — ku-50–300 m.
• Inhlabathi: Izinhlobo eziyisithupha, iningi lingathathi hlangothi noma line-acidic kancane, i-pH 5.5–7.5. Inhlabathi ebomvu (46.04 % yendawo) isezintabeni eziphansi nasemagqumeni ekuphakameni okungu-50–800 m.
• Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon enomswakama; amahora elanga angu-1879.65 ngonyaka (42 % angenzeka), cishe izinsuku zemvula ezingu-150 kanye nemvula engu-1531.4 mm.
• Imvelo: Ngokomthetho, izingadi zisendaweni ecishe ifane neyokuqala, ngaphandle kokungcola kwezimboni endaweni engamakhilomitha amahlanu; umkhiqizo kumele uhlangabezane nezinga letiye elingenangozi (无公害食品 茶叶, NY5244-2004).
• Indawo nomkhiqizo: Umthetho — izinkulungwane ezingu-10 zama-mu ezingadi eziyinhloko kanye namathani angu-5000 (incwadi yezethenjwa ibeka lezi zinombolo ku-2014); ikhadi le-database yezikhombi zendawo — cishe izinkulungwane ezingu-20 zama-mu nangaphezu kwamathani angu-2000.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umthetho wokuvikela unquma izindlela ezimbili: i-lǎoqīngchá — iqabunga elisha → ukulungiswa → ukusongwa → ukomiswa elangeni; isitini — i-lǎoqīngchá → ukugcwaliswa → ukuhlunga → ukuxuba → ukucindezela → ukomiswa.

1. Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng): Esigubhini ekushiseni kodonga cishe ku-350 °C cishe umzuzu, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lithamba.
2. Ukusongwa (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kushisa, ngohlelo «ukucindezela okuncane — okuqinile — okuncane», imizuzu eyi-10–20.
3. Ukomiswa elangeni (晒干, shàigān): Kuze kube umswakama cishe ku-15 %.
4. Ukugcwaliswa (渥堆, wòduī): Izinto zokusetshenziswa zimanziswa zifike ku-28–36 % bese zifakwa ngezinhlobo ezinqwabeni eziphakeme cishe amamitha angu-3. Emva kwezinsuku ezi-3–5 inqwaba ishisa cishe ku-60 °C — iyanyakaziswa; ngemva kwezinye izinsuku ezi-2–3 izinqwaba zihlanganiswa zibe ezinkulu, eziphakeme cishe amamitha angu-5, kanti uma seziphinda zishisa cishe ku-60 °C, kuvulwa imisele yokungenisa umoya. Sekukonke ukugcwaliswa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-20–30, kuze kube umswakama cishe ku-12 %.
5. Ukuhlunga nokuxuba (复制、拼配, fùzhì, pīnpèi): Izinto zokusetshenziswa ziyasikwa, zihlungwe, zihlanzwe ekungcoleni futhi kuxutshwe izinhlobo ngesilinganiso esinqunyiwe.
6. Ukucindezela (压制, yāzhì): Izinto zokusetshenziswa zithanjiswa ngesitimu futhi zicindezelwe emafomeni.
7. Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): Ekamelweni elinokushisisa ngesitimu, kukhuphuka kusuka ku-35–40 °C kuye ku-55–70 °C izinsuku eziyi-7–11.

Incwadi yezethenjwa ichaza ngendlela ehlukile: umshini wokucindezela we-hydraulic, amafomu enziwe nge-sandalwood kanye nokomiswa ngamalahle okhuni. Ingosi yedolobha encazelweni evamile ye-Hubei 青砖茶 (hhayi imfuneko yaleli tiye) inikeza isitini esingu-2 kg ngosayizi 34 × 17 × 4 cm: ungqimba lwangaphandle 洒面 — kusuka ezintweni ezingcono kakhulu, ungqimba lwangaphakathi 二面 — lulula kancane (womabili amangqimba ndawonye — 0.125 kg), ukugcwaliswa 里茶 — kusuka kokulula kakhulu (1.75 kg).

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isitini esincane esiqinile esibukeka sihle (外形美观，形状为小砖型，质地坚硬); umbala uluhlaza okunsundu (青褐).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshwala: Lihlanzekile (纯正).
• Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele futhi kuhlanzekile (浓纯). Incazelo evamile yesigaba yengeza: ngaphandle kwe-«green» yotshani.
• Umbala wotshwala: Ubomvu futhi ukhanya (红亮); esigabeni sonke — ubomvu ophuzi.
• Izansi yetiye (iqabunga elidliwayo): Kuleli tiye azikho izincazelo; ku-Hubei 青砖茶 jikelele — kumnyama, kucishe kube mnyama, kubi (暗黑粗老).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Isilinganiso	Umthetho ka-2015 kanye nezidingo ze-CNIPA 2025
Izinto ezincibilika emanzini	≥ 20 %
Ama-polyphenol	≥ 0.5 %
I-caffeine	≥ 1.0 %
Ama-amino acid akhululekile	≥ 0.10 %

Izidingo ze-CNIPA 2025 ziphindaphinda imingcele yomthetho ka-2015; imingcele yama-polyphenol nama-amino acid iphansi kakhulu.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo

Abukho ubufakazi obuqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye ngokwalo. Uhlu olude lwemibono yendabuko ngezinzuzo emthethweni wokuvikela alusibo ubufakazi obuqinisekisiwe.

9. Ukuphisa

Indlela evela emthethweni wokuvikela: ngesela isiqephu esincane esitini ngommese, usichoboze, uthele amanzi ngesilinganiso sika-1 : 50 bese upheka imizuzu emi-2–3 ngemva kokubila. Esimemezelweni soMnyango Wezolimo mayelana ne-Chibi eseduze kuthiwa isitini sase-Hubei sivulwa nge-awl ekhethekile yetiye (茶锥) bese siphekwa.

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye elimnyama elicindezelwe — ukuphisa okuphindaphindiwe: amagremu angu-5 ngamanzi angu-100–150 ml ku-95–100 °C eteapotini yobumba noma e-gaiwan; geza bese ukhipha, ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20, bese kuqhubeka ukuphisa okuningi ngokwandisa isikhathi.

10. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile enomoya ongena kahle ngaphandle kokukhanya namaphunga, ekupakisheni kwephepha, ekushiseni kwegumbi.

11. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
  • Bheka uphawu lwesikhombi sendawo. Ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwama-50 lwabavunyelwe ukusebenzisa uphawu (Agasti 2025) kubalwa izinkampani ezintathu: 咸宁市柏庄茶业有限公司, 咸宁市剑春茶业合作社 kanye ne-咸宁市三山川茶业股份有限公司. Inombolo ka-2025 № 642 ikhona lapho kuzo zonke izirekhodi ezingu-1153 — lokhu kuvunyelwa kwabasebenzisi, hhayi ukuqashelwa komkhiqizo (№ 640).
  • Hlola imvelaphi: amadolobhana ayisikhombisa nezindawo zasemakhaya zesifunda i-Xian’an.
  • Ngesikhombi sendawo sokulima imvume yokusebenzisa uphawu inikezwa yi-District Organic Tea Association — umkhiqizi ngaphandle kwemvume yayo akanalo ilungelo lokufaka uphawu.
  • Ungadidanisi netiye lesitini lase-Chibi elingumakhelwane — linalo igama lalo nendawo yalo yokuvikela.
  • Ungadidanisi i-Xian’an (咸安) e-Hubei ne-Xianyang (咸阳) e-Shaanxi, lapho kwenziwa khona i-fu-cha yabo ecindezelwe.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

• Ukugcwaliswa emthethweni kuchazwa ngezinsuku — cishe inyanga yomsebenzi.
• Izinto zokusetshenziswa zihlukaniswa ngendawo esitini: ezithambile — zokumboza, ezivuthiwe ezineziqu ezibomvu — zokugcwaliswa.
• Indlela yokusebenzisa emthethweni — ukupheka, hhayi ukuphisa.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Amnyama

• I-Hubei Qing Zhuan (湖北青砖): Isitini «esiluhlaza» sase-Hubei jikelele, esimaphakathi e-Yangloudong; i-Xian’an Zhuancha — igama elivikelwe lesifunda esisodwa saleli siko elifanayo.
• I-Lao Qing Cha (老青茶): Isemi-finished product okucindezelwa ngayo isitini sase-Xian’an.
• I-Linxiang Heicha (临湘黑茶): Itiye elimnyama lesifunda i-Linxiang esifundazweni i-Hunan.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Xian’an Zhuancha — itiye lesitini elimnyama leningizimu ye-Hubei elinomthetho onemininingwane: amadolobhana ayisikhombisa, ukumboza ngeqabunga elithambile nokugcwaliswa ngeqabunga elivuthiwe, inyanga yokugcwaliswa kanye nezitini ezincane eziqinile ezinotshwala obubomvu obukhanyayo. Iminyaka yesiko imithombo iyilinganisela ngendlela ehlukile — «ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-400» kanye «nangaphezu kwekhulu».

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo